Automation and Sensor-Based Field Monitoring

in Smart Farming
Neha Kumari
Master Of Computer Application

technologies, these data can be transmitted to gateways to

trigger the required actions based on soil properties and data
Abstract: A low-cost, low-power, and low data-rate solution logs,
is proposed to fulfill the requirements of which can be sent to the cloud for future analytics [1,2].
informationmonitoringforactuallarge-scaleagriculturalfarms. To access field data with minimal wiring, easy installation,
Asmall-scalefarmcanbeeasilymanaged. By contrast, a large and low maintenance effort, different applications that utilize
farm will require automating equipment that contributes to the distributed sensing features of wireless sensor networks
crop production. Sensor based soil properties measurement (WSNs), including water monitoring [3–5], forest [6,7],
plays an integral role in designing a fully automated industrial [8,9], agriculture [10–12], environmental [13,14],
agricultural farm, also provides more satisfactory results than and smart city and community framework [15,16] have
any manual method. The existing information monitoring emerged. Such technologies are suitable platforms for
solutions are inefficient in terms of higher deployment cost implementing wireless systems in agriculture due to the
and limited communication range to adapt the need of large- application-oriented properties of WSNs. A WSN is a
scale agriculture farms. A serial based low-power, long-range, collection of nodes that work cooperatively. Each node
and low-cost communication module is proposed to confront includes a microcontroller, a power source, and a
the challenges of monitoring information over long distances. communication unit, and can accommodate multiple sensors.
In the proposed system, a tree-based communication Sensor data are transferred to a gateway using the
mechanism is deployed to extend the communication range by communication unit via single or multiple hops.
adding intermediate nodes. Each sensor node consists of a WSNs are emerging as a great aid to improve agriculture
solar panel, a rechargeable cell, a microcontroller, a moisture quality, productivity and resource optimization. At present,
sensor, and a communication unit. Each node is capable to substantial research [17–20] has focused on developing
work as a sensor node and router node for network traffic. efficient WSN systems that will provide fine-grain monitoring
Minimized data logs from the central node are sent daily to the and automation of farming processes. The measured values of
cloud for future analytics purpose. After conducting a detailed soil sensor nodes should be reliably transferred to a gateway
experiment in open sight, the communication distance via a communication medium. WSNs can collect data from
measured 250 m between two points and increased to 750 m field sensor nodes with low cost, minimal wiring, easy
by adding two intermediate nodes. The minimum working installation, and improved maintenance. A WSN-based
current of each node was 2 mA, and the packet loss rate was network comprises end nodes for fetching field data
approximately 2–5% on different packet sizes of the entire measurement (e.g., temperature and moisture), a
network. Results show that the proposed approach can be used communication module for data transmission
as a reference model to meet the requirements for soil (e.g., ZigBee), and a central controller to manage sensor data,
measurement, transmission, and storage in a large-scale trigger actuators, and store data [21,22].
agricultural farm. Keywords: information monitoring; sensor; Currently, the most widely used ZigBee, Bluetooth, Cellular
smart farming; wireless sensor network and other communication technologies have their own pros
and cons [23,24]. In one system, the collected field
environmental parameters e.g., moisture, temperature are used
to send via ZigBee module toward sink node and a GPRS
I. 1. Introduction module is integrated into sink node for long distance
Smart farming represents the application of modern communication with server which realized centralized
information and communication technologies to agriculture. It information monitoring, data display, data storage and
can potentially deliver productive and sustainable agricultural performs data analytics in the greenhouse [25]. In a traffic
production based on a precise and resource efficient approach. information detection system, Bluetooth is used to transmit the
Sensors in agricultural farms allow farmers to obtain detailed vehicle parameters e.g., position and speed etc. [26]. A GPRS
data in real time as variables, such as soil and ambient based sensor monitoring system is proposed to ensure the
temperature, irrigation water and soil conductivity, and soil or accurate data transmission over long distance in a distributed
irrigation water pH. With the use of communication environment [27]. However, ZigBee and Bluetooth are short-
range radio technologies and are not suitable for long-range
transmission scenarios. 2G, 3G, 4G, and other solutions based
on cellular communication can provide a wider coverage, but As a matter of fact, most of the effort has been done on the
they consume too much energy and increase the operating design and deployment strategies for WSN with the realization
costs [24]. of sensing capability and better management in precision
The core objectives of building the target system are distance agriculture. Whereas, the reliable real time data transmission
coverage, cost effectiveness, and communication reliability. In acquired by networked sensors over long distance has been
this work, a low-cost communication module called HC12 is less investigated. Although, many researchers have focused
used for data transmission at long distance in the agriculture the attention on study and design of data transmission in WSN
farm. HC12 has 200–1000 m communication range in point to environment, but the common drawbacks are either its limited
point scenario. However, compared with the proposed system, distance coverage or higher deployment cost. For example,
cellular communication and LPWAN based solutions [24,28] ZigBee has always been considered an optimal solution
provide better communication range over several kilometers in because of its low power consumption and strong mobility
open sight. Nevertheless, a tradeoff exists between distance [35–37]; however, its data transmission range is limited to 100
coverage and node placement in each zone. For example, if m between two points. The count of ZigBee devices increases
node placement distance increases in kilometers for the sake when more than 100m are required to be covered; hence,
of a higher communication range, then a farmer may be unable implementation cost and network overhead will also increase.
to measure intermediate zones. By contrast, if node placement To ensure long distance coverage, a GSM-based solution is
distance decreases, then deploying a costly system is used wherein each node contains a GSM module and directly
unnecessary. In our application, zone coverage and distance sends its sensor data to the cloud, thereby changing network
