Engineering Graphics (BT-105)
By- Dr. Atul Dhakar
Syllabus in Simple and Short Form:
UNIT: 1- Introduction to drawing, Scales, Type of Scales, Conic
Sections.
UNIT: 2- Projection of Points, Projection of Straight Lines.
UNIT: 3- Projection of Solids and Projection of Planes.
UNIT: 4- Isometric Projection and Development of Surfaces.
UNIT: 5- Introduction to Computer Aided Drafting (CAD).
Books -
1. N.D. Bhatt
2. Basant Agrawal
By: Dr. Atul Dhakar
Engineering Graphics (BT-105)
By- Dr. Atul Dhakar
➢ The Various Units’ Conversion:
1 METER = 100 CENTIMETERS 1 YARD = 3 FEETS
1 METER = 10 DECIMETERS 1 INCHES= 2.54 CENTIMETERS
1 DECIMETER = 10 CENTIMETERS 1 FEET = 12 INCHES
1 CENTIMETER = 10 MILIMETERS 1YARD = 36 INCHES
1 KILOMETER = 1000 METERS 1 DEKOMETER = 100 CM
1 KILOMETER = 10HECTOMETERS 10 HECTAMETER = 1000M
1HECTOMETER = 10 DECAMETERS 3 INCHES = 7.62 CENTIMETER
1DECAMETER = 10 METERS 1KM = 1000 and 100CM
➢ INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING DRAWING:
➢ Engineering drawing can be defined as a graphical language used by
engineers and other technical personnel associated with the engineering
profession which fully and clearly defines the requirements for engineered
items. It is a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional object.
➢ In other words, the art of representing a real or imaginary object precisely
using some graphics, symbols, letters and numbers with the help of
engineering drawing instruments is called engineering drawing.
➢ Engineering drawing is an international language. The basic principle of
engineering drawing is same as in all countries. The uses of engineering
drawing are making, various maps of houses, layout of various factory
shops, sketches of pipeline, sketches of various electric circuits etc.
By: Dr. Atul Dhakar
Engineering Graphics (BT-105)
By- Dr. Atul Dhakar
➢ Drawing can be done using 3 types freehand, instruments or computer
methods:
1. Freehand drawing (without scales): The lines are sketched without
using instruments other than pencils and erasers.
The front view or top view of objects Object Images
2. Instrument drawing (with scales): Instruments are used to draw
straight lines, circles, and curves concisely and accurately. Thus, the
drawings are usually made to scale.
The accurate front view and top view
By: Dr. Atul Dhakar
Engineering Graphics (BT-105)
By- Dr. Atul Dhakar
3. Computer drawing (design with CAD): The drawings are usually
made by commercial software such as AutoCAD, solid works etc.
The work with CAD software 3-D image of object (computer drawing)
➢ The various Drawing Standards: Drawing standards are used so that
drawings convey the same meaning to everyone who reads them.
Country Code Full Name
USA ANSI American national standard institute
JAPAN JIS Japanese Industrial Standard
UK BS British Standard
AUSTRALIA AS Australian Standard
ISO International Standards Organization
By: Dr. Atul Dhakar
Engineering Graphics (BT-105)
By- Dr. Atul Dhakar
➢ The various Drawing Instruments: The following instruments are used in
engineering drawing as-
1. Drawing Board and Drawing Table: A drawing board provides flat
and smooth surface on which the drawing sheet is fixed.
2. Drawing Sheets: Trimmed paper of a size A0 ~ A4 (Dimensions in
Millimeters)
Standard sheet size (JIS)
A4 210 x 297
A3 297 x 420
A2 420 x 594 A4 SIZE (210 x 297) basic size of photo copy paper
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189
A3 SIZE (297 x 420)
A2SIZE (420 x 594) this is basic size of drawing sheet
By: Dr. Atul Dhakar
Engineering Graphics (BT-105)
By- Dr. Atul Dhakar
A1SIZE (594 x 841) A0SIZE (841 x 1189)
3. T-sqare and Set-squares :The T-square should be of hard quality [Link]
consists of two parts –the stock and the blade .And the Set-squares are made
of wood,tin and plastic.
T-Square (black part is called stock) Set-Squares
By: Dr. Atul Dhakar
Engineering Graphics (BT-105)
By- Dr. Atul Dhakar
4. Pencil (H, 2H and 4H): Total 18 type’s pencils are used in engineering
Drawing.
