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Understanding Two's Complement in Binary

The document explains the concept of two's complement, a method used to represent negative integers in binary systems. It details how to identify the sign of a number, convert positive and negative decimal numbers to two's complement, and provides examples for clarity. Key takeaways include the range of 8-bit two's complement values and the methods for writing and converting both positive and negative numbers.

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Ravi Raju
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4 views5 pages

Understanding Two's Complement in Binary

The document explains the concept of two's complement, a method used to represent negative integers in binary systems. It details how to identify the sign of a number, convert positive and negative decimal numbers to two's complement, and provides examples for clarity. Key takeaways include the range of 8-bit two's complement values and the methods for writing and converting both positive and negative numbers.

Uploaded by

Ravi Raju
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Notes: Two’s Complement (Binary Numbers)

1. Introduction

● Binary numbers are normally assumed to be positive integers.

● To represent negative integers, we use two’s complement.

● Example: In an 8-bit register, column headings are:


−128 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1

Only the left-most bit (MSB) changes role:

● 0 → number is positive

● 1 → number is negative

Range of 8-bit Two’s Complement

● Minimum: 10000000 = −128

● Maximum: 01111111 = +127

● Range = −128 to +127

2. Identifying the Sign

● Left-most bit = sign bit

o 0 = positive number

o 1 = negative number

Example:

● 00110011 → +51

● 11001111 → −49

3. Writing Positive Numbers

● Positive numbers are written the same way as normal binary.


● Example 1: 19 → 00010011

● Example 2: 4 → 00000100

No change compared to ordinary binary.

4. Converting Positive Denary → Two’s Complement

Method:

1. Start from the −128 column (MSB must be 0).

2. Place 1s in columns that add up to the number.

Examples:

● 38 → 00100110

● 125 → 01111101

5. Converting Two’s Complement → Denary (Positive Numbers)

Method:

● Add values of all columns with 1.

Examples:

● 01101110 → 64 + 32 + 8 + 4 + 2 = 110

● 00111111 → 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 63

6. Writing Negative Numbers

For negatives, MSB = 1.

Examples:

● 10010011 → −128 + 16 + 2 + 1 = −109

● 11100100 → −128 + 64 + 32 + 4 = −28


● 11110101 → −128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 4 + 1 = −11

7. Converting Negative Denary → Two’s Complement

Method 1 (Direct Method):

● Put a 1 in −128 column, then add other bits to make the number.

Example: −67

● −128 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 1 = −67

● Binary: 10111101

Method 2 (Inversion + 1):

1. Write the positive binary.

o +67 → 01000011

2. Invert digits (swap 1 ↔ 0).

o → 10111100

3. Add 1.

o → 10111101 (result = −67)

Both methods give same answer.

8. More Examples

● −79

o Method 1: −128 + 32 + 16 + 1 = 10110001

o Method 2:

▪ +79 → 01001111

▪ Invert → 10110000

▪ Add 1 → 10110001
● 4-bit Example

o 0110 = 6

o Invert → 1001

o Add 1 → 1010 → −6

● 12-bit Example

o 011010001100 = 1676

o Apply two’s complement → 100101100100 = −1676

9. Activities (Practice)

Convert denary → 8-bit two’s complement

● 39

● 66

● 88

● 102

● 111

● 125

● 77

● 20

● 56

Convert binary (two’s complement) → denary

● 01000010

● 00101100

● 01100101

● … (and others from text)


Convert negative denary → binary

● −18, −31, −47, −63, −88, −92, −100, −1, −16, −127

Convert negative binary → denary

(e.g., 11110101, 11011101, etc.)

10. Key Takeaways

● MSB = sign (0 = positive, 1 = negative).

● Positive numbers are unchanged from normal binary.

● Negative numbers can be found by:

1. Directly filling columns (Method 1).

2. Invert positive value & add 1 (Method 2).

● Range of 8-bit = −128 to +127.

● Two’s complement is the standard way computers store signed


integers

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