GEC104: Mathematics in the

Modern World

SETS
Source: Aniversario, IS, [Link]., Algebra and
Trigonometry, DMS 2013

MA. CRISTINA DUYAGUIT

Department of Mathematics and Statistics, CSM
Sets

Definition 1.1: A set is a collection of clearly defined objects (called

elements).

Note: Sets are usually denoted by capital letters of the English alphabet
while small letters denote elements.

Notations:
1. ∈ means “is an element of” or “belongs to” or “is a member of”.
2. ∉ means “is not an element of” or “does not belong to” or “is not
a member of”
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Example 1.1:

The following are sets:

1. 𝐴 = the set of all vowels of the English alphabet

2. 𝐵 = the set of all counting numbers
3. 𝐶 = the set of all schools/colleges of MSU-IIT
4. 𝐷 = the set of all persons with 4 eyes
5. 𝐸 = the set of all natural numbers from 1 to 100

1
Observe that 𝑒 ∈ 𝐴, ∉ 𝐵, 𝐶𝑆𝑀 ∈ 𝐶, Jason ∉ 𝐷 and −5 ∉ 𝐸.
2

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Two Common Methods of Describing a Set

Definition 1.2: Roster Method – lists, enumerates, or tabulates distinct

elements of a set which are separated by a comma and enclosed
by a pair of braces .

Example 1.2: The sets in Example 1.1 can be described using roster
method as 𝐴 = 𝑎, 𝑒, 𝑖, 𝑜, 𝑢 , 𝐵 = 1,2,3, … ,
𝐶 = 𝐶𝑆𝑀, 𝐶𝑂𝐸𝑇, 𝐶𝐶𝑆, 𝐶𝐸𝐷, 𝐶𝐴𝑆𝑆, 𝐶𝐵𝐴𝐴, 𝐶𝑂𝑁 , 𝐷 = , and
𝐸 = 1,2, … , 99,100 .

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Sets
Note that the order of listing the elements of a set does not affect the set
itself. The three dots … in 𝐵 means there are still counting numbers
after 3 that belong to 𝐵 while there are still natural numbers between 3
and 98 that belong to 𝐸. Further, a set should have distinct elements.

Definition 1.3: Rule Method – uses a phrase that describes the property of
the elements of the set and enclosing it by a pair of braces.

The rule method uses the set descriptive notation

𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 (𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑒) .
The letter 𝑥 is a variable and is used to represent any element of a set
and may be replaced by any other letter. Also the symbol " | “ may be
used instead of colon " ∶ “ and is read as "𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡“.
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Sets
Example 1.3:
The sets in Example 1.1 can be described using rule method as

𝐴= 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 is a vowel of the English alphabet

𝐵= 𝑦 ∶ 𝑦 is a counting number
𝐶= 𝑧 ∶ 𝑧 is a school/college of MSU−IIT
𝐷= 𝑥|𝑥 is a person with four eyes
𝐸= 𝑦|𝑦 is a natural number from 1 to 100 .

Definition 1.4: An empty set or null set, denoted by or ∅, is a set that

does not contain any element.

Example 1.4: Set 𝐷 in Example 1.1 is empty.

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Sets
Definition 1.5: A universal set, denoted by 𝑈, is a set containing all
elements included in a single discussion. It is the set from which all
other sets are derived.

Example 1.5: The set of integers ℤ = … , −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, … , may be

considered as universal set of the sets 𝐵 and 𝐸 in Example 1.1.

Subsets and Equality

Definition 1.6: Set 𝐴 is a subset of set 𝐵, denoted by 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵, if every

element of 𝐴 is also an element of 𝐵. Set 𝐴 is not a subset of set 𝐵,
denoted by 𝐴 ⊈ 𝐵, if there is at least one element of 𝐴 that is not
an element of 𝐵.
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Remark 1.1:

1. The symbol 𝐵 ⊇ 𝐴 means the same thing as 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵.

2. The empty set is considered subset of all sets.

3. Any set is a subset of itself.

4. A set with 𝑛 elements can have 2𝑛 total number of distinct

subsets.