HARDEST
9H - 8H - 7H- 6H- 5H- 4H- 3H- 2H- H-
F- HB- B- 2B- 3B- 4B- 5B- 6B-7B
SOFTEST
Generally we have used only four types pencil in engineering drawing to draw
sketch these are follows:
(A) H Pencil: It is used for drawing Initial work and Construction Line.
(B) 2H Pencil: It is generally used for drawing Outline, Dotted line, Section
Plane line, Dimension lines, Arrowheads.
(C) 3H OR 4H Pencil: It is used for drawing Centre Line, Section Line.
2H or H for thick line 4H for thin line
By: Dr. Atul Dhakar
Engineering Graphics (BT-105)
By- Dr. Atul Dhakar
5. Other Instruments: some common Instruments used in engineering drawing as:
Adhesive Tape Compass
Roller Scale Mini-Drafter
Pencil Eraser Sharpener
By: Dr. Atul Dhakar
Engineering Graphics (BT-105)
By- Dr. Atul Dhakar
➢ The Basic lines types : The following types line are used in engineering
drawing are as:
TYPES OF LINES APPEARANCE NAME ACCORDING
TO APPLICATION
Continuous Thick Line Visible Line
Dimension line
Continuous thin line Extension line
Leader line
Dash thick line Hidden line
Chain thin line Center line
➢ The Meaning of Various Lines ;
(1) Visible lines: represent features that can be seen in the current view.
(2) Hidden lines: represent features that cannot be seen in the current view.
(3) Center line: represents symmetry, path of motion, center of circles, axis
of axisymmetric parts.
(4) Dimension and Extension lines: indicate the sizes and location of
features on a drawing
Example: Line conventions in engineering drawing
By: Dr. Atul Dhakar
Engineering Graphics (BT-105)
By- Dr. Atul Dhakar
Scales
➢ Definition: A Scale is defined as the ratio of the linear dimension of
element of the object as represented in a drawing to the actual dimension of
the same element of the object its.
A conventional scale is always chosen to prepare the drawings of big as
well as small objects in proportionality smaller or larger sizes. So the scales
are used to prepare a drawing at a full size, reduced size or enlarged size
.Full size scale, reduced scale and enlarged scale descried below:
(a) Full Size Scales: If we allow the actual length of and a drawing, then the
scale used is called full size scale. Example – small gears, small fitting tools
etc.
Type Drawing Size to Actual Object Size
Full Size Scale 1 1(Ratio)
(b)Reducing Scales: If we reduce the actual length of an object so as to
accommodate that object on drawing, then the scale used is called reducing
scale. Example – Big Houses, Big Machines, Big pulls etc.
Type Drawing Size to Actual Object Size
Reduced Size Scale 1 100(Ratio)
(c) Enlarging Scales: Drawing of small machine parts, mechanical
instruments, watches, etc. are made larger than their real size. They are said
to be drawn in an increasing or enlarging scale.
Type Drawing Size to Actual Object Size
Enlarged Size Scale 100 1(Ratio)
By: Atul Dhakar sir
Engineering Graphics (BT-105)
By- Dr. Atul Dhakar
➢ The Various Important Formula Related to Scale:
• Representative Fraction (R.F.): The ratio of the length of the
drawing to the actual length of the object represented is called the
representative fraction. It’s always give ratio form and it is unit less
term.
Length of The Drawing
R.F. = ----------------------------------
Actual Length Of Object
It’s always give ratio form and it is unit less term.
• Length of The Scale (cm): It is a multiply of R.F. and Maximum
length of scale (it’s give in the Question UPTO format).
Length of The Scale = R.F. × Maximum Length
(up to format)
➢ Type of Scales: The various types scale used in engineering drawing are as:
(a) Plain Scales: (For dimensions up to single decimal).
(b) Diagonal Scales: (For dimensions up to two decimal)
(c) Scale of chords: (For measuring/constructing angle)
(d) Comparative Scales: (For comparing two different units)
(e) Venire Scales: (For Dimensions up to two decimals)
By: Atul Dhakar sir
Engineering Graphics (BT-105)
By- Dr. Atul Dhakar
➢ Plain Scale: A plain scale consists of a line divided into suitable number of
equal parts or units, first of which is sub divided into smaller parts. Plain
scales represent either two units or a unit and its sub division in every scale.
PROBLEM NO.1:- Draw a scale 1 cm = 1m to read decimeters, to measure
maximum distance of 6. Show on it a distance of 4 m and 6 dm.
