Power Systems I

Review: Three-phase Analysis

Dr. Yazan Alsmadi

ymalsmadi@[Link]

Department of Electrical Engineering

Jordan University of Science and Technology
Balanced 3 Phase () Systems
A balanced 3 phase () system has:
• three voltage sources with equal magnitude, but with an
angle shift of 120,
• equal loads on each phase,
• equal impedance on the lines connecting the generators
to the loads.
Bulk power systems are almost exclusively 3.
Single phase is used primarily only in low voltage,
low power settings, such as residential and some
commercial.
Single phase transmission used for electric trains in
Europe.

2
Per Phase Analysis
Per phase analysis allows analysis of balanced 3 systems with the
same effort as for a single phase system.
Balanced 3 Theorem: For a balanced 3 system with:
• All loads and sources Y connected,
• No mutual Inductance between phases.

3
Per Phase Analysis, cont’d
Then
• All neutrals are at the same potential,
• All phases are COMPLETELY decoupled,
• All system values are the same “sequence” as sources. That is, peaks of
phases occur in the same order. The sequence order we’ve been using (phase
b lags phase a and phase c lags phase b) is known as “positive” sequence; in
EE485, we’ll discuss “negative” and “zero” sequence systems.

4
Per Phase Analysis Procedure
To do per phase analysis
1. Convert all  load/sources to equivalent Y’s.
2. Solve phase “a” independent of the other phases
3. Total system power S = 3 Va Ia*
4. If desired, phase “b” and “c” values can be
determined by inspection (i.e., ±120° degree phase
shifts)
5. If necessary, go back to original circuit to determine
line-line values or internal  values.

5
Per Phase Example
Assume a 3, Y-connected generator with Van =
10 volts supplies a -connected load with Z
= -j through a transmission line with
impedance of j0.1 per phase. The load is also
connected to a -connected generator with
Va’’b’’ = 10 through a second transmission line
which also has an impedance of j0.1 per
phase.
Find
1. The load voltage Va’b’
2. The total power supplied by each generator,
SY and S
6
Per Phase Example, cont’d
j0.1 a’ j0.1 a”
a

1∠0 +- 1∠0
-j -j
n
b -j b’ b”
c c’
c”

First convert the delta load and source to equivalent

Y values and draw just the "a" phase circuit 7
Per Phase Example, cont’d
j0.1 a’ j0.1 a”
a
𝒋
1∠0 − 𝟏
𝟑 ∠ − 𝟑𝟎𝟎
𝟑

To solve the circuit, write the KCL equation at a'

1
(Va'  10)( 10 j )  Va' (3 j )  (Va'     j  
3

8
Per Phase Example, cont’d
To solve the circuit, write the KCL equation at a'
1
(Va'  10)( 10 j )  Va' (3 j )  (Va'     j  
3
10
(10 j  60)  Va' (10 j  3 j  10 j )
3
Va'  0.9  volts Vb'  0.9  volts
Vc'  0.9 volts Va'b'  1.56 volts

9
Per Phase Example, cont’d
*
 Va  Va ' 
Sygen  3Va I a*  Va    5.1  j 3.5 VA
 j 0.1 
*
 Va ''  Va ' 
Sgen  3Va ''    5.1  j 4.7 VA
 j 0.1 
• What is real power into load?
• Is this a reasonable dispatch of generators?
• What is causing real power flow from Y-connected
generator to -connected generator?

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Power System Operations Overview
Goal is to provide an intuitive feel for power system
operation
Emphasis will be on the impact of the transmission
system
Introduce basic power flow concepts through small
system examples

11
Power System Basics
All power systems have three major components:
Generation, Load and Transmission/Distribution.
Generation: Creates electric power.
Load: Consumes electric power.
Transmission/Distribution: Moves electric power from
generation to load.
• Lines/transformers operating at voltages above 100 kV are
usually called the transmission system. The transmission
system is usually networked.
• Lines/transformers operating at voltages below 100 kV are
usually called the distribution system. The distribution system
is usually radial except in urban areas.
12
Transformer

13
 The Magnetic Field

1. Current carrying wire produces magnetic field around

it.
2. Transformer: A time changing magnetic field induces
a voltage in a coil of wire if it passes through that
coil.
3. Motor: A current carrying wire in the presence of a
magnetic field has a force induced on it.
4. Generator: A moving wire in the presence of a
magnetic field has a voltage induced in it.

