1.

Title

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY DANIEL ALCIDES CARRION

FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

THEME BASIC LABORATORY OPERATIONS

STUDENT OCHOA VENEGAS FLAVIA JASMIN

TARMA–PERU
2019

ii
INTRODUCTION:

This work aims to disclose what the most important operations are
common in the laboratory, in some cases, the new trends in the way of
to work. At the same time, it will be very important.

The people working in the laboratory must use very diverse materials.
designed each one for a specific function and to achieve a concrete objective.
The progress of technology in recent years has led to the existence of laboratories
new resources that make the work of the chemist easier and faster. However, the
use of classic materials such as balances, funnels, graduated cylinders, pipettes,
etc., it is essential both in the synthesis of chemical products and during the
preparation of the sample to introduce it into a device.

OBJETIVOS:
See how this material is used in what we could call operations.
basic laboratory techniques. In this phase, students must learn how to
correct way to work and understand the problems that may arise in the
manipulation of the different devices, as well as their maintenance.
The main objective of extraction is to selectively separate the product from
a reaction, or eliminate the impurities that accompany it in the mixture of
reaction, thanks to their differences in solubility in the extraction solvent
chosen.
Conduct a study and recognition of some operation techniques
basic, frequently used in laboratory work.
Carry out the separation or purification of a homogeneous mixture or
heterogeneous.

METHODS AND MATERIALS:

Direct experimentation will be used, accompanied by observation and deduction.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATION:
In the experimental study of the chemical properties of substances and their reactions, the following are used
different techniques, among which filtration, evaporation, distillation, and sublimation stand out.
Filtration is a technique that consists of separating solids from liquids using a membrane.
semipermeable.

ii
La sublimaciónes una técnica de separación de sólidos, uno de los cuales no se funde sino pasa del
solid state to gas state.
Distillation is a technique for separating liquids with different boiling points.
Evaporation allows us to separate a liquid from a solid by applying heat.
These techniques are called 'fundamental operations' because they are continuously used in work.
experimental Chemistry.
2.1. FILTRATION
It is the simplest method to separate the components of a mixture or combination. Filtration
it consists of passing a mixture formed by a solid and a liquid through a filter paper,
retained in the filter paper, the solid part and the liquid is collected in another container as
filtering. Example: When coffee is filtered
2.2. DISTILLATION.
Distillation is the most commonly used procedure for the separation and purification of liquids, and it is the
which is used whenever one intends to separate a liquid from its non-volatile impurities.
Distillation, as a process, consists of two phases: in the first, the liquid turns into vapor and in the second
The vapor condenses, turning back into liquid in a flask different from the distillation one.
2.3. EVAPORATION.
It consists of heating the mixture to the boiling point of one of the components and letting it boil.
until it completely evaporates. This method is used if we are not interested in using the
evaporated component. The other components remain in the container.
An example of this can be found in the salt flats. There, huge reservoirs are filled with seawater, and
they leave them for months, until the water evaporates, leaving a solid material that contains
numerous salts such as solid chloride, potassium, etc.
2.4. CENTRIFUGATION.
It is a procedure used when sedimentation needs to be accelerated. The mixture is placed
inside a centrifuge, which has a constant and fast rotational movement, achieving that
the denser particles sink to the bottom and the lighter ones remain at the top.
2.5. DECANTATION
This method consists of separating two immiscible liquids, that is, that are not soluble, or in separating
a mixture formed by an insoluble solid in a liquid. For example, a mixture of water and oil. The
denser material (water) falls to the bottom of the container while the less dense material (oil)
stay on the surface.
2.6. CRYSTALLIZATION
Crystallization is a technique used for the purification of solid substances, generally based on
in the greater solubility that solids usually show in a hot solvent than in a cold one. The
the most common way to carry out crystallization is to prepare a saturated solution in
heat solid to purify, using a suitable solvent; filter to remove impurities
insolubles that are present and allow the substance that was to separate by cooling
dissolved, crystallized and in a higher state of purity.
The utility of this technique lies in the importance of obtaining pure substances that
later they will have a wide variety of applications.