CONSTRUCTION: -
DIMENSION OF DRAWING
(a) Calculate R.F. =
DIMENSION OF OBJECT
R.F. = 1cm/ 1m = 1/100
Length of scale = R.F. X max. Distance
= 1/100 X 600 cm
= 6 cm
(b) Draw a line 6 cm long and divide it into 6 equal parts. Each part will represent
larger division unit.
(c) Sub divides the first part which will represent second unit or fraction of first
unit.
(d) Place (0) at the end of first unit. Number the units on right side of Zero and
subdivisions on left-hand side of Zero. Take height of scale 1cm to 2cm for getting
a look of scale.
(e) After construction of scale mention its RF and name of scale as shown.
(f) Show the distance 4 m 6 dm on it as shown.
4 M 6 DM
0 1 2 3 4 5
Engineering Graphics (BT-105)
By- Dr. Atul Dhakar
➢ Important questions - Plain scales:
Q.1 In a map a 36 km distance is shown by a line 45cm long. Calculate the R.F.
and construct a plain scale to read kilometers and hectometers, for max. 12 km.
Show a distance of 8.3 km on it.
Q.2 A rectangular plot of land 16 sq.m. is represented on a map by a similar
rectangle of 1 [Link]. Calculate the R.F. of the scale of the map. Construct a plain
scale to read meters and long enough to measure up to [Link] a distance of
45m on the scale.
Q.3 Draw a scale of 1:50 showing meters and decimeters and measure up to 6
meters.
Q.4 A cube of 5cm side represents a tank 8000m3 volumes. Find the R.F. and
construct a scale to measure up to 60m and mark on it a distance of [Link]
R.F. of scale.
Q.5 Construct a scale 1:60 to show meters and decimeters and long enough to
measure up to 6 meters.
➢ Diagonal Scale: A diagonal scale is used when very minute distances such
as 0.1mm etc. Are to be accurately measured or when measurements are
required in three units, for example DM, CM AND MM or YARD, FOOT
AND INCHES.
By: Dr. Atul Dhakar
Engineering Graphics (BT-105)
By- Dr. Atul Dhakar
PROBLEM NO.1: Draw a diagonal scale of R.F. 1: 2.5, showing centimeters and
millimeters and long enough to measure up to 20 centimeters.
SOLUTION:
R.F. = 1 / 2.5
Length of scale = 1 / 2.5 X 20 cm.
= 8 cm.
(a) Draw a line 8 cm long and divide it in to 4 equal parts.
(Each part will represent a length of 5 cm.)
(b) Divide the first part into 5 equal divisions. (Each will show 1 cm.)
(c) At the left hand end of the line, draw a vertical line and on it step-off 10
equal divisions of any length.
(d) Complete the scale as explained in previous problems. Show the distance
13.4 cm on it.
By: Dr. Atul Dhakar
Engineering Graphics (BT-105)
By- Dr. Atul Dhakar
➢ Important questions for diagonal scales:
Q.1 The distance between Delhi and Agra is 200 km. In a railway map it is
represented by a line 5 cm long. Find its R.F. Draw a diagonal scale to show single
km. And maximum 600 km. Indicate on it following distances 336km.
Q.2 A rectangular plot of land measuring 1.28 hectors is represented on a map by a
similar rectangle of 8 sq. cm. Calculate RF of the scale. Draw a diagonal scale to
read single meter. Show a distance of 438 m on it.
Q.3 Construct a diagonal scale of R.F. 1:40 to read meters, decimeters and
centimeters and long enough to read up to meters. Show on this scale a distance of
2.46m.
Q.4 Construct a scale to be used with a map, the scale of which is 1cm = 40m. The
scale should read in meters and maximum up to [Link] a distance of 456m on
it.
Q.5 On a map, the actual distance of 5m is represented by a line of 25mm long.
Calculate the R.F. of scale used. Construct a diagonal scale long enough to read
25m and mark distance of 10m and 11m.
Definition
➢ Scale of Chords: The scale of chords is used to set out or measure angles
when a protractor is not available. It is based on the length of chords of
different angles measured the same on the same arc.
➢ Comparative scale is a pair of scales having a common representative
fraction but graduated to read different units. Comparative scales may be
either plain or diagonal scales depending upon the requirements.
➢ Vernier scale: A vernier scale is a supplementary, movable scale that slides
alongside a fixed main scale to provide precise measurements of fractional
parts of the main scale's divisions.
By: Dr. Atul Dhakar