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 Ideal Transformer
Ignore the leakage flux:
v p (t ) Np
 a
vs (t ) NS
Power conservation:
Pin  Vp I p cos  p  Vs I s cos  s  Pout
Sin  Vp I p  Vs I s  Sout  p   s
i p (t ) Ns 1
Relationship between currents:  
is (t ) NP a

15
 Ideal Transformer
Ignore the leakage flux:
v p (t ) Np
 a
vs (t ) NS
Power conservation:
Pin  Vp I p cos  p  Vs I s cos  s  Pout
Sin  Vp I p  Vs I s  Sout  p   s
i p (t ) Ns 1
Relationship between currents:  
is (t ) NP a

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 Ideal Transformer Quiz

Sol: N1/N2 = 4000/100=40

Vs=120/40=3

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Ideal Transformer-Energy Relationship

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Impedance Transformation (Ideal Transformer)

VL Vs
ZL   Vp
IL Is ZL  / a 2  Z L' / a 2
Ip
Vp Np Is
  a
Vs N S I p

19
Impedance Transformation (Ideal Transformer)

20
 Dot Convention

First, for the primary winding, set the dot on the terminal with current flowing into it.

Then, 1) set the dot on the current output terminal of secondary winding if the field
produced by these two windings are subtractive;

or 2) set the dot on the current input terminal of the secondary winding if the field
produced by these two windings are additive.

21
Dot Convention

 Voltage polarities are the same with respect to the dots on each side of
the core.

 If the primary side current flows into the dotted end, the secondary
current will flow out of the dotted end.

22
Ideal Transformer Summary

23
Ideal Transformer Nameplate

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Ideal Transformer Nameplate

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Ideal Transformer Nameplate

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 Ideal Transformer Nameplate

Rated Power is defined by the output power

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Concern for the Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer

• Copper loss
• Eddy current loss
• Hysteresis loss
Example of eddy current in
• Leakage flux powder iron core

Source: Daewoo Power Iron Core Application Presentation

28
Transformer Core losses
Eddy currents arise because of changing flux in core.
Eddy currents are reduced by laminating the core

Hysteresis losses are proportional to area of BH curve

and the frequency

These losses are reduced

by using material with a
“thin” BH curve
29
Real Transformers
• Real transformers
• have losses
• have leakage flux
• have finite permeability of magnetic core

• Real power losses

• resistance in windings (I2 R)
• core losses due to eddy currents and hysteresis

30
Equivalent Circuit

31
 Calculation of Transformer Model Parameters
The parameters of the model are determined based
upon:
– nameplate data: gives the rated voltages and power
– open circuit test: rated voltage is applied to primary with
secondary open; measure the primary current and losses (the
test may also be done applying the rated voltage to the
secondary, calculating the values, then referring the values back
to the primary side).
– short circuit test: with secondary shorted, apply (lower than
rated) voltage to primary to get rated primary current to flow;
measure voltage and losses.

32
Parameter Identification: Open Circuit Test
Identify magnetizing inductance and equivalent core resistance   VOC  I OC
it can be calculated from the following equation:
POC P
PF  cos    OC
SOC VOC I OC
Equivalent admittance of the test circuit:
I I
YE  OC (I OC  VOC )  OC   
VOC VOC
1 1
it can also written as: YE   j
RC XM

33
Parameter Identification: Short Circuit Test
Identify total winding resistance and leakage inductance   VSC  I SC

it can be calculated from the following equation:

PSC P
PF  cos    SC
S SC VSC I SC

Equivalent Impedance of the

test circuit:

Z E  Req  jxeq  ( Rp  a 2 RS )  j ( X p  a 2 X s )

VSC V
it can be identified from the following equation: ZE  (VSC  I SC )  SC 
I SC I SC

34
Transformer Example
•Example: A single phase, 100 MVA, 200/80 kV transformer
has the following test data:
•open circuit: 20 amps, with 10 kW losses
•short circuit: 30 kV, with 500 kW losses
•Determine the model parameters.