Example 1.6: In Example 1.2, 𝐸 ⊆ 𝐵 while 𝐵 ⊈ 𝐸.

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Example 1.7: Consider set 𝑋 = 𝑎, 2, 𝑐 . Then 𝑋 has 23 or 8 subsets, as
follows: ∅, 𝑎 , 2 , 𝑐 , 𝑎, 2 , 𝑎, 𝑐 , 2, 𝑐 , 𝑋 .

Definition 1.7: Two sets 𝐴 and 𝐵 are said to be equal, denoted by 𝐴 = 𝐵,

if they have exactly the same elements. That is, 𝐴 = 𝐵 if 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 and
𝐵 ⊆ 𝐴.

Remark 1.2:
1. 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 means 𝐴 is contained in 𝐵 or 𝐴 equals 𝐵.

2. If 𝐴 is contained in 𝐵 and 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 then we say 𝐴 is a proper

subset of 𝐵, denoted by 𝐴 ⊂ 𝐵 or 𝐵 ⊃ 𝐴.

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Example 1.8:
1. 𝑎, 2 , 𝑐 = 𝑎, 𝑐, 2 while 𝑎, 2, 𝑐 ≠ 𝑎, 2𝑐 and 𝑎, 2, 𝑐 ≠ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 .
2. 𝑎, 2 ⊂ 𝑎, 2, 𝑐

Finite and Infinite Sets

Definition 1.8: Two sets 𝐴 and 𝐵 are said to be in a one-to-one (1-1)

correspondence if each element of 𝐴 can be paired with exactly one
element of 𝐵 and each element of 𝐵 can be paired with exactly one
element of 𝐴.

Example 1.9: The sets 𝑎, 𝑏, 3 and 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 are in 1-1 correspondence

while 𝑎, 3𝑏 and 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 are not.
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Definition 1.9: Sets 𝐴 and 𝐵 are said to be equivalent, denoted by 𝐴 − 𝐵,
if there is a 1-1 correspondence between them.

Remark 1.3:
1. If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are not equivalent, we write 𝐴 ≁ 𝐵.
2. If 𝐴 and 𝐵 have the same number of elements, then 𝐴 ~ 𝐵.

Definition 1.10: A set is said to be finite if it is empty or if it is equivalent to

the set 1,2, . . . , 𝑛 for some counting number 𝑛. A set which is not finite
is infinite.

Example 1.10: Consider the sets in Example 1.1, 𝐴, 𝐶, 𝐷 and 𝐸 Are finite
while 𝐵 is infinite.
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Definition 1.11: The cardinality of a finite set 𝐴, denoted by 𝑛 𝐴 , is the
number of elements of 𝐴.

Example 1.11:
1. 𝑛 ∅ = 0.
2. In Example 1.1, 𝑛 𝐴 = 5, 𝑛 𝐵 is finite, 𝑛 𝐶 = 8, 𝑛 𝐷 = 0
and 𝑛 𝐸 = 100.

Venn Diagrams

Definition 1.12: A Venn diagram shows the relationships among sets and
between elements and sets. It is named after the English logician
James Venn (1834-1883).
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In a Venn diagram, the universal set 𝑈 is usually represented by a
rectangle, while the other sets, which are subsets of 𝑈, are
represented by circles, triangles, and other closed geometric figures.

Example 1.12:

Let 𝑈 = 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 𝐴 = 𝑢, 𝑣, 3 ,
𝐵 = 1, 2, 3, 4 , 𝐶 = 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥 .

Figure 1.1 shows a Venn diagram of sets 𝑈, 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶. Observe that

sets 𝐵 and 𝐶 have no common element, while 3 is the common element
of sets 𝐴 and 𝐵 and 𝑣 is the common element of 𝐴 and 𝐶.

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Sets

Figure 1.1: Venn diagram containing sets 𝑈, 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶

Operations on Sets

Definition 1.13: The union of two sets 𝐴 and 𝐵, denoted by 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵, is the

set of all elements that belong to either 𝐴 or 𝐵, or both 𝐴 and 𝐵. In set
descriptive notation, we have 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 .

