Basic Electronics Exam Questions 2023
Basic Electronics Exam Questions 2023
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Basic Ece.
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ECE-155 A : BASIC ELECTRONICS
Time - Three Hours
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Note:- (1) Attempt any FIVE questions.
(2) Marks allotted to each part of the question are
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R-C coupled amplifiers are characterized by their frequency response, which includes low-frequency cutoff, midband gain, and high-frequency cutoff. The use of a coupling capacitor ensures only AC signals are amplified, blocking DC, which helps in stabilizing the biasing of each transistor stage. Multistage configurations are used to increase overall gain, as each stage amplifies the input signal further, which can be crucial in applications requiring signal boost without significant disturbance of the frequency response .
A regulated power supply maintains a constant output voltage regardless of changes in input voltage or load current. It typically consists of a transformer, rectifier, filter, and voltage regulator. The transformer adjusts the input voltage to a suitable level, the rectifier converts AC to DC, and the filter smooths the ripples. The regulator maintains a steady output by compensating for any fluctuations. This stability is crucial for protecting sensitive electronic components from voltage variations that can cause malfunction or damage .
A multimeter operates on the principle of measuring electrical properties by utilizing different circuits within the device to measure voltage, current, and resistance. It can function as a voltmeter, ammeter, or ohmmeter, switching between these modes either manually or automatically. This versatility allows for diagnostics and monitoring of electrical and electronic circuits by providing quantitative measurements in one unit, making it a fundamental tool in electronics and electrical work .
JFETs have several advantages over BJTs, including higher input impedance which allows for less loading on the preceding stage and lower power consumption due to their unipolar nature. Unlike BJTs that require current input for operation, JFETs are voltage-controlled devices, allowing them to provide high gain with minimal current. Additionally, they exhibit better thermal stability and less noise, making them preferable in high-frequency and low-noise applications .
A Zener diode is specifically designed to operate in the reverse breakdown region. When connected in a parallel configuration to a load, it maintains a constant output voltage even with variations in the input voltage or load conditions, which makes it an effective voltage regulator. This ability to maintain a stable voltage is critical in electronic circuits that require a constant reference voltage for sensitive devices, preventing fluctuations that might cause operational issues .
A Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) is the primary component for visual signal representation in an oscilloscope. It operates by emitting electrons from a heated cathode into a vacuum tube, which are then accelerated and focused into a beam via an anode. The beam is deflected by electric or magnetic fields to strike a phosphorescent screen, creating a visible dot that moves across the screen to graphically depict signal waveforms. CRTs are crucial for analyzing and visualizing signals in real-time, aiding in diagnostics and calibration of circuits .
The Hartley oscillator generates sinusoidal waveforms by using a tank circuit composed of inductors and capacitors to select the desired frequency. The amplifier in the circuit provides the necessary gain. The condition for sustained oscillation is that the total phase shift around the loop must be zero (or a multiple of 2π), and the loop gain must be equal to or greater than one. This then compensates for losses in the circuit, maintaining continuous oscillations .
AM changes the amplitude of the carrier signal to encode the information, while FM varies the frequency. FM typically requires a larger bandwidth but offers greater noise immunity due to its resistance to amplitude disturbances, unlike AM signals, which are more susceptible to static interference. Consequently, FM is preferred for high-fidelity broadcasting like music, whereas AM is used for talk radio where bandwidth efficiency and range are prioritized over sound quality .
Wire-wound resistors are made by winding a metal wire, typically nichrome, around a ceramic core, offering low noise and high stability, making them suitable for high-precision applications. Carbon resistors, however, consist of a mixture of carbon dust and a binding material, resulting in a resistor that is less precise and less stable than wire-wound resistors but cheaper to produce. Wire-wound resistors additionally handle higher power ratings and tend to have better performance for high-frequency applications compared to carbon resistors .
A full wave rectifier uses both half-cycles of the input AC signal, doubling the frequency of the output pulsations compared to a half wave rectifier, which only uses one half-cycle. This results in a higher average output voltage and current (increased efficiency) in full wave rectifiers. The ripple factor, which is a measure of the smoothness of the DC output, is lower in full wave rectifiers because the rectification occurs over the entire input cycle, thus utilizing the full waveform for smoothed DC output as opposed to just half, like in a half-wave rectifier .