BAEEE101 – BASIC
ENGINEERING
Module – IV – Manufacturing Processes,
Energy conversions and Mechanical
Automation
Lecture – 4 – Basics of Thermal Engineering
and Internal Combustion Engines
Course Faculty:
Dr. Saravanakumar D, SMEC
VIT Chennai.
Core Principles of Thermal Engineering
❑ Thermodynamics: This foundational science deals with energy in its
various forms and its transformations.
❑ Laws of Thermodynamics
❑ Zeroth Law: If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a
third system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other — this
defines temperature.
❑ First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it only changes
form, with the total energy of a system conserved.
❑ Second Law: Heat naturally flows from a hotter body to a colder
one, and all real processes increase the entropy of the universe.
❑ Third Law: As a system approaches absolute zero temperature, its
entropy approaches a minimum value (zero for a perfect crystal).
Core Principles of Thermal Engineering
❑ Heat Transfer: This discipline examines the mechanisms by which heat
energy moves from a hotter region to a colder one:
❑ Conduction: Heat transfer through direct contact.
❑ Convection: Heat transfer through the movement of fluids.
❑ Radiation: Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves.
Applications of Thermal Engineering
Energy Production: Designing thermal power plants that use steam or gas
turbines to generate electricity.
Transportation: Developing internal combustion engines found in
vehicles.
Building Systems: Creating effective heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC) systems for comfort and efficiency.
Cooling Systems: Designing solutions to dissipate heat from devices like
computers and electronic components.
Industrial Equipment: Creating devices like boilers, furnaces, and heat
exchangers for various industrial processes.
External Combustion Engines
Source:
[Link]
azlkaw/a_gif_showing_the_turning_wheels_an
Source: [Link] d_rod_of_an/
9499849206974400/
Fuel is burned outside the engine cylinder, and the heat produced
is transferred to a working fluid (steam, air, gas) which then does
the mechanical work.
Power Transmission System
A – Engine
B – Clutch
C – Clutch Pedal
D – Manual Transmission
Source: [Link]
Internal Combustion Engines
Heat Energy (Combustion of Mechanical
Air-Fuel Mixture) Work
IC Engines
Spark Ignition Engine Compression Ignition Engine
(Petrol Engine) (Diesel Engine)
4- Stroke 2 - Stroke 4- Stroke 2 - Stroke
cycle cycle cycle cycle
Source: [Link]
Basic Parts in an IC Engine
Piston Multi-Cylinder Engine
Connecting
Rod
Flywheel
Crank Shaft
Source: [Link]
Basic Parts in an IC Engine
Crank Shaft: It is a rotating shaft transmits reciprocating motion of the piston into
useful rotary motion.
The crank shaft delivers torque to flywheel, clutch and finally to the transmission
system. It stores rotational kinetic energy from the power stroke and releases it
during other strokes of an engine.
Source: [Link]
Basic Parts in an IC Engine
Connecting Rod: It connects the piston with the crank shaft. It
transforms the reciprocating motion of the piston into a rotary
motion of the crank shaft.
Small End
(Piston Pin)
Big End Shank
(Crank Pin)
Castle
Bolt
Nut
Basic Parts in an IC Engine
Piston: It receives the impulsive pressure from the expanding gas
and to transmit the energy to the crank shaft through the connecting
rod.
Head
Rings
Piston
Skirt
pin
Basic Parts in an IC Engine
Piston Rings: To maintain tight seal between the moving piston and
the cylinder bore. Transfer the heat from the piston to cylinder liner.
Piston Head: To withstand the pressure of explosion inside the
engine cylinder and to dissipate the heat to the cylinder walls.
Piston skirt: Acts as a bearing for the side thrust from the cylinder
wall.
Basic Parts in an IC Engine
Flywheel: It serves as a reservoir which stores kinetic energy during
the period when the supply of energy is more than the requirement and
releases it during the period when the requirement of energy is more
than supply.
Rim type flywheel
The excess energy developed during power stroke is absorbed by the
flywheel and releases it to the crankshaft during other strokes in which
no energy is developed, thus rotating the crankshaft at a uniform speed.
Four Stroke Cycle Engine
❑ Suction Stroke: Cylinder intakes the air-
fuel mixture
❑ Compression Stroke: Piston squeezes the
fuel mixture. As a result, pressure and
temperature of the mixture is increased.
❑ Power or Expansion Stroke: Fuel mixture
undergoes combustion and it explodes,
forcing the piston towards downward.
❑ Exhaust Stroke: Piston moves up and
pushes the burnt out gases out of the
cylinder.
Source: [Link]
Two Stroke Cycle Engine
➢ Complete four operations in one revolution of the
crank shaft or two strokes of the piston.
➢ There are no valves in two stroke engines. There are
three ports namely inlet, exhaust and transfer ports.
1. First stroke (upward stroke of the piston)
Compression and Ignition
2. Second stroke (downward stroke of the piston)
Expansion, Exhaust and Transfer
➢ Fins are provided to increase the surface area and
there by helps in cooling the engine.
Source:
[Link]
stroke_engine
Comparison of 4 – Stroke and
2 – Stroke Engines
Four stroke cycle Engine Two stroke cycle Engine
➢ Generates power every 2 ➢ Generates power every revolution.
revolutions. One power stroke for One power stroke for every one
every two revolutions [4 piston revolution of the crank shaft.
strokes] of the crank shaft.
➢ Inlet and exhaust valves are ➢ Ports are made in the cylinder walls –
attached to the engine. inlet, exhaust and transfer port
➢ The air fuel mixture is completely ➢ Less fuel-efficient due to losses. There
utilized thus efficiency is higher. is a chance of escaping of fresh charge
More fuel-efficient escapes with the exhaust gases. This
causes lower efficiency.
➢ The exhaust is less noisy. ➢ The exhaust is noisy due to short time
available for exhaust.
Comparison of S.I & C.I Engines
➢ Intake → Air-Fuel (petrol) ➢ Fuel admission → Through
mixture/Air alone carburetor/Through fuel injector
➢ Fuel ignition → By spark plug – Spark ➢ Lubricating property → Petrol does
Ignition Engine/By the compressed hot not have lubricating properties/ Diesel
air – Compression Ignition Engine has better lubricating properties.
➢ Cycle of operation → Otto cycle ➢ Space → For the same power output,
(constant volume cycle)/Diesel cycle petrol engine occupies lesser
(constant pressure cycle) space/For the same power output,
more space is required for the diesel
➢ Compression ratio → Low (7 to engine.
8)/High (16 to 17)
➢ Vibration and noise → Very
less/More due to high operation
pressure (compression ratio)
Spark plug Fuel injector
Otto Cycle [Constant Volume Cycle]
Otto cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle that describes
the functioning of a typical SI engine.
0-1 → Isobaric expansion
1-2 → Adiabatic compression
2-3 → Isochoric process
3-4 → Adiabatic expansion
4-1 → Constant-volume process
1–0 → Constant pressure process
Source: [Link]
Diesel Cycle [Constant Pressure Cycle]
The Diesel cycle is thermodynamic cycle that describes the
functioning of a Compression Ignition IC engine.
1→2 : Isentropic compression of the fluid
(blue)
2→3 : Constant pressure heating (red)
3→4 : Isentropic expansion (yellow)
4→1 : Constant volume cooling (green)
[Link]