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Illustration 1.1: The shaded region in Figure 1.2 represents a Venn
diagram of 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵.

Example 1.13: Consider the sets 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 in Example 1.12. Then

𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝑢, 𝑣, 3 ∪ 1, 2, 3, 4 = 𝑢, 𝑣, 1, 2, 3, 4
𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 = 𝑢, 𝑣, 3 ∪ 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥 = 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥, 3
𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = 1, 2, 3, 4 ∪ 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = 𝑢, 𝑣, 3 ∪ 1, 2, 3, 4 ∪ 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥 = 𝑢, 𝑣, 3, 1, 2, 4, 𝑤, 𝑥 .
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Remark 1.4: For any set 𝐴,
1. 𝐴 ∪ ∅ = A.
2. 𝐴 ∪ 𝑈 = 𝑈.
3. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐴 = 𝐴.

Observe that in Example 1.12,

𝐵 ∪ ∅ = 1, 2, 3, 4 ∪ = 1, 2,3, 4 = 𝐵
𝐵 ∪ 𝑈 = 1, 2, 3, 4 ∪ 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
= 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 1,2,3,4,5 = 𝑈
𝐶 ∪ 𝐶 = 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥 ∪ 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥 = 𝐶
Definition 1.14: The intersection of two sets 𝐴 and 𝐵, denoted by 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵, is
the set of all elements that belong to both sets 𝐴 and 𝐵. In set
descriptive notation, we have 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 .
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Illustration 1.2: The shaded region in Figure 1.3 (ii) represents a Venn
diagram of 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵.

The Venn diagram for 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 in Figure 1.3 (i) is unshaded since 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = ∅.

Definition 1.15: Sets 𝐴 and 𝐵 are said to be disjoint if 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = ∅.

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Example 1.14:
Consider the sets 𝑈, 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 in Example 1.12. Then
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝑢, 𝑣, 3 ∩ 1,2,3,4 = 3
𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = 𝑢, 𝑣, 3 ∩ 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥 = 𝑣
𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = 1,2,3,4 ∩ 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥 = =∅
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = 𝑢, 𝑣, 3 ∩ 1,2,3,4 ∩ 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥 = =∅
𝑈 ∩ 𝐴 = 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 1,2,3,4,5 ∩ 𝑢, 𝑣, 3 = 𝑢, 𝑣, 3 = 𝐴.

Remark 1.5:
For any set 𝐴,
1. 𝐴 ∩ ∅ = ∅.
2. 𝐴 ∩ 𝑈 = 𝐴.
3. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐴 = 𝐴.
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Observe that in Example 1.12,
𝐵 ∩ ∅ = 1,2,3,4 ∩ =∅
𝐵 ∩ 𝑈 = 1,2,3,4 ∩ 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 1,2,3,4,5 = 1,2,3,4 = 𝐵
𝐶 ∩ 𝐶 = 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥 ∩ 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥 = 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥 = 𝐶

Remark 1.6: For any sets 𝐴 and 𝐵, where 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵,

1. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝐵.
2. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝐴.

Definition 1.16: The complement of a set 𝐴, denoted by 𝐴′ , is the set of all

elements of the universal set 𝑈 that do not belong to set 𝐴. In set
descriptive notation, we have 𝐴′ = 𝑥 ∈ 𝑈 ∶ 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴 .
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Illustration 1.3: The shaded region in Figure 1.4 represents 𝐴′.

Example 1.15: Consider the sets 𝑈, 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 in Example 1.12. Then

𝐴′ = 𝑢, 𝑣, 3 ′ = 𝑤, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 1,2,4,5
𝐵′ = 1,2,3,4 ′ = 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 5
𝐶 ′ = 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥 ′ = 𝑢, 𝑦, 𝑧, 1,2,3,4,5
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ′ = 𝑢, 𝑣, 1,2,3,4 ′ = 𝑤, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 5
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ′ = 3 ′ = 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 1,2,4,5 .
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Remark 1.7: For any universal set 𝑈 ,
1. 𝑈 ′ = ∅,
2. ∅′ = 𝑈.