ii
The basic laboratory operations in organic chemistry deal with studying the operations either
in the field of distillation in its different types, nature, characteristics, and applications, and
also perform experimentally.
To carry out distillation, it is necessary to introduce an impure substance, usually a liquid, into
a balloon-shaped container, for example a flask.
As the container heats up, a certain amount of the more volatile substances (that
they vaporize more easily) reach the boiling point and evaporate, that is, they transform
in gas, whose vapors rise through the tube to the outlet.
In the second stage of simple distillation, these vapors are cooled and the substance returns to its state.
liquid. This phase is called condensation and takes place in the condenser. The liquid product that is
obtained in this way is called distillate and the part of the initial substance that does not reach the boiling point
boiling is called residue. They present the most used distillation methods:
Simple distillation: with which the solvent can be separated by separation.
A mixture of solutes can also be separated by distillation taking advantage of the property of having
each of them has its own boiling point. The technique is called fractional distillation.
To separate substances that cannot be heated to their boiling point, as they decompose,
a type of distillation called reduced pressure is used. It consists of reducing the pressure at which
opera; in such a way it will also decrease the boiling point, preventing the substances from
Dissolve. To reduce the pressure, a vacuum pump is used.
Steam distillation: it consists of many substances insoluble in water can be
dragged by a current of its vapor which allows them to be separated and purified. The substance is
place in a container with water and heat to boiling, while steam is injected.
water in the dough. The distillate formed by the substance carried and the water is separated by
decantation. This method is used, for example, for the separation of camphor or aniline.
Finally, extractive or azeotropic distillation encompasses a series of techniques that are used
to separate the components of an azeotropic mixture and isolate substances from vapor pressures
very low. Erlenmeyer flask
Bunsen burner
MATERIALES: Pliers
Vacuum cleaners for Test tube
pipettes (pear of Grille
suction. Support
Bureta Thermometer with
Bureta adapter
Distillation head Tripod
Petri dish Test tube
Porcelain capsule Beaker
Decantation funnel or bromine funnel. Watch glass
German shaped funnel
Test tube rack

ii
RESULTADOS:

I. Gravity filtration:

Filtration is the process through which solid particles are separated from a liquid using
unfilter. The technique consists of pouring the solid-liquid mixture that you want to treat over a filter.
that allows the passage of liquid but retains solid particles.

The liquid that passes through the filter is called filtrate.

The filter, in general, is made of porous paper, but it can be made of other materials that allow the passage of
liquids. In any case, it is necessary to select the porosity of the filter according to the diameter of the
particles that want to be separated.

Material: support, metal ring, conical funnel, filter paper in conical shape with folds,
container to collect the liquid (Erlenmeyer, flask, beaker), glass rod.

I placed the filter paper in the simple funnel.

Then we mix the water with the sand in

a precipitated glass

We mix and start to add gradually.

put a little in the funnel to filter.

The goal is to pass the suspension through the filter and

collect the filtered liquid. First, place the filter paper
inside the funnel and it is located on the container of
collected, supported by the metal ring. The filter can be
wet with the same type of solvent that contains the
suspension. Next, the suspension is poured slowly
about the filter with the help of a glass rod, in shape
that the contents do not spill. Finally, the particles
solids retained in the filter can be washed with small
portions of solvent (the same as that contained in the liquid
filtering).

ii
 II. Simple distillation:

Simple distillation is used when the mixture of liquid products to be distilled contains
only one volatile substance, or when it contains more than one volatile substance,
but the boiling point of the most volatile liquid differs from the boiling point of the others
components at least at 80 ºC.
The final result is the distillation of a single product, either:
because in the initial mixture there was only one component, or because in the initial mixture one
the component was much more volatile than the rest Simple distillation under pressure
atmospheric
Atmospheric pressure distillation is the one that takes place at ambient pressure. It
used fundamentally when the boiling point temperature is found
below the chemical decomposition temperature of the product.
Simple distillation under reduced pressure:
Reduced pressure or vacuum distillation involves lowering the pressure in the
distillation setup in order to cause a decrease in the boiling point
boiling of the component intended to be distilled.
It is fundamentally used when the boiling point temperature of the
the compound to be distilled is higher than the chemical decomposition temperature of
product.
To carry out this type of distillation, a vacuum system and an adapter are necessary.
empty.
We mix water with gasoline.

We went to put it in the pear tree.

decantation.

We let it rest.

And then we proceed to separate it or distill it.

ii
 III. Separation of a substance by extraction.

