Routing and Packet Transfer Overview
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ScribdTranslationsRouting and Packet Transfer Overview
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsChapter 2 Routing and Packet Transfer L3 ITRM-ISTAG
Chapter 2 Routing and Packet Switching
I- Introduction
Systems on a network can generally be divided into two types: hosts and routers.
A host typically has a single network interface and can be the source or the final destination of a
package.
A router has multiple network interfaces and forwards packets from one interface to another so that the
package reaches its destination.
Routing is a task of the network layer (layer 3 of the OSI model) that allows deciding on which
interface of the router a packet must be emitted.
II- Routing table development
Routers make decisions based on the information contained in their routing table.
1- Presentation of the routing table
The main function of a router is to transfer a packet to its destination network, which
corresponds to the IP address of the packet. To do this, the router must look up the information of
routing stored in its routing table.
2- Construction of the routing table
Before the configuration of static or dynamic routing on a router, it does not know
that the networks directly connected to it. These are thus the only networks displayed in the
routing table as long as static or dynamic routing is not configured.
Remote networks are added to the routing table through route configuration.
static or to the activation of a dynamic routing protocol.
The command show ip route allows you to view the routing table of a Cisco router.
Note:
PCs also have a routing table. Command route print
3-Principles of a routing table
At different times in this course, we will refer to three principles that apply to tables.
routing, to help you understand, configure, and troubleshoot routing:
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Chapter 2 Routing and Packet Transfer L3 ITRM-ISTAG
Each router makes its decision alone, based on the available information.
in its routing table.
2. The fact that a router has certain information in its routing table does not mean
say that the other routers have the same information.
3. The routing information related to a path leading from one network to another does not
do not provide routing information on the reverse or return path. (Principles of
routing by Alex Zinin.
Note: Asymmetric routing
Routers do not necessarily have the same information in their table.
routing, packets can traverse the network in one direction, following a given path, and
use a different path for the return. We are talking about asymmetric routing. Asymmetric routing
is more common on the Internet, which uses the Border Gateway Protocol BGP routing protocol, than in the
most internal networks.
III- Determination of the path and switching function
Best path and measurement
Determining the best path for a router involves evaluating several paths.
leading to the same destination network and choosing the optimal or 'shortest' path to
to reach this network.
The main objective of the routing protocol is to determine the best paths for each
route, to integrate them into the routing table. The routing algorithm generates a value or a
measure, for each path crossing the network. The measures can be based on one or more
characteristics of a path. To choose the route, some routing protocols may use
several measures and combine them into one. The lower the value of the measure, the better the
path.
The main measures:
The number of hops: The number of hops corresponds to the number of routers that a packet
must cross before reaching its destination. Each router corresponds to a hop.
Bandwidth: Influences path selection by preferring the one with the highest bandwidth.
highestprice
Charge: Takes into account the use of a specific link in terms of traffic
Deadline: Takes into account the time required for a package to travel a path.
Reliability: Assesses the likelihood of link failure, calculated from the number of errors.
from the interface or previous connection failures
-Cost: Value determined by the IOS or by the network administrator to indicate a route
preferred. The cost can represent a measure, a combination of measures or a strategy.
2- Packet transfer
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For packet transfer, two functions are used:
the path determination function;
the switching function.
2.1 - determination of the path
The path determination function is the process used by the router to determine the
path to take when transferring a packet. To determine the best path, the router
searches in its routing table for a network address corresponding to the destination IP address
of the package.
Directly connected network: if the destination IP address of the packet belongs to a
périphérique sur un réseau directement connecté à une des interfaces du routeur, ce paquet est
directly transferred to this device. This means that the destination IP address of the packet is
a host address on the same network as the interface of this router.
Remote network: if the destination IP address of the packet belongs to a remote network, the packet
is transferred to another router. Remote networks can only be reached by
transferring the packets to another router.
No determined route: if the destination IP address of the packet does not belong to any network
not connected to a remote network, and the router does not have a default route, the packet is
abandoned. The router sends an ICMP destination unreachable message to the source IP address
of the package.
In the first two results, the router encapsulates the IP packet in the frame format of
layer 2 data link of the output interface. The layer 2 encapsulation type is
determined by the type of interface. For example, if the output interface is FastEthernet, the packet
is encapsulated in an Ethernet frame. If the output interface is a configured serial interface
For the PPP protocol, the IP packet is encapsulated in a PPP frame.
2.2-Switching function
The switching function is the process used by a router to accept a packet on
a interface and transfer it to another interface. The switching function has the purpose of
main responsibility of encapsulating packets in the data link frame type
suitable for the output data link.
What does a router do with a packet it has received from one network that is destined for another network?
He uncaps the layer 3 packet by removing the header and the footer.
the layer 2 frame.
He examines the destination IP address of the IP packet to find the best path.
in the routing table.
It encapsulates the layer 3 packet in a new layer 2 frame and transfers it.
the frame at the output interface.
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Chapter 2 Routing and Packet Switching L3 ITRM-ISTAG
Step 1 PC1 must send a packet to PC2
Step 2 the router R1 receives the Ethernet frame
Step 3: R2 receives the packet
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Chapter 2 Routing and Packet Transfer L3 ITRM-ISTAG
Step 4: the packet arrives at the level of R3
Step 5: the Ethernet frame containing the encapsulated IP packet arrives at the PC2
The PC2 examines the destination MAC address, which corresponds to the MAC address of
the receiving interface, its Ethernet network card. PC2 then copies the rest of the frame
in its buffer.
2. The PC2 notes that the indicated Ethernet type is 0x800, which means that the frame
Ethernet contains an IP packet in its data part.
3. The PC2 decapsulates the Ethernet frame and transmits the IP packet to the IP process of its
operating system.
Bibliography
CCNA 640-802 course support version 4
- [Link]