ALL-IN-ONE EXAM NOTES
(CHAPTER 1, 2, 3 – ELECTRONICS)
CHAPTER 1 – APPLICATIONS OF DIODES
2-Marks Answers
1. Materials used for LEDs:
Red – GaAs/GaAsP, Yellow – GaAsP, Green – GaP, Blue – GaN.
2. Reverse characteristics of Zener diode:
Reverse current is very small until breakdown. At Zener voltage Vz, reverse current increases
sharply.
3. Cut-in voltage:
Silicon – 0.7V, Germanium – 0.3V.
4. Symbols:
Photodiode – diode with arrows towards junction. Zener diode – diode with bent cathode.
5. Need of filter:
Removes AC ripples from rectifier output and smoothens DC.
6. Rectifier & Filter:
Rectifier converts AC to DC. Filter reduces ripples from rectified output.
7. PIV & Ripple factor:
PIV: Max reverse voltage diode can withstand. Ripple factor: Ratio of AC to DC component.
4-Marks Answers
8. PN diode forward bias:
Battery positive to P-side; as voltage increases, current rises after cut-in. Characteristics show
exponential rise.
9. Zener diode VI:
Forward region like normal diode; in reverse bias, small current until Vz, then sharp increase
maintaining constant voltage.
10. LED construction & applications:
PN junction made using GaAs/GaP/GaN with epoxy lens. Applications – indicators, displays.
11. Avalanche vs Zener breakdown:
Zener: low voltage, strong field. Avalanche: high voltage, carriers collide ionizing atoms.
12. Half wave rectifier:
One diode conducts positive half cycles. Output is pulsating DC.
13. Parameters:
Diodes used – HW:1, FW:2 or 4; Efficiency – HW:40.6%, FW:81.2%; TUF – HW:0.286, FW:0.693;
Ripple – HW:1.21, FW:0.482.
14. Centre-tap full wave with π filter:
Two diodes with CT transformer; π filter (C-L-C) smoothens output to low ripple DC.
CHAPTER 2 – BJT
2-Marks Answers
15. Symbols:
NPN – arrow out. PNP – arrow in.
16. Applications:
Used as switches, amplifiers, oscillators.
17. Biasing types:
Fixed, collector-to-base, voltage divider, emitter bias.
4-Marks Answers
18. NPN active region:
EB junction forward biased; CB reverse biased; electrons flow emitter→collector; Ic ≈ βIb.
19. CE characteristics:
Input IB vs VBE (diode curve). Output IC vs VCE showing cutoff, active, saturation regions.
20. α, β, γ:
β = α/(1–α), α = β/(1+β), γ ≈ β.
21. Comparison:
CB – low input, high output, gain <1; CE – medium impedance, high gain; CC – high input, low
output, gain <1.
22. Fixed bias:
Base resistor fixes base current. Simple but unstable.
CHAPTER 3 – AMPLIFIERS
2-Marks Answers
23. Amplifiers classification:
Voltage, current, power; audio/RF; CE/CB/CC.
24. Current & Voltage gain:
Ai = Io/Ii; Av = Vo/Vi.
4-Marks Answer
25. Single-stage amplifier:
Transistor biased in active region; input coupled via capacitor; output amplified and inverted at
collector; waveforms show increased amplitude.
END OF NOTES