It is the operation of separating, commonly by heat, the different liquid components.

from a mixture, taking advantage of the differences in volatilities of the compounds to be separated. The
distillation occurs naturally below the boiling point (100 degrees Celsius in
the case of water), then it becomes clouds and finally it rains. Although also in a way
heated by boiling the substance when the boiling point is reached on a stove or in
a laboratory. It is used to separate liquids (with e.g. <150ºC) from non-volatile impurities, or
well separate mixtures of miscible liquids that differ in their boiling point by at least 25ºC. Furthermore,
these liquids must present boiling points lower than 150ºC at pressure
atmospheric. In order for the boiling to be homogeneous and no splashes to occur, it is introduced
in the flask a piece of porous plate (or magnetic stirring).

It was made 200ml of wine at

balloon for distilling at 25°C.

And he/she started to heat up

He/She started to give his/her first

drops at 2:37:39 minutes at

the 85°C

14ml of pure alcohol was obtained at 3:54:39 minutes at 88°C

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS:

The decantation ofthe Latindenchantmentis1A mechanical method ofthe separation of mixtures

heterogeneous,these can be formed bya liquid anda solid,or by two liquids.

It is necessary to let the mixture rest so that the solidfrom sediments,that is to say, descend and be
possible extraction by action of [Link] process is called basic disintegration of
the compounds or impurities; which are components found within a mixture, in
a majority amount.

ii
The clarified water, which remains on the surface of the clarifier, is redirected towards uin filter ora new
container. The falling speed of the particles eis proportional tosa diameter andvolumetric mass.

During the treatment phase, in order to accelerate and improve the decantation process, it
they add some products that promote clustering and give more weight to the particles in
suspension. Among these products, we can highlight andactivated charcoal andin powder, andthe chloride
ferric orthe aluminum polychloridesand a polymer sintensified that
favours the agglomeration ofclumps.

The mixture of water with coagulants-flocculants is introduced into the

base of the decanter. In this there is micro-sand, which "sticks" to the
flakes and thus increases sa size [Link], the floccules go to the
bottom of the decanter. The decanted water is evacuated from the part
above the tank but, first, it must pass through some modules
inclined laminae that force the settling of the particles more
light ones dragged by the upward current of the water. At the bottom
from the decanter, it is pumped andthe mud isin interruption and from there
send to a hydrocyclone that, thanks to thecentrifugal forceseparate the
mud and micro-sand. This sand is reinjected into the decanter, while the muds are
redirected to the sludge treatment unit.

Example of decantation.

When two liquids arein immiscibles,how is itthe oil andethe waterit will simply be left to rest
Mix so that the denser liquid is situated below the less dense liquids.

In the laboratories dand chemistry orbiologydecantation is commonly used in the process of

liquid-liquid extraction, separating the aqueous phase and the phaseorganic.A funnel is used for
decantation to separate the two phases with greater precision.

CONCLUSIONES:
We come to the conclusion that alcohols can be distilled through different types of distillation.
you can obtain pleasant smelling base oils through steam distillation
aromatic plants.

It can be concluded that simple distillation is a very useful technique for separation.r gases,
that is strongly linked to the different boiling points of the liquids that make up the
mixture to distill. Also, that the results of the distillation depend both on the sample that is
is being used for this procedure and the implements ofthe laboratory alreadythat if we use
Instruments with an inadequate capacity for the sample can alter the distillates.
and even damage the assembly.

ii
Questionnaire:

1. What changes of state occur in the simple distillation operation?

In simple distillation, we find several phase changes such as evaporation, the Point of
boiling of the compounds found in a mixture as these must be different for
so that the compound with the lower boiling point vaporizes and through the condenser returns to the
liquid state.

2. Establish the fundamental differences between evaporation and drying.

Evaporation is one of the states through which matter passes, where liquids, due to differences in
temperature with the environment, they pass to the gaseous state. The 'drying' as we all say, is something much
more 'basic' and related to evaporation. When something is wet, to become 'dry'
It has to lose all the liquid it has. One way is to put the garment, for example, in the sun.
so that it loses the liquid by evaporation

3. What is the importance of knowing the main laboratory operations?

Laboratory work is of utmost importance as it allows us to understand the correct way.

to carry out fundamental operations, heat test tubes, transfer a liquid and others.

Bibliography:

o[Link] o
principles of organic chemistry, publisher
oLovis f fister, “ experimentos orgánicos”, editorial reverte, SA
Buenos Aires - 1970o"organic chemistry", Back-58 SA publishing
Córdoba - 2000

ii