Definition 1.17: The set difference of sets 𝐴 and 𝐵, denoted by A ∖ 𝐵, is

the set of all elements that are in 𝐴 and not in 𝐵. In other words, 𝐴 ∖ B
is the complement of set 𝐵 relative to set 𝐴. In set descriptive notation,
𝐴 ∖ 𝐵 = 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∉ 𝐵 .
Illustration 1.4: The shaded regions in Figure 1.5 represent 𝐴 ∖ 𝐵.

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Example 1.16: Consider the sets 𝑈, 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 in Example 1.12. Then
𝐴 ∖ 𝐵 = 𝑢, 𝑣, 3 ∖ 1,2,3,4 = 𝑢, 𝑣
𝐴 ∖ 𝐶 = 𝑢, 𝑣, 3 ∖ 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥 = 𝑢, 3
𝐵 ∖ 𝐶 = 1,2,3,4 ∖ 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥 = 1,2,3,4
𝐵 ∖ 𝐴 = 1,2,3,4 ∖ 𝑢, 𝑣, 3 = 1,2,4
𝐶 ∖ 𝐶 = 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥 ∖ 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥 = =∅
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∖ 𝐶 = 𝑢, 𝑣, 3 ∪ 1,2,3,4 ∖ 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥 = 𝑢, 1,2,3,4
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∖ 𝐶 = 𝑢, 𝑣, 3 ∩ 1,2,3,4 ∖ 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥 = 3
𝐴′ ∖ 𝐵 = 𝑢, 𝑣, 3 ′ ∖ 1,2,3,4 = 𝑤, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 5 .
Remark 1.8: For any set 𝐴,
1. 𝐴 ∖ 𝐴 = ∅,
2. 𝐴 ∖ ∅ = 𝐴,
3. ∅ ∖ 𝐴 = ∅.
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Definition 1.18: The Cartesian product of two nonempty sets 𝐴 and 𝐵,
denoted by 𝐴 × 𝐵, is the set of all ordered pairs 𝑎, 𝑏 where 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 and
𝑏 ∈ 𝐵. In set descriptive notation,
𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝑎, 𝑏 ∶ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 .

Example 1.17: Consider the following sets:

𝑃 = 𝑤, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 , 𝑄 = 5,6,7 , 𝑅 = 𝑡, 3 . Then
𝑃 × 𝑄 = 𝑤, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 × 5,6,7
= ሼ 𝑤, 5 , 𝑤, 6 , 𝑤, 7 , 𝑥, 5 , 𝑥, 6 , 𝑥, 7 , 𝑦, 5 , 𝑦, 6 ,
𝑦, 7 , 𝑧, 5 , 𝑧, 6 , 𝑧, 7 ሽ
𝑄 × 𝑅 = 5,6,7 × 𝑡, 3 = 5, 𝑡 , 5,3 , 6, 𝑡 , 6,3 , 7, 𝑡 , 7,3
𝑅 × 𝑄 = 𝑡, 3 × 5,6,7 = 𝑡, 5 , 3,5 , 𝑡, 6 , 3,6 , 𝑡, 7 , 3,7
𝑅 × 𝑅 = 𝑡, 3 × 𝑡, 3 = 𝑡, 𝑡 , 𝑡, 3 , 3, 𝑡 , 3,3 .
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Remark 1.9: For any sets 𝐴 and 𝐵,
1. 𝐴 × 𝐵 ≠ 𝐵 × 𝐴.
2. 𝐴 × ∅ = ∅.

Properties of Set Operations

The operations union ∪ and intersection ∩ are binary set operations while
the complement “ ′ ” is a unary operation. The following are some of the
properties of these set operations.