coverage are equally important. To take the application topology from centralized to distributed [38]. Although
requirements into accounts, HC12 has been considered the coverage tension is eliminated, implementation cost and
most appropriate solution. A network mechanism has been installation complexity are extremely high. Recently, a LoRa-
designed to extend the communication by adding intermediate based lowpower wide-area network (LPWAN) solution has
nodes. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed work can been proposed to solve the information monitoring problem
best fit into application requirements. over a wide area [28]. A LoRa communication module
The rest of this paper is organized as follows: The existing IoT provides reliable data transmission at a distance of more than
technologies in information monitoring are discussed in 1 km in a relatively complex environment; however, the major
Section 2. The key component and proposed technology are drawback of the LPWAN solution is that it requires an annual
introduced in Section 3. The detailed methodology of the subscription from a single vendor (Semtech) [39] and a
proposed system is discussed in Section 4. A set of real time dedicated gateway called NB-IoT/LoRaWAN [24], which may
experiments are presented and commented in Section 5. be costly.
Finally, the conclusions, limitation and future work are One of the current challenge is to design a cost-effective
summarized in Section 6. system for the field data transmission over long distance,
which is more desirable in this application, is rarely explored.
A. 2. Literature Review Thus, the current study proposes and deploys a low-cost
The role of WSNs in agriculture has become prominent as part wireless sensor network, which can be used as a reference
of the precision agriculture model for data collection from field sensors over a wide area.
(PA) initiative, and these networks help constitute PA [1,17]. Nevertheless, some WSN-based information monitoring
The adaptation of WSN systems in agriculture has been systems are already available [22,28,34,38], but the common
widely explored in past decade [22,29] from different drawback of these systems is the extremely high deployment
perspective e.g., design of wireless platform for better cost when the count of devices increases.
performance, optimal deployment strategy of sensor nodes and
automated irrigation management systems for water saving. In
[30], the parameters of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC layer are properly
3. IoT-Based Model Farm
tuned to follow the sampling frequency of sensor nodes
according to the requirements of precision farming. A quality Our proposed solution is application-specific and consists of
sensor node deployment pattern is proposed to the precision moisture sensors, microcontrollers, radio frequency
agriculture [31]. The method uses several metrics for communication modules, solar panels, a Linux-based gateway,
quantifying sensor deployment patterns to provide qualitative an Internet connectivity module, and cloud storage. The
connectivity in the farm. From the cost perspective, the diagram of the proposed system design is shown in Figure 1.
problem of optimal deployment is achieved by maintaining the The solution is designed with the ultimate goal of ensuring
desired level of coverage and connectivity with a minimum high distance coverage
number of nodes [32]. Furthermore, the management of with minimal deployment cost.
irrigation system is extensively analyzed to gain water saving
[22,33,34]. For instance, the real time value from root zones of
the plant are measured in a distributed manner and a threshold
II. 3.1. Overview of HC12
value used at the gateway to achieve water saving [21].
Recently, a decision support system (DSS) embedded in the HC12 [40] is a new-generation half-duplex wireless
network gateway outperformed the state-of-the-art methods transmission module, which has a frequency range of 433.4–
based on parameters thresholding [22]. 473.0 MHz. The module has embedded multichannels and can
use 100 channels with a stepping of 400 KHz. The maximum (UARTs), and a hardware real-time clock/calendar. The
transmission power of the module is 100 mW (20 dBm), the microcontroller is suited well for this remote application and
receiving sensitivity is −112 dBm at a baud rate of 9600 in air, can run Android 4.4, Ubuntu, Debian, and Raspbian operating
and the communication distance is 200–1000 m in open space. systems (OSs).
The farthest communication range can be achieved when a IV. 3.3. Overview of 2G Module (SIM900)
module is set to a low data rate. Three working modes, called The 2G module is a GSM-based module that can deliver
FU1, FU2, and FU3, can be set to adapt to different 850/900/1800/1900 MHz performance for voice and data. The
application requirements. FU1 and FU2 are power-saving module communicates with the main board using AT
modes, whereas FU3 is the full power mode. commands via a UART serial interface. The operating voltage
range is 4.5–5.5 V. In this study, this module is used to collect
. In addition to these core features, the HC12 module is weather data from the Internet and establish connection with
valued for its stability and ease of integration with the cloud using the GSM/GPRS protocol. Compared with 3G
microcontrollers, making it suitable for low-cost IoT and or 4G, the 2G module is more suitable for agricultural
agricultural applications. The module supports flexible applications because most agricultural farms are located in the
data rates, allowing designers to balance range and energy countryside, where 3G or 4G are not yet established. Although
consumption based on deployment scenarios. Its robust the data rate is considerably slower than the latest technology,
error-handling capability ensures reliable data speed is not an important factor in our context because the
transmission even in moderately noisy environments. The amount of collected data is extremely small.
compact size and low operational voltage enable seamless V. 4. System Design and Implementation
installation in battery-driven systems, particularly where Our system primarily includes nodes (installed in the field),
solar-based charging is used. Due to its simple UART the central node (gateway), and cloud storage, as presented in
interface, HC12 can be configured quickly through AT Figure 1. Field data are measured using the sensor node’s
commands, reducing system complexity and making it attached sensor and are transmitted to the gateway using an
highly suitable for long-range, low-power sensor networks. HC12 communication module on single or multi hops. The
central node receives field data from the sensor nodes, fetches
weather data from Open Weather API, and sends minimized
logs to the cloud using the 2G (GSM/GPRS) module.
VI. 4.1. Hardware Design
The layout of the nodes and the gateway has been designed by
A. Figures observing an application scenario,
e.g., optimal data collection, low power consumption, and
reliable transmission.
4.1.1. Hardware Design of Sensor Node

