ELECTRIC FIELD

ELECTRIC FIELD

When introducing a charge into space, it creates an area of influence in its surroundings such that, if
we place a test charge in that area, it will experience the action of an electric force due to the law of
Coulomb.
The idea of the electric field was proposed by the Englishman Michael Faraday in 1832 to refer to the
influence that an electrically charged body exerts on the region surrounding it.
An electric field is a region in which attractive or repulsive forces between charges manifest.

Properties that define the electric field

Electric fields are determined at each position by the value of the electric field intensity.
and the electric potential. Specifically, the electric field strength at each point provides an insight
dynamics of electrostatic interaction and electric potential a view from an energetic standpoint.
This is because when introducing a test charge into an electric field, it depends on its position:

a) It will undergo the action of an electric force. (Dynamic view)

b) It will acquire potential energy. (Energetic vision)
Concept of Electric Field Intensity.
We say that there is an electric field in a certain region of space if a charge q0 is introduced.
referred to as a test charge, undergoes the action of an electric force. This charge is always considered positive.
by agreement.
The intensity of the electric field ( or simply electric field at a point is a vector quantity
What does the electric force represent? that acts per unit of positive test charge, q0, located in said
dot.
F
E=
Qo
The unit of electric field intensity in the International System (S.I) is the Newton per coulomb.
(N/C)
Thus, the intensity of the electric field, or more commonly known as electric field (in a simplified form), is
a vector that has the same direction and sense as the electric force acting on the test charge
positive. In addition, its modulus can be obtained using the following expression:
F
E=
Qo

It is said that an electric field is uniform in a region of space when the intensity of that field
Electricity is the same at all points in that region.
Intensity of the Field created by a point charge.
As we have seen earlier, in the case that we wish to calculate the intensity of the electric field
At a certain point created by a single point charge q, we should introduce a test charge.
positive q0 at that point. From here we can use Coulomb's law (to calculate the force
electric that suffers q0) and the definition of field intensity at a point:
= F / 0 = . . 0 / ( 0. 2)⇒ E = . q / 2
The intensity of the electric field at a certain point created by a point charge q is obtained by
through the following expression:
K.q
E=
r2
Where:
it is the intensity of the electric field at a point.
K: it is the constant of Coulomb's law.
It is the charge that creates the field.

r: it is the magnitude of the vector 'r' that goes from charge 'q' to the point, or in other words, the distance between.
the load and the point where the intensity is measured.
If we analyze the expression, we can deduce the following questions:
a) The intensity of the electric field at a point depends on the charge q that generates it, the distance between that
load and said point and the medium in which they are found.
the greater the distance between the charge and the point where it is measured, the intensity of the electric field will be
younger
c) The intensity of the electric field does not depend on the test charge q', which we need to introduce for
Measuring it will only depend on the value of the load that generates it.
Intensity of the Field created by several point charges.
In the case that we have several point charges and we want to know the intensity of the electric field in
At one point we can make use of the principle of superposition:

The electric field generated by 'n' static point charges at a certain point in space is the sum
vectorial of the field intensity created by each of the charges at that point.
= E1 + E2 + ... + En
Field Lines.
In order to graphically visualize the electric field, Michael Faraday (1791-1867) proposed a
representation by means of lines called field lines or force lines. When drawing these lines
You must take the following into account:

a) Each line represents an arrow whose direction and sense is that of the electric force that would act on a
positive witness load. At each point along the line, the intensity of the electric field (E) is tangent at that point.
point.
b) The lines cannot cross at any point.
c) The lines originate from positive charges and enter negative charges, hence positive charges are ...
they are called sources of the field and the negative ones sinks.
The number of lines that come in or out of the load is proportional to its value.
The closer the lines are together, the more intense the field will be.
f) In the case where the field lines are parallel, the value of the electric field is constant.
Field lines originated by point charges.

Field lines originated by two point charges (dipole)

EXAMPLES:
 1) Calculate the magnitude of the electric field to which an electric charge of 8.10 is subjected.-6
C, if a force of 2.10 acts on it-4N
DATA FORMULA OPERATION
q = 8.10-6C F 2.10−4N
E= E=
q 8.10−6C
F = 2.10-4N
E=25 N/C
E=?

2) Calculate the value of the electric charge that produces an electric field of 1.6 x 10^-4 N/C at a
distance of 3.75.104m

DATA FORMULA OPERATION

q =? K.q 1,6.10−4N/C . (3.75 x 104m)2
E= q=
r2 9.10 9N.m2 /C 2
r = 3.75 × 104m E.r2
q= 1.6.10−4N/C . (1,41.109m 2)
k q=
9.109N.m2 /C 2
E=1.6 10-4N/C
q = 2,51.10-5C
K=9.109N.m2/c2

3) At what distance from a charge of 16.10-8Is the electric field measuring 360 N/C?

DATA OPERATION FORMULA

q =16.10-8C K.q

√
E= m2 −8
r2 9.109N. .16.10 C
C2
r=? r=

√
k.q 360N/C
r=
E
E=360 N/C
√
2

1,44.103 m
r=
360N/C
K=9.109N.m2/c2
r = 4√m 2=2m

4) Find the intensity of the resultant electric field at the midpoint of the line that connects to
q1y q2 separated by 10 cm. q1= 20.10-8C and q2 = -5.10-8C.

R1 R2

E1
-
E2
q1 q0 q2

At the midpoint of the line that connects q1 and q2, the positive test charge q0 is placed.
through vectors the effect that each charge produces on the test charge.
q1 produces repulsion on q0, the vector E1 is represented as exiting from q0 to the right. q2 attracts q0, the
Vector E2 is represented exiting from q0 to the right.
From the diagram, it is obtained that E = E1 + E2; we use the signs of the charges to make the diagram, when
substituting in the formula is not taken into account.