35
Transformer Example, cont’d
From the short circuit test
100MVA 30 kV
I sc   500 A, Re  jX e   60 
200kV 500 A
Psc  Re I sc
2
 500 kW  Re  Psc / I sc
2
 500,000 /(500) 2  2 ,
Hence X e  602  2 2  60 
From the open circuit test
(Vrated ) 2 (200) 2 (kV) 2
Rc    4M
Poc 10 kW
Vrated 200 kV
Re  jX e  jX m    10,000  X m  10,000 
I oc 20 A
36
37
Transformer Efficiency
Pout VS I S cos 
  100%
Pin PCu  PCore  VS I S cos 

For primary side referred circuit: PCu  I p2 Req _ p PCore  V p2 / RC

For secondary side referred circuit: PCu  I S2 Req _ S PCore  (Vp / a) 2 /( RC / a 2 )

38
Voltage Regulation
VS ,nl  VS , fl
VR  100% and VS ,nl  Vp / a
VS , fl
V p / a  VS , fl
VR  100%
VS , fl

39
40
Example

41
Example

42
Example

43
Example

44
Autotransformer

45
Autotransformer

46
Autotransformer

Series winding

Autot
ransf common winding
orme
r

47
Autotransformer

48
Autotransformer

49
Autotransformer

50
Autotransformer

51
Autotransformer-Voltage Ratio (Summary)

52
Autotransformer-Voltage Ratio (Summary)

53
Autotransformer-Voltage Ratio

54
Example

55
56
Example

57
Example

58
Three Phase Transformer

Return path
removed

Three single phase

transformer
Final design

59
 Three Phase Transformer

Source: Slemon-Straighen, Electric Machines, Addison-Wesley, 1980

Note in following slides
N1 = N p

N2 = N s

60
 Three Phase Transformer

1- Y-Y
2- Y-Δ
3- Δ-Y
4- Δ-Δ

61
 Wye-Wye Connection

Y-Y

62
Wye-Wye Connection (example)

63
Example

64
 Delta-Delta Connection

Δ-Δ

65
Delta-Delta Connection

66
 Delta-Delta Connection

Example

67
Example

68
 Wye-Delta

n Y 

dM
For the primary side: VLP  3VP VP  N P
dt VP NP
dM  a
For the secondary side: VLS  VS VS  N S VS NS
dt
VLP
 3a
VLS

69
 Wye-Delta

n Y 

• The most common connection is the Y-Δ or Δ-Y

• More stable with respect to unbalanced loads

• If Y connection is used on the high voltage side, insulation cost is reduced

• The Y-Δ is commonly used to step down a high voltage to a lower voltage

• The neutral point on the high voltage side can be grounded

70
Wye-Delta (Example)

71
Example

72
73
 Delta-Wye

 Y

For the primary side: VLP  VP dM

VP  N P
dt VP NP
For the secondary side:
VLS  3VS d  a
VS  N S M VS N S
dt

VLP a

VLS 3
The Δ-Y is commonly used for stepping up to high voltage

74
Per Unit Calculations
 The solution of interconnected power system having several
voltage levels requires transformation of all impedances to a single
voltage level
 A key problem in analyzing power systems is the large number of
transformers.
– It would be very difficult to continually have to refer impedances
to the different sides of the transformers
This problem is avoided by a normalization of all variables.
This normalization is known as per unit analysis.

75
Per Unit Calculations
In this system, the different voltage levels disappear and a power
network involving generators, transformers and lines reduces to a
system of simple impedances

actual quantity
quantity in per unit 
base value of quantity

76
Advantages of the Per Unit System

77
Per Unit System

78
Per Unit System

79
Per Unit System

80
Per Unit System (Change of Base)

81
Example

The three-phase load at bus 4

absorbs 57 MVA, 0.6 power factor
lagging at 10.45 kV

Line 1 &2 reactances 48.4 Ω and

65.43 Ω 82
Example

83
Example

84
Example

85
Example

86
Example

87
Example

88
Example

89
Example

90
Per Unit Impedance Diagram

91
92
93
94
95
96
97
Per Unit Conversion Procedure, 1
1. Pick a 1 VA base for the entire system, SB
2. Pick a voltage base for each different voltage level,
VB. Voltage bases are related by transformer turns
ratios. Voltages are line to neutral.
3. Calculate the impedance base, ZB= (VB)2/SB
4. Calculate the current base, IB = VB/ZB
5. Convert actual values to per unit