Property 1.1: Let 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 be any three sets. Then

Commutative Properties: Distributive Properties:
1. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝐵 ∪ 𝐴 1. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 ∪ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶
2. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝐵 ∩ 𝐴 2. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = 𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 ∩ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶
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Associative Properties: De Morgan’s Law:
1. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 1. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′
2. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 2. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′

Example 1.18: Using the sets 𝑈, 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 in Example 1.12, we shall check

the following equality:
1. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 3. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 ∪ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶
2. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 4. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′

Solution:
1. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = 𝑢, 𝑣, 1,2,3,4 ∪ 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥 = 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥, 1,2,3,4
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = 𝑢, 𝑣, 3 ∪ 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥, 1,2,3,4 = 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥, 1,2,3,4
Therefore, 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 .
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2. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = 3 ∩ 𝑢, 𝑤, 𝑥 = ∅
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = 𝑢, 𝑣, 3 ∩ ∅ = ∅
So, 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 .

3. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = 𝑢, 𝑣, 1,2,3,4 ∩ 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥 = 𝑣
𝐴∩𝐶 ∪ 𝐵∩𝐶 = 𝑣 ∪∅= 𝑣
Therefore, 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 ∪ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 .

4. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ′ = 3 ′ = 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 1,2,4,5
𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ = 𝑤, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 1,2,4,5 ∪ 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
= 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 1,2,4,5
So, 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′.
Department of Mathematics and Statistics 25
Sets

Exercises 1.1

I. Let 𝑈 = 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 is a distinct letter of the word mathematics ,

𝐴 = 𝑚, 𝑎, 𝑡, ℎ , 𝐵 = 𝑎, 𝑖, 𝑚 , 𝐶 = 𝑡, 𝑒, 𝑎, 𝑚

1. Describe the universal set 𝑈 using the roster method.

2. Find 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵.
3. Find 𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 ∩ ∅′.
4. Find 𝐵 × 𝐶.
5. Illustrate the relationship among sets 𝑈, 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶 by a Venn
diagram.

Department of Mathematics and Statistics 26

Sets

II. Let 𝑈 = 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ, 𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘, 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛, 𝑜 ,
𝐴 = 𝑏, 𝑒, 𝑎, 𝑐, ℎ , 𝐵 = 𝑘, 𝑖, 𝑛, 𝑔, 𝑑, 𝑜, 𝑚 , 𝐶 = 𝑖, 𝑐, 𝑒, 𝑙, 𝑎, 𝑛, 𝑑

1. Find 𝐴 ∖ 𝐶.
2. Find 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ′ ∩ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 .
3. Find 𝑛 𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 ∩ 𝐵 .
4. Show the relationship among sets 𝑈, 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶 using a
Venn diagram.

Department of Mathematics and Statistics 27

Sets
III. In the figure below, shade the regions that represent the following
sets:

1. 𝐴′ 4. ∅ 7. 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶′ 10. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 ′
2. 𝐶′ 5. 𝑈′ 8. 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 11. 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶
3. 𝐵′ 6. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 9. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 12. 𝐵′ ∪ 𝐶 ∪ 𝐴

Department of Mathematics and Statistics 28

Sets

IV. Let 𝑈 = 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15 ,

𝐴 = 2,4,6,8,10 , 𝐵 = 7,9,11,13,15 , 𝐶 = 3,6,9,12,15

1. Find 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ′.
2. Find 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶.
3. Find 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐶 ∩ ∅.
4. Illustrate the relationship among sets 𝑈, 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 by a Venn
diagram.

Department of Mathematics and Statistics 29

Sets
V. Let 𝑈 be the set of all distinct letters in the sentence
"𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑧“,
𝐴 be the set of all distinct letters in the word "𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑡“,
𝐵 be the set of all distinct letters in the word "𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑐𝑒“,
and 𝐶 be the set of all distinct letters in the word "𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛“.

1. Write sets 𝑈, 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 using roster method.

2. Which of the sets in item no. 1 are infinite?
3. Find:
𝑎 𝐵∩𝐶 𝑏 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ 𝑐 𝐴∪ 𝐵∖𝐶
𝑑 𝐴∩𝐵 ×𝐵∩𝐶 𝑒 𝑛 𝐴∪𝐶 ′∩𝑈 𝑓 𝐴∩𝐶 ∖𝐵
4. Illustrate the relationship among sets 𝑈, 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 using a Venn
diagram.
Department of Mathematics and Statistics 30
- End-