DATA FORMULA OPERATION

q1 =20.10-8C K.q1 m2 −8
E 1= 9.109N. .20.10 C
r2 C2
q2=-5.10-8C E 1=
¿¿
Er= ? K.q2 m2
E 2= 1,8.103N .
C❑
r1= 0.05m r2 E 1=
2.5.10−3 m2
Er= E1+ E2
r 2 = 0.05m E1 = 7.2.105N/C

K=9.109N.m2/c2 m 2 −8
9.109N. .5.10 C
C2
E 2=
(0.05m)2
m2
4,5.102 N.
C❑
E 2=
2.5.10−3m2
E2= 1.8.105N/C
Er=7.2.105N/C+1,8.105N/C
Er=9.105N/C directed to the right

Example 5:
 In the figure, there are two charges q1 = 7µC, at the origin and q2 = -5µC which is located on the x-axis at 0.3 m from the origin.

Calculate the resultant electric field at a point P located on the y-axis, 0.4 m from the origin.

Y
E1
He
P
E
0.4 m
α 0.5 m

+q1 0.3 m q2

DATA FORMULA OPERATION

q1 =7.10 C -6 K.q1 Let's determine the value of angle alpha α
E 1=
¿¿ 0.4m
cosα 0.8
q2=-5.10-6 0.5m
C α= 36º52´11”
K.q2 Let's calculate the magnitudes E1 and E2
E 2=
¿¿ m2 −6
Er=? 9.109N. 7.10 C
He= √E 1 2+ E 2 2−[Link]θ C2
Ɵ=? E 1=
¿¿
 E1=3,94.105N /C
r1= 0.4m
m 2 −6
r2 = 0.5m 9.109N . .5.10 C
C2
E 2=
K=9.109N.m2/c2 (0.5m)2
E2=1.8.105N/C
The magnitude of the electric field is given by the theorem of
cosine
He= √(3.94.10N/C)
5 2 5
+(1.8.10N/C ) −2¿2 ¿ )

√
N2 N2
He= 1,87.1011−1,13.10
2
11

C C2

√
N2
He= 7.4.1010
C2

Er = 2.72 x 105N/C

Example 6:
At the ends of the hypotenuse of a right triangle, charges are located as indicated in the figure:
q1Y q2= 17.3 C, located at a distance of 20cm and 30cm from the right angle respectively. If the magnitude
the resulting electric field at the vertex of the right angle is 2.54 .1012N/C. Calculate the magnitude of q.1

+q2
C

30cm

A 20cm +q1

DATA FORMULA OPERATION

q1=? K.q1 Let's calculate E2using the equation
E 1=
¿¿
q2= 17,3 C
K.q2
E 2=
Is=? K.q2 ¿¿
E 2=
¿¿
AB = 0.2m

Before Christ= 0.3m m2

ER2= E12+E22 9.109N. 17,3C
C2
E 2=
K=9.109N.m2/c2 CLEARING E
1
¿¿
2 E1=1.73.1012N/C
E = ERE
1
2
2
2

Replacing E2Y ERin the following equation

 E 1 = √He2−E 2 2
E 1 = √¿ ¿
E 1 = √He 2−E 2 2
E 1 = √¿ ¿
E11.86 x 1012N/C
To obtain q1we solve it from the equation
K.q1
E 1=
¿¿
Substituting E1, K, AB for its values and solving for q1we have left that:
E 1.( AB )
2

q1=
K

1012N
1.86 .(0.2m) 2
C
q1=
9.109N.m2 / c 2
Q1= 8,2 C

PUNTUALIDAD 2PTOS
MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 18PTS
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Exercise guide (proposed) 5th A

1) Calculate the intensity of the electric field at a point located 18 km from a point charge.
magnitude 120 µC. (2 points)
There are two point electric charges q1 = +12 µC and q2 = -36 µC separated by a distance of 6 m.
in the vacuum. Calculate the resulting electric field at the midpoint of the line that connects them. Carry out
the corresponding vector diagram (see example #4). (5pts)

3) Calculate the magnitude of the electric field created by two charges q1= +4 µC and q2-5µC, at a point
located between both charges, on the segment that connects them, 20cm from the first and 60cm from the second.

4) In triangle ABC, charges q are placed.a= 10-7C and Qb14.10-8C. Find the resulting electric field
at vertex C corresponding to the right angle. (value 7pts)

+qa
A

4m
3m

C B
+qb
5) Two point charges q1 and q2 are on a straight line as shown in the figure. Determine the intensity of the
electric field at P. 5cm 3cm
P
- -
Guday
q= de cexercises (proposed
6.10
1
-6
q -5.10 t5TO
2= c B
-6

1) A point charge of 5.2 µC is located at the origin of coordinates. Calculate the electric field.
en:
a) about the x-axis at x = 3m.
b) on the y-axis y= -4m

2) Calculate the intensity of the electric field, if when placing a charge of 48mC on it, it acts on a
force of 1.6N

3) There are two charges q1= +4.10-6C and Q2-12.10-6C, separated from each other by a distance of 12cm.
Find the electric field at the midpoint of the line that connects those charges.

4) In triangle ABC, charges q are placed.a= 10-7C and Qb= 14.10-8C. Find the electric field
resulting at vertex C corresponding to the right angle.

+qa
A

6m
5m

C B
+qb
5) Two point charges q1 and q2 are on a straight line as shown in the figure. Determine the intensity of the
electric field at P. 7cm 4cm
P
- -
q1=8.10-6c q2=-4.10-6c