The basic job of a node is to receive a timely request from the

gateway via a communication unit, collect field soil
parameters, and send the resultant values to the gateway in the
reply packet. Each node comprises a microcontroller, a soil
moisture sensor, an HC12 communication unit, and a solar
based power unit. A block diagram of a node is shown in
Figure 2.

III. 3.2. Overview of Orange-Pi

Orange PI is an open-source single-board computer that can
operate on 5 V power. It has 512 MB
SDRAM and 2 MB onboard serial peripheral interface (SPI)
flash and can support a maximum of 32 GB TF card. Orange
PI has up to 26 general purpose input/output (I/O) pins, which
can be used for several purposes, two USB 2.0 slots, one SPI,
one I2C, three universal asynchronous receiver transmitters
 prevent the charging cell from being overcharged. The 4 V
output voltage goes directly to the microcontroller, soil sensor,
and communication unit. The storage cell is charged during
the day, which keeps the sensor node alive in partially cloudy
weather, even at night. The node’s operating life was
estimated by measuring the actual current consumption. For
current measurement experiment, we programmed the sensor
node to continuously measure the soil moisture status and
transmit the resulting values to the gateway, continuously.
While running the device in full working mode, the measured
current consumption of sensor node was 80–85 mA. The
current consumption of individual module e.g.,
microcontroller, sensor and transceiver were measured as 20
mA, 5 mA and 55 mA, respectively. For the operating life
measurement, the sensor node was powered-up by a fully
charges 3.7 V cell with a capacity of 1800 mAh. As the device
current consumption was 80–85 mA, the battery was lasted for
almost 20 h in the experiment. Physical diagram of the sensor
node is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 2. Hardware design of sensor node.

