LOOP TESTING PROCEDURE

Control Loop Tests. The purpose of a loop test is to verify the continuity of the wiring, that the
parameters of the equipment specifications are correct, their signals, alarms and also detect
failures and correcting them, in a control loop.

The documents and tools needed to carry out the loop tests are:

1. Bow folder: it should contain the following documents and/or certificates:

. Loop diagrams

Loop Diagrams are a schematic representation that identifies all the

components associated with control links and indicate the special requirements,

such as, security barriers.

They must include information about instruments, cable specifications,

characteristics of the signals involved, control systems, information of the

interconnection boxes, etc.

. Calibration certificates (Sensor and Transmitter)
. Continuity test certificates.
. Mechanical acceptance certificate (Installation).
. Datasheets and specifications of
instruments and equipment
. Piping and instrumentation diagrams, diagrams
logical, complex loop diagrams

2. Tools:
. Hand Help or Hart Configurator
. Process Simulator
. Pressure Pump
. Hand tools
. Laptop

Types of Control Loops:

Open Loop

It is identified by not having a measurement element at the output of the process, therefore it cannot verify if
the required target point is reached.

Closed Loop

It includes as one of its elements the process variable meter, so that its signal can be compared with the point.
of the assignment.
Formation of Loop

The process will undergo variations, so corrective actions must be taken through control loops, with the
purpose of bringing the process indicators to the collection points

Primary Measurement Element:

It is responsible for monitoring the process and providing information to the controller.

Controller:

Receive the process information, make some decisions, and indicate to the final element its new values.

Final Element:

Perform the corrective action, which will lead to a change in the process.

Complex Ties

Preliminary inspection for complex control loops:

. Having completed the simple loop tests involved in the complex loops.
. Have identified in the Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams for each of the associated loop positions.
with complex control systems:
• Cascade Control - CAS Mode (Cascade Mode): Configuration of a control loop where the output of a
controller is the set point for another controller.
Control feedforward
Relationship control (rat)
Selective control
Control override
Split range control
Inferential control
. A blocking of any dangerous energy will be carried out before proceeding with the
tests in case it is necessary (since some tests will be conducted
with the energized boards).
. It will ensure compliance with the control narrative of the operation.
from the simple loop tests.
. Apply a test signal to the output of the transmitter or emitting equipment.
simulated signal to the transmitter and/or simulate through the DCS.
. Proceed to perform the complex loop test according to the Control narrative.
. Check the alarms. Set the alarm triggers to the specified values.
. Verify the correct action of the logical system and control algorithm and that the output signals assume the mode.
operation correction.
Cascading Control

A Cascaded Control is one in which the output signal of a controller enters as the desired value to another.
controller and its output signal goes directly to the final control element. It is an alternative structure of
control to reject partially measurable disturbances. The basic idea is to feedback intermediate variables
between the disturbance and the exit.

Basic structure of a cascade control: It presents two loops: basically, the secondary control is designed to
attenuate the effect of the disturbance before it significantly affects the output P(t). Primary loop
with a primary controller LC (s). Secondary loop with a secondary controller FC (s).

Tuning of a Cascade Control:

Tune in first the inner links, then the outer ones. In general, a cascading system is faster than
A simple one: If a loop is in manual, all the externals to it must be in manual.

CONTROL OF RELATION (RATIO CONTROL) This control strategy setup is applied when 2 flows enter a
container and the fluids are related as shown in the figure Objective: Maintain the relationship between two
variables to a predetermined value Applications: Normally, variables are flows. Mixing of two streams
of different composition or Tª, to achieve a mixture of specific composition or Tª Relation
air/fuel in the combustion control in a furnace or boiler.

SPLIT RANGE CONTROL

It is a control system in which there is a single controlled variable and two or more manipulated variables, which must
to have the same effect on the controlled variable. To implement this system, it is necessary to share the output signal.
of the controller with the various final control elements.
Feedforward Control

The idea of Feedforward control is to create an auxiliary controller in the closed control loop that allows
to attenuate or eliminate the input of measured or known disturbances to the control loop, that is why it is called
control antcipatvo, porque trata de antciparce a las perturbaciones que van a afectar mi sistema.

Response to changes in flow q: The output of the regulator is modified according to changes in q for
compensate for its effect on T

Produce through GFy G a change in Y(s) equal and opposite to the one produced through GPal changes.
P(s) to compensate this.
Operation of FeedForward Control

First, a variable that affects the controlled output (disturbance) is measured, and an alternative path is created.
signal to try to compensate for the effect that this causes. This path is through the feedforward control presented
In the following figure and as can be seen, feedforward control or anticipatory control is a type of closed-loop control.
open

In summary, we can apply a FeedForward control as long as the disturbance that is going to be measured can be measured.
enter the process or controlled exit and create an alternative path for the signal to try to compensate for the effect that
this produces.

Let's see how this is represented in a block diagram.