Note, per unit conversion affects magnitudes, not

the angles. Also, per unit quantities no longer have
units (i.e., a voltage is 1.0 p.u., not 1 p.u. volts) 98
Per Unit Solution Procedure
1. Convert to per unit (p.u.) (many problems are already in per unit)
2. Solve
3. Convert back to actual as necessary

99
Example

100
Example

101
Example

102
Example

103
Example

104
Example

105
Example

106
Example

107
Example

108
Example

109
Example

110
Example

111
Example

112
Per Unit Example
Solve for the current, load voltage and load power
in the circuit shown below using per unit analysis
with an SB of 100 MVA, and voltage bases of
8 kV, 80 kV and 16 kV, respectively.

Original Circuit
113
Per Unit Example, cont’d
82 (kV) 2
Z BLeft   0.64
100MVA
802 (kV) 2
Middle
ZB   64
100MVA
2 2
16 (kV)
Z BRight   2.56
100MVA

Same circuit, with

values expressed
in per unit.
114
Per Unit Example, cont’d

1.00
I   0.22  30.8 p.u. (not amps)
3.91  j 2.327
VL  1.00  0.22  30.8 
    p.u.
2
VL
SL  
VL I L*  0.189 p.u.
Z
SG  1.00 0.2230.8  30.8p.u.
115
Per Unit Example, cont’d
To convert back to actual values just multiply the
per unit values by their per unit base

V LActual  0.859  30.8 16 kV  13.7  30.8 kV

S LActual  0.1890 100 MVA  18.90 MVA
SGActual  0.2230.8 100 MVA  22.030.8 MVA
100 MVA
I BMiddle   1250 Amps
80 kV
Actual
I Middle  0.22  30.8  275  30.8
116
Three Phase Per Unit
Procedure is very similar to 1 except we use a 3
VA base, and use line to line voltage bases
1. Pick a 3 VA base for the entire system, S B3
2. Pick a voltage base for each different voltage level,
VB,LL. Voltages are line to line.
3. Calculate the impedance base

VB2, LL ( 3 VB, LN )2 VB2, LN

ZB   
S B3 3S 1B S 1B
Exactly the same impedance bases as with single phase using
the corresponding single phase VA base and voltage base! 117
Three Phase Per Unit, cont'd
4. Calculate the current base, IB
3 1 1
3 S 3 S S 1
IB  B  B  B  IB
3 VB, LL 3 3 VB, LN VB, LN

Exactly the same current bases as with single phase!

5. Convert actual values to per unit

118
Three Phase Per Unit Example
•Solve for the current, load voltage and load power in
the previous circuit, assuming:
•a 3 power base of 300 MVA,
•and line to line voltage bases of 13.8 kV, 138 kV and 27.6
kV (square root of 3 larger than the 1 example voltages)
•the generator is Y-connected so its line to line voltage is 13.8
kV.

Convert to per unit

as before.
Note the system is
exactly the same!
119
3 Per Unit Example, cont'd
1.00
I   0.22  30.8 p.u. (not amps)
3.91  j 2.327
VL  1.00  0.22  30.8 
    p.u.
2
VL
SL   *
VL I L  0.189 p.u.
Z
SG  1.00 0.2230.8  30.8p.u.

Again, analysis is exactly the same!

120
3 Per Unit Example, cont'd
Differences appear when we convert back to actual values

VLActual  0.859  30.8 27.6 kV  23.8  30.8 kV

SLActual  0.1890 300 MVA  56.70 MVA
SGActual  0.2230.8 300 MVA  66.030.8 MVA
300 MVA
I BMiddle   1250 Amps (same current!)
3 138 kV
Actual
I Middle  0.22  30.8  Amps  275  30.8

121
Example (Autotransformer)

122
Example (Autotransformer)

123
Example (Autotransformer)

124
Example (Autotransformer)

125