The microcontroller unit (MCU) is ATmega328p (Arduino

Nano 3.0). The recommended input voltage for the
microcontroller is 7–12 V, and the operating voltage (logic
level) is 5 V. The MCU has 14 digital I/O and 8 analog input
pins. Each pin has a DC current of 40 mA. The sum of all
currents going into or out of the input/output pins (all analog
and digital pins combined) of the ATMEGA328P
microcontroller itself cannot exceed 200 mA. In our scenario,
the sensor node has utilized 4 GPIO pins (3 digitals and 1
analog) which comes under the maximum limit of
ATMEGA328P. The board flash memory is 16 KB and 2 KB
SRAM. The soil moisture sensor is connected to analog and
digital pins on the microcontroller board. The microcontroller
controls the sensor power using the digital pin to keep it low
during idle times. When moisture request is received from the
gateway, an interruption is generated to trigger the digital pin
voltage, i.e., high for a short interval and then returns to low,
to reduce power consumption.
The HC12 hardware consists of a built-in MCU, a TTL serial 4.1.2. Hardware Design of Gateway
communication interface, a power supply, a mode control, and The gateway is dedicated to collecting field data from all
an antenna. The built-in MCU communicates with an external nodes and weather data from the Internet and to send
device using the serial port. HC12 can be powered by 3.2–5.5 minimized data logs to the cloud storage. An Armbian based
DC voltage. Data transmission has three modes, namely, FU1, device, called Orange Pi, is used for operating purposes. The
FU2, and FU3, which can be set using AT commands in device is installed at a central location in a farm where
accordance with application requirements. electricity is available, thereby eliminating the need for a solar
In this study, we only use the FU3 mode, which has an panel and a protection board. The hardware design of the
average power consumption of 16 mA (in idle state) and the primary node comprises a 5 V DC power supply, an Orange Pi
maximum current consumption is measured between 50–55 device, a 2G (GSM/GPRS) module, and an HC12
mA (in transmission state). Two paired modules must have the communication unit. The HC12 and GPS modules are
same transmission mode, serial baud rate, and wireless connected to the Orange Pi board on serial interfaces. The
communication channel. Furthermore, the module is half block diagram of the central node is shown in Figure 4,
duplex, and data cannot be sent and received simultaneously whereas the physical diagram is shown in Figure 5.
between two modules. VII. 4.2. Software Design
The power unit consists of a 10 W solar panel, a battery The software design of the proposed system includes a tree-
protection board, and a 3.7 storage cell. The protection board based network communication mechanism embedded into
is used to regulate the voltage output of a solar panel and to
nodes and a gateway program. A single communication unit
cannot satisfy the requirements for a large-scale farm due to
its limited range. Therefore, the complete logic of the network photograph does not appear at the end of the paper, then
is implemented on the software side of the nodes and the please size it so that it is proportional to the standard size of 1
gateway. 9/16 inches wide by
2 inches long (9 1/2 picas × 12 picas). JPEG files are only
4.2.1. Software Design of Sensor Node accepted for author photos.
The software design of nodes includes a configuration
function, a main loop, a data collection function, and network How to create a PostScript File
logic. The compilation and development of the complete
First, download a PostScript printer driver from
program are performed using C++ language with Arduino
[Link] (for
software. In the configuration part, we set input pins for the
Windows) or from [Link]
sensor, a serial baud rate, and HC12-related commands, which
include the transmission mode, the baud rate, and the wireless [Link] (for Macintosh) and install the “Generic
transmission channel. A SET pin is available on the PostScript Printer” definition. In Word, paste your figure into
communication unit, which should be set to ground at a new document. Print to a file using the PostScript printer
configuration time. driver. File names should be of the form “[Link].” Use Open
Configuration can be run at each reset. In the main program, a Type fonts when creating your figures, if possible. A listing of
loop is always waiting for incoming packets. If an incoming the acceptable fonts are as follows: Open Type Fonts: Times
packet is destined for that node, then the sensor pin is Roman, Helvetica, Helvetica Narrow, Courier, Symbol,
triggered to collect field data and send the resultant value in
the reply packet to the gateway. The complete flow diagram of 4.2.2. Software Design of Gateway
nodes is shown in Figure 6, in which a node is used to forward The software design of the gateway is developed based on
the packet if the destination address does not match its the hardware design, which primarily includes configuration,
address. In this study, we only use the moisture sensor, which data collection, and data storage. The compilation and
collects data thrice and then takes the average to obtain development of the complete program is performed using the
accurate results. Python language on the Raspbian OS Image. The flow
diagram of the gateway is shown in Figure 7.
The configuration of the central node includes AT
commands for the communication unit and the
GSM module and login credentials for cloud storage. After
initial configuration, the data collection process starts to run
daily at morning to collect field and weather data. This process
also uses a retry mechanism to overcome packet loss due to
connectivity issues between nodes. At each node request, the
response is stored locally with a node ID or the node ID is
added to the dead list after time-out. After data completion
from all nodes and the Open Weather API, the gateway starts
retransmission process for offline nodes using its neighbor
nodes. Finally, to save the bandwidth, the gateway starts data
minimization process on locally stored data, to send the
minimized logs to the cloud.
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minimization process on locally stored data, to send the sentence punctuation follows the brackets [2]. Multiple
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American English is without an “e” after the “g.” Use the
committee; the recommendations of the referees are advisory
singular heading even if you have many acknowledgments.
only. Undecipherable English is a valid reason for rejection.
Avoid expressions such as “One of us (S.B.A.) would like to
Authors of rejected papers may revise and resubmit as new
