An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical

functions. C language is rich in built-in operators and provides the following types of
operators −

 Arithmetic Operators
 Relational Operators
 Logical Operators
 Bitwise Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Misc Operators
We will, in this chapter, look into the way each operator works.

Arithmetic Operators
The following table shows all the arithmetic operators supported by the C language.
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then −

Description Example
Operator

+ Adds two operands. A + B = 30

− Subtracts second operand from the first. A − B = -10

* Multiplies both operands. A * B = 200

/ Divides numerator by de-numerator. B/A=2

% Modulus Operator and remainder of after an integer division. B%A=0

++ Increment operator increases the integer value by one. A++ = 11

-- Decrement operator decreases the integer value by one. A-- = 9

Relational Operators
The following table shows all the relational operators supported by C. Assume
variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then −

Operator Description Example

== Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not. If yes, (A == B) is not
then the condition becomes true. true.

!= Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not. If the (A != B) is true.
values are not equal, then the condition becomes true.

> Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of (A > B) is not
right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true. true.

< Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of (A < B) is true.
right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true.

>= Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to (A >= B) is not
the value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true.
true.

<= Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the (A <= B) is true.
value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes
true.

Logical Operators
Following table shows all the logical operators supported by C language. Assume
variable A holds 1 and variable B holds 0, then −

Operator Description Example

&& Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non-zero, (A && B) is
then the condition becomes true. false.

|| Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands is non-zero, (A || B) is

then the condition becomes true. true.
! Called Logical NOT Operator. It is used to reverse the logical state !(A && B)
of its operand. If a condition is true, then Logical NOT operator will is true.
make it false.

Bitwise Operators
Bitwise operator works on bits and perform bit-by-bit operation. The truth tables for &, |,
and ^ is as follows −

p q p&q p|q p^q

0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 1 1

1 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 1 1

Assume A = 60 and B = 13 in binary format, they will be as follows −

A = 0011 1100

B = 0000 1101

-----------------

A&B = 0000 1100

A|B = 0011 1101

A^B = 0011 0001

~A = 1100 0011

The following table lists the bitwise operators supported by C. Assume variable 'A' holds 60
and variable 'B' holds 13, then −

Operator Description Example

& Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in (A & B) = 12, i.e.,
both operands. 0000 1100
| Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand. (A | B) = 61, i.e.,
0011 1101

^ Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one operand (A ^ B) = 49,
but not both. i.e., 0011 0001

~ Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has the effect (~A ) = -61, i.e,.
of 'flipping' bits. 1100 0011 in 2's
complement
form.

<< Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved A << 2 = 240
left by the number of bits specified by the right operand. i.e., 1111 0000

>> Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved A >> 2 = 15 i.e.,
right by the number of bits specified by the right operand. 0000 1111

Assignment Operators
The following table lists the assignment operators supported by the C language −

Operator Description Example

= Simple assignment operator. Assigns values from right side C = A + B will

operands to left side operand assign the
value of A + B
to C

+= Add AND assignment operator. It adds the right operand to the C += A is

left operand and assign the result to the left operand. equivalent to C
=C+A

-= Subtract AND assignment operator. It subtracts the right C -= A is

operand from the left operand and assigns the result to the left equivalent to C
operand. =C-A

*= Multiply AND assignment operator. It multiplies the right C *= A is

operand with the left operand and assigns the result to the left equivalent to C
operand. =C*A

/= Divide AND assignment operator. It divides the left operand C /= A is

with the right operand and assigns the result to the left equivalent to C
 operand. =C/A

%= Modulus AND assignment operator. It takes modulus using two C %= A is

operands and assigns the result to the left operand. equivalent to C
=C%A

<<= Left shift AND assignment operator. C <<= 2 is

same as C = C
<< 2

>>= Right shift AND assignment operator. C >>= 2 is

same as C = C
>> 2

&= Bitwise AND assignment operator. C &= 2 is same

as C = C & 2

^= Bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator. C ^= 2 is same

as C = C ^ 2

|= Bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator. C |= 2 is same

as C = C | 2

Misc Operators ↦ sizeof & ternary

Besides the operators discussed above, there are a few other important operators
including sizeof and ? : supported by the C Language.

Operator Description Example

sizeof() Returns the size of a variable. sizeof(a), where a is integer, will return 4.

& Returns the address of a variable. &a; returns the actual address of the
variable.

* Pointer to a variable. *a;

?: Conditional Expression. If Condition is true ? then value X :

otherwise value Y
Operators Precedence in C
Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression and decides how
an expression is evaluated. Certain operators have higher precedence than others; for
example, the multiplication operator has a higher precedence than the addition operator.

For example, x = 7 + 3 * 2; here, x is assigned 13, not 20 because operator * has a

higher precedence than +, so it first gets multiplied with 3*2 and then adds into 7.

Here, operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the table, those with the
lowest appear at the bottom. Within an expression, higher precedence operators will be
evaluated first.

Category Operator Associativity

Postfix () [] -> . ++ - - Left to right

Unary + - ! ~ ++ - - (type)* & sizeof Right to left

Multiplicative */% Left to right

Additive +- Left to right

Shift << >> Left to right

Relational < <= > >= Left to right

Equality == != Left to right

Bitwise AND & Left to right

Bitwise XOR ^ Left to right

Bitwise OR | Left to right

Logical AND && Left to right

Logical OR || Left to right

Conditional ?: Right to left

Assignment = += -= *= /= %=>>= <<= &= ^= |= Right to left

Comma , Left to right