With the addition of FeedForward Control, we have two paths through which our disturbance will pass, and the idea
then it is anticipating the red path that passes through Gq(s) by means of the red path that passes through Ca(s).

The FeedForward control strategy along with feedback control is presented in the following figure.
Basic controller (Digital regulator)

It is a module structured around a microprocessor that allows for control operations.

PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) and other control algorithms based on sums,

multiplications, divisions, relationships, square roots, counters, etc. A basic controller

It can control multiple loops, that is, it can be "aware" of multiple variables in a way

simultaneously and provide control over them.

These algorithms can be configured, and in case of a failure in the control units.

superior, the control that the digital regulator will exercise will correspond to the last algorithm

configured: type of control (direct, inverse, etc.), type of input signal (linear, exponential,

etc.), alarms to generate, sensors to sample, etc. As we can see, in this basic controller it

already establishes the first step in granting some autonomy to the different elements of a

distributed control.

The external communication network provides the necessary data that defines the

regulator behavior. These external data along with the process data are optimized,
obtaining the parameters that are introduced into the regulation algorithm and that combined with the

consignment (reference), will allow sending the corresponding update to the process.

Package 1

P&ID TAL-PHP-PRO-PID-0001

SELECTIVE CONTROL

FY-00102
Naphtha Level Control. Loading Drum PHP-D-001

Description of Process Control. The hydrotreated light naphtha coming from the battery limit is received at the
PHP-D-001 loading drum. The supplied naphtha is considered free of oxygen, therefore it is not necessary to carry out the
deairing of it. The liquid level in the naphtha loading drum is regulated by the level control LIC-
00101 modulating the control valve LV-00101 and consequently the flow of naphtha supplied to the drum. The
The liquid level of naphtha is calculated as the median of the three level measurements LIT-00101A/B/C from
ESD
 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Actuator: In a power device that produces according to the control signal

an action (can be observed in the control valves).

Controller: Compares the actual value of the output of a signal with the input of

reference (desired value), determines the error, and produces a control signal that
it will reduce the error to zero.

DCS: Distributed Control System

Primary Elements: They are those measuring instruments, also referred to

sensor instruments, through which the measurement signal is obtained, which

represents the value of the process variable. These include orifice plates, bulbs,

thermocouples, etc.
Control Elements: They are instruments that receive the 'Signal of'
"Measurement", coming from the primary or secondary element, and they compare it with a

Reference (Set-point or adjustment point) that represents how it should proceed.

process. The difference between the two represents the 'error' of the process. Depending on the

"error", the controller sends a "control signal" to correct the process.

Final Control Element: This is the instrument that 'acts' on the process to

correct it and keep it within the predetermined operating conditions. Usually

It is a control valve.

Secondary Elements: These are the transmitting or transducer instruments that

they take the signal from the 'Primary Element', or directly from the process, and convert it into

a 'Measurement Signal', that is, a signal based on the magnitude of the variable of

process.

Instrumentation: It is the discipline that deals with everything related to instruments.

employees in the operation of a plant or facility.

Local Indication Instruments: These are the ones used locally to

to know how the process is going. Pressure: Manometers, etc.

Control System Instruments: It corresponds to the instrumentation of the loops of

control and remote indication. It is a system capable of sensing the process, evaluating it with

regarding predetermined conditions and taking corrective actions, to achieve that the

process behaves according to previously established conditions.

Loop: It is a path that can be open or closed.

Measurement: It is a set of experimental acts aimed at determining the

value of a quantity of a physical magnitude with the help of technical means.

Process: It is a progressively continuous operation that consists of a sequence.

controlled actions, gradual changes or movements, systematically directed

towards a certain result or end.

Sensors: They are the parts of the instrument in contact with the process, which

they allow to collect and send information about it. Essentially they are

devices that convert one form of energy into another, this conversion can be

pressure in motion, temperature in electric current, liquid level in the turn

of an axis, etc.
Analog Signal: It is obtained from the progressive variation of the value of the signal between
of preset values.

Discrete Signal (On-Off): Signal coming from a connected or disconnected circuit.

Digital Signal (Serial): Discontinuous and random sequence of pulses of known amplitude.

System: It is the combination of components that work together and fulfill a

determined goal.

Control system: It is a combination of components or devices capable of

to measure or sense one or more process variables, to limit their deviation with

regarding predetermined conditions.

Measurement signal: It is the electrical, pneumatic, mechanical, or any other variable that

corresponds to the input signal of an instrument, but originates from another

instrument and not directly from the process. The measurement signals

it constitutes the language of communication of the instruments.

Tag: Instrument identification number.

Transducer: A device that converts one type of serial to another.

Transmitter: Element that receives information from the sensors and transforms it into

a signal capable of transmitting information to the remote receiver.

Controlled Variable: It is the quantity or condition that is measured or controlled.

Manipulated Variable: It is the quantity or condition modified by the controller in order to

affect the controlled variable. Normally, the controlled variable is the output of

system