Bulacan State University

College of Engineering
City of Malolos, Bulacan

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS AND DESIGN

PROBLEM SET

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Subject

ECE 406: Correlation 1

Submitted by:

Cabrera, Bernalhet S.
Landayan, Althea Rain S.
Llanes, Ma. Pamela Rose E.
Patio, Elianne Joelle DM.
Santos, Charmaine C.
BSECE-4C

Submitted to:

Engr. Rannie S. Salvador

 OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

SCRs, UJT, PUT, TRIAC, DIAC, AND OTHER THYRISTORS

1. The minimum input current that can turn on a thyristor is called the
a. Holding current
b. Trigger current
c. Breakover current
d. Low-current drop-out

Answer:
b. Trigger current
• Trigger current (Gate trigger current, IGT) → the minimum gate current
needed to turn ON a thyristor.

Reference: Albert Malvino, David Bates. Electronic Principles, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill
Education, 2015, p. 561

2. A Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) has

a. Two external leads
b. Three external leads
c. Four external leads
d. Three dropped regions

Answer:
b. Three external leads
• A Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) has four semiconductor layers (PNPN) and
three external leads:
1. Anode (A)
2. Cathode (K)
3. Gate (G)

Reference: Albert Malvino, David Bates. Electronic Principles, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill
Education, 2015, p. 561

3. A Programmable Unijunction Transistor (PUT) is considered programmable by

using
a. External gate resistors
b. Applying preset cathode voltage levels
c. An external capacitor
 d. Doped pn junctions

Answer:
a. External gate resistors
• A PUT is programmable because its peak point voltage can be set externally
using a resistor divider that biases the gate, allowing control over the voltage
at which it switches ON.

Reference: Albert Malvino, David Bates. Electronic Principles, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill
Education, 2015, p. 561

OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES AND SENSORS

4. An LED
a. emits light when reverse-biased
b. senses light when reverse-biased
c. emits light when forward biased
d. acts as a variable resistance

Reference: Floyd, T. (2018). Electronic Devices Conventional Current Version Global Edition
(10th ed., p. 171). London, UK: Pearson Education Limited.

5. A PIN diode has

a. a p region
b. an intrinsic region
c. an n region
d. answers (a), (b), and (c)

Reference: Floyd, T. (2018). Electronic Devices Conventional Current Version Global Edition
(10th ed., p. 174). London, UK: Pearson Education Limited.

6. The process by which solar cells convert sunlight into electricity is known as
a. Photovoltaic effect
b. Zener effect
c. Avalanche effect
d. Breakdown effect

Reference: Floyd, T. (2018). Electronic Devices Conventional Current Version Global Edition
(10th ed., p. 174). London, UK: Pearson Education Limited.
 TRANSDUCERS, DATA ACQUISITION, AND INTERFACING TECHNIQUES

7. What device works by a process called electroluminescence, in which the

recombination of electrons and holes releases energy as photons when it is
forward-biased?
a. Photodiode
b. Solar Cell
c. Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
d. Phototransistor

Reference: Boylestad, R., & Nashelsky, L. (2013). Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory Solutions
Manual (11th ed.) pp. 42

8. Which interfacing device uses an LED and a photodetector (such as a

phototransistor) in a single package to provide electrical isolation between input
and output circuits by transmitting a signal using light?
a. Zener Diode
b. Darlington Pair
c. Optocoupler (Opto-isolator)
d. H-Bridge

Reference: Malvino, A., Bates, D., & Hoppe, P. (2021). Electronic Principles (9th ed.) pp. 173

9. A thermistor converts
a. Light to resistance
b. Temperature to resistance
c. Voltage to sound
d. Current to voltage

Reference: Malvino, A., Bates, D., & Hoppe, P. (2021). Electronic Principles (9th ed.) pp. 787 q.
19

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

10. A single output device fails to turn on when the output LED is on. The voltage at the
output is tested and found normal but the voltage at the device is found to be
absent. The fault is:
a. Faulty wiring.
b. A faulty output device.
c. A fault in the PLC.
d. A fault in the program.

Reference: Bolton, W. (4th ed.). Programmable Logic Controllers. Newnes/Elsevier. — Problem 6

from p. 249 (Designing Systems).
11. The cycle time of a PLC is the time it takes to:
a. Read an input signal.
b. Read all the input signals.
c. Check all the input signals against the program.
d. Read all the inputs, run the program and update all outputs.

Reference: Bolton, W. (4th ed.). Programmable Logic Controllers. Newnes/Elsevier. — Problem 8

from p. 79 (I/O Processing).

12. Which form of logic gate system is given by a ladder diagram with a rung having
two normally open sets of contacts in parallel?
a. AND
b. OR
c. NOR
d. NAND

Reference: Bolton, W. (4th ed.). Programmable Logic Controllers. Newnes/Elsevier. — Problem 7

from p. 104 (Ladder and Functional Block Programming).