thank ... .” Instead, write “F. A. Author thanks ... .” Sponsor
papers, whereupon they will be reviewed by two new referees.
and financial support acknowledgments are placed in the
unnumbered footnote on the first page, not here.
XI. PUBLICATION PRINCIPLES
REFERENCES
The contents of IEEE TRANSACTIONS and JOURNALS are [1] G. O. Young, “Synthetic structure of industrial plastics (Book style with
peer-reviewed and archival. The TRANSACTIONS publishes paper title and editor),” in Plastics, 2nd ed. vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New
scholarly articles of archival value as well as tutorial York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15–64.
expositions and critical reviews of classical subjects and topics [2] W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems (Book style). Belmont, CA:
Wadsworth, 1993, pp. 123–135.
of current interest. [3] H. Poor, An Introduction to Signal Detection and Estimation. New
Authors should consider the following points: York: Springer-Verlag, 1985, ch. 4.
1) Technical papers submitted for publication must advance [4] B. Smith, “An approach to graphs of linear forms (Unpublished work
style),” unpublished.
the state of knowledge and must cite relevant prior work. [5] E. H. Miller, “A note on reflector arrays (Periodical style—Accepted for
2) The length of a submitted paper should be commensurate publication),” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., to be published.
with the importance, or appropriate to the complexity, of [6] J. Wang, “Fundamentals of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers arrays
(Periodical style—Submitted for publication),” IEEE J. Quantum
the work. For example, an obvious extension of Electron., submitted for publication.
previously published work might not be appropriate for [7] C. J. Kaufman, Rocky Mountain Research Lab., Boulder, CO, private
publication or might be adequately treated in just a few communication, May 1995.
[8] Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, “Electron spectroscopy
pages. studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interfaces
3) Authors must convince both peer reviewers and the (Translation Journals style),” IEEE Transl. J. [Link]., vol. 2, Aug.
editors of the scientific and technical merit of a paper; the 1987, pp. 740–741 [Dig. 9th Annu. Conf. Magnetics Japan, 1982, p. 301].
[9] M. Young, The Techincal Writers Handbook. Mill Valley, CA:
standards of proof are higher when extraordinary or University Science, 1989.
unexpected results are reported. [10] J. U. Duncombe, “Infrared navigation—Part I: An assessment of
4) Because replication is required for scientific progress, feasibility (Periodical style),” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-
papers submitted for publication must provide sufficient 11, pp. 34–39, Jan. 1959.
[11] S. Chen, B. Mulgrew, and P. M. Grant, “A clustering technique for
information to allow readers to perform similar digital communications channel equalization using radial basis function
experiments or calculations and use the reported results. networks,” IEEE Trans. Neural Networks, vol. 4, pp. 570–578, Jul.
Although not everything need be disclosed, a paper must 1993.
[12] R. W. Lucky, “Automatic equalization for digital communication,” Bell
contain new, useable, and fully described information. For Syst. Tech. J., vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 547–588, Apr. 1965.
example, a specimen’s chemical composition need not be [13] S. P. Bingulac, “On the compatibility of adaptive controllers (Published
reported if the main purpose of a paper is to introduce a Conference Proceedings style),” in Proc. 4th Annu. Allerton Conf.
Circuits and Systems Theory, New York, 1994, pp. 8–16.
new measurement technique. Authors should expect to be [14] G. R. Faulhaber, “Design of service systems with priority reservation,”
challenged by reviewers if the results are not supported by in Conf. Rec. 1995 IEEE Int. Conf. Communications, pp. 3–8.
adequate data and critical details. [15] W. D. Doyle, “Magnetization reversal in films with biaxial anisotropy,”
in 1987 Proc. INTERMAG Conf., pp. 2.2-1–2.2-6.
5) Papers that describe ongoing work or announce the latest
[16] G. W. Juette and L. E. Zeffanella, “Radio noise currents n short sections
technical achievement, which are suitable for presentation on bundle conductors (Presented Conference Paper style),” presented at
at a professional conference, may not be appropriate for the IEEE Summer power Meeting, Dallas, TX, Jun. 22–27, 1990, Paper
publication in a TRANSACTIONS or JOURNAL. 90 SM 690-0 PWRS.
[17] J. G. Kreifeldt, “An analysis of surface-detected EMG as an amplitude-
modulated noise,” presented at the 1989 Int. Conf. Medicine and
Biological Engineering, Chicago, IL.
XII. CONCLUSION [18] J. Williams, “Narrow-band analyzer (Thesis or Dissertation style),”
Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA,
A conclusion section is not required. Although a conclusion 1993.
may review the main points of the paper, do not replicate the [19] N. Kawasaki, “Parametric study of thermal and chemical nonequilibrium
nozzle flow,” M.S. thesis, Dept. Electron. Eng., Osaka Univ., Osaka,
abstract as the conclusion. A conclusion might elaborate on Japan, 1993.
the importance of the work or suggest applications and [20] J. P. Wilkinson, “Nonlinear resonant circuit devices (Patent style),” U.S.
extensions. Patent 3 624 12, July 16, 1990.
[21] IEEE Criteria for Class IE Electric Systems (Standards style), IEEE
Standard 308, 1969.
[22] Letter Symbols for Quantities, ANSI Standard Y10.5-1968.
[23] R. E. Haskell and C. T. Case, “Transient signal propagation in lossless
isotropic plasmas (Report style),” USAF Cambridge Res. Lab.,
Cambridge, MA Rep. ARCRL-66-234 (II), 1994, vol. 2.
[24] E. E. Reber, R. L. Michell, and C. J. Carter, “Oxygen absorption in the
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[25] (Handbook style) Transmission Systems for Communications, 3rd ed.,
Western Electric Co., Winston-Salem, NC, 1985, pp. 44–60.
[26] Motorola Semiconductor Data Manual, Motorola Semiconductor
Products Inc., Phoenix, AZ, 1989.
[27] (Basic Book/Monograph Online Sources) J. K. Author. (year, month,
day). Title (edition) [Type of medium]. Volume (issue). Available:
[Link]
[28] J. Jones. (1991, May 10). Networks (2nd ed.) [Online]. Available:
[Link]
[29] (Journal Online Sources style) K. Author. (year, month). Title. Journal
[Type of medium]. Volume(issue), paging if given. Available:
[Link]
[30] R. J. Vidmar. (1992, August). On the use of atmospheric plasmas as
electromagnetic reflectors. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. [Online]. 21(3). pp.
876–880. Available: [Link]
vidmar

