INDUSTRY | SHORT NOTES | ARJUN MOHANAN MM
Sectors of Economy
Primary Sector (Extraction)
Involves using or extracting natural resources directly from nature,Produces raw
materials for other [Link] important in developing countries.
Examples: Farming, fishing, mining, forestry, animal husbandry.
Tertiary Sector (Service Sector)
Provides services, not [Link] in transport, distribution, communication, and
support [Link] is on serving people, not producing physical items.
Examples:Hospitals, hotels, education, police, waste disposal, news media, restaurants,
consulting, government services.
Quaternary Sector (Research & Knowledge)
Deals with research, development, information, and [Link] new ideas,
methods, and technologies to improve industries.
Examples:Scientific research, IT research, product development, data analysis,
biotechnology research
Secondary Sector (Manufacturing, Industrial)
Converts raw materials from the primary sector into finished [Link] are used
by consumers, other industries, or exported.
Examples: Car manufacturing, chemical industry, electronics, steel production, software
engineering, tobacco industry, aerospace.
What is Industry?
Industry means making goods or providing [Link] is a group of factories or businesses that
produce something.
Factors Affecting Location of Industries
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INDUSTRY | SHORT NOTES | ARJUN MOHANAN MM
A. Geographical Factors
1. Raw materials – industries set up near sources of raw materials.
2. Power supply – electricity/energy must be available.
3. Water – required for cooling, cleaning, and processing.
4. Labour – workers must be available.
5. Transport – good roads, railways, and ports.
6. Market – places to sell finished goods.
7. Site – flat land.
8. Climate – comfortable climate helps industries work better.
B. Non-Geographical Factors
1. Capital – money to start industries.
2. Government policies – tax, rules, incentives.
3. Efficient organisation – skilled managers.
4. Banking and Insurance – financial support and safety.
Industrial System
Inputs – raw materials, labour, power.
Processes – steps taken inside the factory.
Outputs – finished goods + waste.
Industrial Regions
When many industries come together in one place, it becomes an industrial region.
Major Industrial Regions of the World : Great Lakes (North America),Ruhr (Europe),London
Region,Ural–Ukraine (Russia),Sydney Region (Australia)
Industrial Regions of India :Mumbai–Pune,Hugli,Bengaluru–Tamil Nadu,Gujarat,Hastinapur
Visakhapatnam–Guntur,Gurgaon–Delhi–Meerut,Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram
Industrial Disasters
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INDUSTRY | SHORT NOTES | ARJUN MOHANAN MM
A technological accident that happens in an industry or factory.
Examples: gas leak, chemical spill, explosion, radiation leak, fire, building collapse, etc.
Example: Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984).
Chernobyl Disaster – 26 April 1986
Happened at Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, Ukraine.
A test in Reactor No. 4 went out of control → nuclear meltdown.
Steam explosion + fire killed around 50 people immediately.
Thousands more later died from cancer.
Area around the plant became highly radioactive, now a ghost town.
CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES
1. Based on Raw Material
Agro-based-Use plant/animal [Link]: cotton textile, dairy, food processing.
Mineral-based-Use minerals as raw [Link]: iron, steel, cement.
Marine-based-Use products from sea/[Link]: fish oil.
Forest-based:Use raw materials from [Link]: paper, furniture, medicines.
2. Based on Size
Small-scale - Less capital, simple tools, more manual [Link]: pottery, basket
weaving.
Large-scale:Huge investment, advanced [Link]: cars, heavy machinery.
3. Based on Ownership
Private Sector- Owned by [Link]: Reliance Industries.
Public Sector - Owned by [Link]: HAL (Hindustan Aeronautics Limited).
Joint Sector - Owned by both government + [Link]: Maruti Udyog.
Co-operative Sector- Owned by producers/[Link]: Amul.
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INDUSTRY | SHORT NOTES | ARJUN MOHANAN MM
DISTRIBUTION OF MAJOR INDUSTRIES
Iron and Steel
Textiles
Information Technology (IT)
Emerging (Sunrise) Industries ( Biotechnology,Robotics,Renewable energy, etc.)
IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY
It is a basic, heavy industry that uses iron ore, coal, and limestone to produce steel
Inputs : Iron ore , Coal , Limestone,Labour, capital, water, power
Process : Raw materials → blast furnace → smelting → refining → steel.
Output :Steel, used in machines, vehicles, buildings, tools.
Importance ;
Called “backbone of modern industry.”
Location of Iron & Steel Industry
Earlier :Near raw materials and water.
Later : Near coal fields and transport routes.
Now : Near ports, on flat land.
Major Countries : India, China, Japan, Russia, Korea, Germany.
Steel Centres in India : Bhilai, Durgapur, Burnpur, Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bokaro,Visakhapatnam,
Bhadravati, Salem
TISCO – Jamshedpur
Started in 1907 by Jamshedji [Link] major steel plant in [Link] at Sakchi (now
Jamshedpur).
Why this location?
Near iron ore, coal, manganese,Near railway line,Water from Subarnarekha & Kharkai
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INDUSTRY | SHORT NOTES | ARJUN MOHANAN MM
rivers,Labour and market available.
IRON & STEEL – PITTSBURGH (USA)
Known as “Iron City”.
Coal available locally.
Iron ore brought cheaply from Minnesota mines via Great Lakes.
Rivers Ohio, Monongahela, Allegheny provide water.
Good climate, labour, and market.
TEXTILE INDUSTRY
It is India’s oldest and largest labour-intensive industry that produces cotton, woollen, silk, jute,
and synthetic textiles.
Types of Fibres
Natural – cotton, wool, silk, jute
Man-made – nylon, polyester, rayon
Important Centres in India
Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Coimbatore, Kanpur, Chennai, Kolkata, Ludhiana, Panipat
Ahmedabad – “Manchester of India”
Near cotton-growing areas,Ideal humid climate,Cheap labour from Gujarat &
Maharashtra,Good transport,Near Mumbai & Kandla ports.
Osaka – “Manchester of Japan”
Warm, humid climate,Water from Yodo [Link] port → raw cotton import, textile
export,Skilled labour available.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT)
It is a knowledge-based industry that provides software and digital services
Stores, processes, and shares information through computers, mobiles, TV, internet.
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INDUSTRY | SHORT NOTES | ARJUN MOHANAN MM
Major IT Hubs : Silicon Valley (USA),Bengaluru (India)
Bengaluru – “Silicon Plateau”,Mild climate, low living cost.,Skilled engineers.,Good
transport & IT parks.,More than 100 multinational companies.
Silicon Valley (USA)- Located in California,Best climate, skilled workers, huge
market.,World’s top IT companies located here.
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