DESIGN AND INTEGRATION IN BUILDING

MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND HVAC CONTROLS, SECURITY, SAFETY, AND
SURVEILLANCE CONTROL SYSTEMS, AND AUDIO-VIDEO AND LIGHTING
CONTROLS

13. What does BMS stand for?

a. Building Monitoring System
b. Building Management System
c. Basic Mechanical System
d. Building Maintenance Setup
Reference Module: [Link]

14. Which of the following is NOT typically controlled or monitored by a BMS?

a. HVAC systems
b. Lighting
c. Fire safety systems
d. Television broadcasting
Reference Module: [Link]
15. What does HVAC stand for?
a. Heating, Vacuum, and Air Conditioning
b. Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
c. Heat, Voltage, and Air Circulation
d. Humidity, Ventilation, and Air Circulation
Reference Module: [Link]

16. Which of the following is NOT a main element of an HVAC system?

a. Heating
b. Ventilation
c. Refrigeration
d. Air Conditioning
Reference Module: [Link]

17. It is an Electronic Control System that detects fire at the earliest stage, and gives
an alarm to alert the occupants so that appropriate action can be taken.
a. FDAS
b. HVAC
c. BMS
d. NFPA
Reference Module: [Link]

18. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) was founded in which year?
a. 1886
b. 1896
c. 1906
d. 1916
Reference Module: [Link]

19. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) is best described as:

a. A private corporation producing fire alarms
b. A government agency regulating HVAC systems
c. A global nonprofit organization on fire safety
d. An association of CCTV manufacturers
Reference Module: [Link]

20. “Closed-circuit” in CCTV means:

a. Broadcasts are sent publicly on TV channels
b. Broadcasts are transmitted to a limited number of monitors
c. Cameras are only used at night
d. Transmission is always wireless
Reference Module: [Link]
 PROBLEM SOLVING TYPE QUESTIONS

SCRs, UJT, PUT, TRIAC, DIAC, AND OTHER THYRISTORS

1. A half-wave rectifier employing an SCR has a forward breakdown voltage of 100 V for
IG = mA. If the sinusoidal voltage of 300 V peak is applied, determine the conduction
angle.
a. 30.12°
b. 19.47°
c. 120.22°
d. 160.53°

Solution:
Find the firing angle (θf):

𝑉𝐵𝑂 = 𝑉𝑃 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑓
100 = 300 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑓
100
𝜃𝑓 = sin−1 ( )
300
𝜃𝑓 = 19.47°

Find the conduction angle (θc):

𝜃𝑐 = 180° − 19.47°
𝜃𝑐 = 160.53°

Reference: [Link]

2. An SCR half-wave rectifier has a forward breakdown voltage of 150 V when a gate
current of 1 mA flows into the gate circuit. If a sinusoidal voltage of 400 V peak is applied,
determine the average current for a load resistance of 200 Ω.
a. 0.613 A
b. 12.26 A
c. 0.542 A
d. 1.267 A

Solution:
Find the firing angle (θf):
𝑉𝐵𝑂 = 𝑉𝑃 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑓
150 = 400 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑓
 150
𝜃𝑓 = sin−1 ( )
400
𝜃𝑓 = 22.02°

Find the Average DC output voltage for half-wave SCR rectifier:

𝑉𝑝
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 = ∙ (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑓 )
2𝜋
400
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 = ∙ (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 22.02°)
2𝜋
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 122.68 𝑉

Find the Average current through load:

𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
𝑅
122.68 𝑉
𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
200 Ω

𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 0.613 𝐴

Reference: [Link]
resistance-of-200

3. A full-wave fully controlled thyristor bridge has a highly inductive load with a resistance
of 55 ohms, and a supply voltage of 110 V at 50 Hz. The value of load power for a firing
angle a = 75° is?
a 10 W
b. 11 W
c. 10.5 W
d. 11.94 W

Solution:
𝑉𝑃 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 ∙ √2
𝑉𝑃 = 110 ∙ √2
𝑉𝑃 = 155.56 𝑉

2𝑉𝑝 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑓
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
𝜋
2(155.56) ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠75°
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
𝜋
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 25.63 𝑉

𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
𝑅𝐿
 25.63
𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
55 Ω
𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 0.466 𝐴

𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑃 = (𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 )2 ∙ 𝑅
𝑃 = (0.466)2 ∙ 55 Ω
𝑃 = 11.94 𝑊

Reference: ECE 302 Powerpoint Discussion (2024)

4. What is the breakover voltage of a PUT if the anode gate is connected across a voltage
divider circuit with 5k ohms value for both resistors across 12 V supply?
a. 12.7 V
b. 6.7 V
c. 10 V
d. 12.7 V

