REPORT - RADIOPHYSICS AND DOSIMETRY

RADIATIONS

RADIOIMAGING METHODS
THE INVESTIGATION
 RADIOIMAGING METHODS OF
INVESTIGATION

• Modern medical technology puts us at

has a wide variety of methods for
radiological exploration, diagnosis and
staging
 ULTRASOUND

• Ultrasound, synonymous with echography or

Ultrasound is an imaging method that helps
the visualization of different organs of the body
human. Currently, it represents the most common
utilized method from medical imaging and
this due to the numerous advantages of
it is not harmful, it is fast,
informative, simple, safe and easy to perform.
This is non-invasive, painless, has no effects
adverse, as it uses ultrasound.
 Ultrasounds are nothing else
mechanical vibrations with
frequency of over 20,000 Hz, which it
face imperceptible to the human hearing. Not
does not harm the organs in any way
capture, and the speed of propagation of
the waves are directly influenced by
the density of the organ that
the transducer (probe that emits
The ultrasound traverses it.
With the help of a computer program,
this information is transformed into
black-and-white images, which later,
the doctor interprets them.
 Ultrasound images are obtained in real time, being easy to visualize and
to analyze the structure, movement, and potential dysfunctions of
the following parts of the human body:

• thyroid gland and parathyroid glands;

• large vessels (aorta, renal arteries, iliac arteries, portal vein, etc);
• lymph nodes;
• heart
• mammary glands
• abdominal organs (liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, kidneys,
urinary bladder
• pelvic organs (uterus, ovaries, prostate);
• testicle;
• task and any potential issues that may arise.
Ultrasound
Because it has contraindications,
ultrasound is intended,
especially for pregnant women.
The method allows for evaluation
tasks and monitoring
intrauterine development of
of the fetus, determines accurately
maximum bag size
gestational, placenta, length
the embryo, its movements,
but also the first beats of the heart.
Radiata X is an ionizing radiation. At the moment when
X-rays target an organism or a substance, they
to provoke the transformation of the component atoms of that
substance or that body's ions with a reactivity
special chemistry. In this way, various are triggered
chemical reactions that can lead to the alteration of living substance
genetic material. Therefore, radiological explorations are
done under special conditions and with great caution.
Any radiological examination must be preceded by a
clinical examination competentcare to establish the diagnosis
prezumtv.
Radiological exploration methods are current and
special, simple methods and methods with substance of
contrast.
X-RAY
 Radiography is a traditional radiological method, being
the oldest and most traditional. Until the 1960s, it was the only method.
widely available.
Radiography is still the most used method of
X-ray examination (Röntgen rays) within radiology.

Digital radiology presents a series of advantages over radiology.

conventional classic, the most important being image quality
radiological.

This is characterized by the use of sensors instead of

traditional radiological film.
 ADVANTAGES
• The advantages are represented by resolution and contrast.
exceptional, exposure to a low level of radiation
(which does not influence the quality of the radiography), reduced time
necessary to obtain the result of the investigation and the possibility
the much faster transfer of images.

• The radiological image can be processed in such a way that

the diagnostic value is maximized. Printing
radiographic images on films (if desired this
the result obtained is thus superior to the films
conventional radiography.
• Digital X-ray machine
can perform examinations of
different parts of the body
offering exceptional quality
of images and implicitly
interpretation accuracy
radiological.

• In case of certain suspicions

radiography can offer a
better diagnosis even
than tomography
computerized (CT) or
imagistic by resonance
magnet (IRM).
 Currently, conventional radiography is mainly used in
for:

• Examination of the skeleton and extremities

• Highlight traumatic injuries (fractures,
luxati)
• degenerative lesions (bone arthrosis disease)
malignant tumor lesions or
• benign bone and inflammatory lesions of the kind
of arthritis. Nowhere in the world does it begin
• with something other than X-rays in the case of
• traumatism. Any bone fracture or
trauma is investigated first
radiologic
 Examination of the lungs and heart (thoracic cavity)
Suspicion of: lung inflammation, scar tissue, or tumors.
Examination with contrast of the urinary pathways
urography
• It can be used if it
suspects the calculations
renal or insufficiency
renal. Before
examination will be injected
a contrast substance
it spreads in
kidneys, urinary tract and
urinary bladder, providing a
imagine detailed
renal apparatus.
MAMMOGRAPHY WITH TOMOSYNTHESIS VS
STANDARD MAMMOGRAPHY
Tomosynthesis is a new technology.
digital mammography that is net superior
the other cancer screening methods
mamar. Tomosynthesis uses technology
three-dimensional image (3D) in tmp
standard mammography performs only one
imagine bidimensional (2D).
 The option to perform imaging sections is swollen by
tomosynthesis is a much more valuable and advantageous method compared to mammography
standard digital when evaluating breast cancer formation.
This method allows for a clear illustration of problematic areas by
three-dimensional recombination of tumor section images.
Tomosynthesis or three-dimensional mammography (3D) of the breast reduces
the interference and overlaps of tissue through the capture of three-dimensional images
the breast and highlights cancerous lesions much more easily, especially at
women with dense breasts, who have an increased risk. The breast is positioned between a
compressor and o plate detector.
The X-ray tube is shifted with curved movements and records a
a series of images called projections, at various angles (scan angles), and
the projections will be subsequently processed to obtain serial images of the tissue
breast with a thickness of 1mm.
 ADVANTAGES OF TOMOSYNTHESIS
• Allows detection of early diagnosis even of
small-sized tumors;
• Reduce the likelihood of recalling the patient for a
repeated mammogram, that is why the radiation dose I am at
expusi pacienti este diminuata;
• Reduce the risk of performing biopsies and interventions
useless surgical
• Trace with precision the tumor limits and determine with
precision in locating it on a three-dimensional map;
• Reduce pain by applying much more pressure.
approach to the breast when performing the film regarding
classic mammographic methods.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY - CT

• It is especially destined
examination
the following segments
to the human body: head,
gât,torace, abdomen,
pelvis, vascular system and
musculoskeletal
IMAGING THROUGH MAGNETIC RESONANCE - MRI

Imagistic through Resonance

Magnet represents
one of the newest and
most spectacular
domains of imagery
medical. Similar
tomography
computerize, Imagist
in Resonance
Magnetca is based on
images that represent
the visual equivalent of a
anatomical sections
 Nuclear Medicine - PET/CT
• The PET-CT scan is used for
diagnosis, localization, identification of the stage
in what situation and the evaluation of efficiency
treatment in oncological conditions.
The PET-CT equipment is mainly used in
oncology and cardiology.
• In conclusion, PET-CT provides the doctor
information about tumor localization and spread
this one, allowing it to provide the best
treatment plan.