ALL BIOS ARE REQUIRED

First A. Author (M’76–SM’81–F’87) and the other authors may include

biographies at the end of regular papers. Biographies are often not included in
conference-related papers. This author became a Member (M) of IEEE in
1976, a Senior Member (SM) in 1981, and a Fellow (F) in 1987. The first
paragraph may contain a place and/or date of birth (list place, then date). Next,
the author’s educational background is listed. The degrees should be listed
with type of degree in what field, which institution, city, state, and country,
and year degree was earned. The author’s major field of study should be
lower-cased.
The second paragraph uses the pronoun of the person (he or she) and not
the author’s last name. It lists military and work experience, including
summer and fellowship jobs. Job titles are capitalized. The current job must
have a location; previous positions may be listed without one. Information
concerning previous publications may be included. Try not to list more than
three books or published articles. The format for listing publishers of a book
within the biography is: title of book (city, state: publisher name, year) similar
to a reference. Current and previous research interests end the paragraph.
The third paragraph begins with the author’s title and last name (e.g., Dr.
Smith, Prof. Jones, Mr. Kajor, Ms. Hunter). List any memberships in
professional societies other than the IEEE. Finally, list any awards and work
for IEEE committees and publications. If a photograph is provided, the
biography will be indented around it. The photograph is placed at the top left
of the biography. Personal hobbies will be deleted from the biography.