Dr.
Naureen Aleem
Median [Link] Aleem
The median is the middle value of a dataset when the values are
arranged in ascending order. If the dataset has an even number
of observations, the median is the average of the two middle
values.
Example:
Data (Odd Number): 5, 7, 8, 10, 12
Median = 8 (middle value)
Data (Even Number): 5, 7, 8, 10
Median: 7+8 = 7.5
2
3. Mode [Link] Aleem
The mode is the most frequently occurring value in a
dataset. There can be one mode (unimodal), more than one
mode (multimodal), or no mode if all values are unique.
Example:
Data: 5, 8, 10, 7, 5
Mode: 5 (appears twice, more frequently than
other values)
Standard Deviation (SD)
The standard deviation measures the dispersion or spread of data [Link] Aleem
points around the mean. It indicates how much variability there is
in the dataset.
Formula:
Where:
XXX: Each data point
MMM: Mean of the dataset
NNN: Total number of data points
Example:
Data: 5, 8, 10, 7, 5
Mean (MMM): 7
Coefficient of Variation (CV) [Link] Aleem
The coefficient of variation is a relative measure of variability that expresses the
standard deviation as a percentage of the mean.
Formula:
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS IN SPSS:
[Link] Aleem
Step 1: Open Your Data in SPSS
[Link] SPSS software. [Link] Aleem
[Link] your dataset by:
⚬ Clicking on File > Open > Data, then select your .sav file
(SPSS format).
[Link] you do not have data yet, manually input values in the Data
View tab and define variables in the Variable View tab.
Example Dataset:
• A dataset measuring the age, GPA, and hours spent studying
weekly for 30 students.
Step 2: Access Descriptive Statistics
[Link] Aleem
[Link] to the menu bar and click on Analyze > Descriptive
Statistics > Descriptives... or Analyze > Descriptive
Statistics > Frequencies... (depending on what you
need).
[Link] the variables you want to analyze:
⚬ Move them from the left panel to the right panel
using the arrow button.
Step 3: Customize Your Output
[Link] Aleem
[Link] Descriptives: Select "Options" to include
measures like mean, standard deviation,
variance, range, minimum, and maximum.
[Link] Frequencies:
⚬ Click on the "Statistics" button.
⚬ Choose additional metrics like mode, median,
skewness, and kurtosis.
⚬ Optionally, check "Charts" for visualizations
(e.g., histograms).
Step 4: Run the Analysis
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• Click OK to run the analysis.
• The output window will display tables containing
your results.
Step 5: Interpret the Results
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Example Results (Hypothetical):
• Age: Mean = 21.67, SD = 2.35, Range = 18-25
• GPA: Mean = 3.5, SD = 0.5, Range = 2.8-4.0
• Study Hours per Week: Mean = 10.2, SD = 3.8,
Range = 4-18
Step 5: Interpret the Results
[Link] Aleem
Example Results (Hypothetical):
• Age: Mean = 21.67, SD = 2.35, Range = 18-25
• GPA: Mean = 3.5, SD = 0.5, Range = 2.8-4.0
• Study Hours per Week: Mean = 10.2, SD = 3.8,
Range = 4-18
tep 6: Report Results in APA Style
When reporting descriptive statistics in APA style: [Link] Aleem
[Link] measures such as mean (M) and standard
deviation (SD) in parentheses.
[Link] significant figures as appropriate.
Example APA-Style Reporting:
• Participants (N = 30) had a mean age of 21.67 years (SD
= 2.35). The average GPA was 3.5 (SD = 0.5), and
students reported studying an average of 10.2 hours
per week (SD = 3.8).
Step 7: Save Your Output
[Link] Aleem
[Link] save the output file, click File > Save As in the
output window and choose a location.
[Link] export tables or charts, right-click them and
select Export or copy them directly into your
document.
Example in Context
Research Question: [Link] Aleem
What are the descriptive statistics for age, GPA, and study hours among
university students?
Steps Taken:
• Loaded the dataset into SPSS.
• Analyzed the data using the Descriptive Statistics menu.
• Obtained and interpreted results.
APA-Style Results Section:
The sample consisted of 30 university students aged 18 to 25 years (M =
21.67, SD = 2.35). Participants reported a mean GPA of 3.5 (SD = 0.5),
and they studied for an average of 10.2 hours per week (SD = 3.8).
[Link] Aleem
Reseul
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[Link] Aleem