Solution:
𝑅1
𝑉𝐺 = 𝑉𝐵𝐵 ∙
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 Ω
5𝑘 Ω
𝑉𝐺 = 12 𝑉 ∙
5𝑘 Ω + 5𝑘 Ω
𝑉𝐺 = 6 𝑉

𝑉𝑃 = 𝑉𝐺 + 𝑉𝐷
𝑉𝑃 = 6𝑉 + 0.7𝑉
𝑉𝑃 = 6.7 𝑉

Reference: [Link]
[Link]

5. Determine the maximum peak-point voltage of a UJT with inter-base voltage of 25 V.

Given that UJT has a range of intrinsic standoff ratio from 0.74 to 0.86.
a. 19.2 V
b. 22.2 V
c. 25 V
d. 20.1 V

Solution:
𝑉𝑃 = 𝑉𝐷 + 𝜂𝑉𝐵𝐵
@ η = 0.74
𝑉𝑃 = 0.7 𝑉 + (0.74)(25 𝑉)
𝑉𝑃 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 19.2 𝑉

@ η = 0.86
𝑉𝑃 = 0.7 𝑉 + (0.86)(25 𝑉)
𝑉𝑃 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 22.2 𝑉

Reference: ECE 302 Powerpoint Discussion (2024)

OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES AND SENSORS

6. A typical solar panel with a nominal 12 V output can produce a 17 V at 3.5 A to a

load under peak conditions. What is the power at the peak condition?
a. 55.5 W
b. 59.5 W
c. 95.5 W
d. 55.9 W

Solution:
P = VI
P = (17 V)(3.5 A)
P= 59.5 W

Reference: Floyd, T. (2018). Electronic Devices Conventional Current Version Global Edition (10th
ed., p. 158). London, UK: Pearson Education Limited.

7. A particular solar panel delivers 100 W to a load at 10 V. How much current does it
produce?
a. 5 A
b. 20 A
c. 10 A
d. 30A

Solution:
P = VI
I = P/V
I = 100 W/10V
I = 10 A

Reference: Floyd, T. (2018). Electronic Devices Conventional Current Version Global Edition (10th
ed., p. 158). London, UK: Pearson Education Limited.
8. The electrical conductivity of a semiconductor increases when electromagnetic
radiation of wavelength shorter than 2480 nm is incident on it. The band gap (in eV) for
semiconductor is
a. 0.9
b. 0.7
c. 0.5
d. 1.1

Solution:
Eg = hc/ λ
Eg = 1240 eV nm/2480 nm
Eg = 0.5 eV

Reference: Sankalp Learning Solutions. (2024, November 22). Semiconductor electronics - Physics -
Session 21 [Video]. YouTube. Retrieved from: [Link]

9. Find the wavelength of light that may excite an electron in the valence band of
diamond to the conduction band. The energy gap is 5.50 eV.
a. 226 nm
b. 312 nm
c. 432 nm
d. 550 nm

Solution:
Eg = hc/λ
λ = hc/Eg
λ = 1240 eV nm/5.5 eV
λ = 226 nm

Reference: Sankalp Learning Solutions. (2024, November 22). Semiconductor electronics - Physics -
Session 21 [Video]. YouTube. Retrieved from: [Link]

10. If the energy of a photon of sodium light (lambda=589 nm) equals the band gap of
semiconductor, the minimum energy required to create electron hole pair.
a. 1.1 e
b. 2.1eV
c. 3.2eV
d. 1.5eV

Solution:
Eg = hc/λ

Given λ = 589 nm
Eg = 1240 eV nm/589 nm
Eg = 2.1 eV
 Reference: Sankalp Learning Solutions. (2024, November 22). Semiconductor electronics - Physics -
Session 21 [Video]. YouTube. Retrieved from: [Link]

TRANSDUCERS, DATA ACQUISITION, AND INTERFACING TECHNIQUES

LED Voltage and Current

11. (Transducer/Interfacing)
Figure (a) shows a voltage-polarity tester. It can be used to test a dc voltage of unknown
polarity. When the dc voltage is positive, the green LED lights up. When the dc voltage is
negative, the red LED lights up. What is the approximate LED current if the dc input voltage
is 50 V and the series resistance is 2.2 kΩ? We will use a forward voltage of approximately
2 V for either LED.

Solution:

50𝑉 − 2𝑉
𝐼𝑆=
2.2𝑘Ω
𝐼𝑆= 21.8𝑚𝐴

Reference: Malvino, A., Bates, D., & Hoppe, P. (2021). Electronic Principles (9th ed.) pp. 168
Application Example 5-12
12. (Interfacing Technique)
In the circuit shown in Figure 12-30 where a power FET (MTP4N80E) controls a motor with
a winding resistance of 30 Ω, and VDD is +30 V. What will be the current flow in the
motor winding when the gate voltage is high (+10 V)?

The MTP4N80E has VGS(on) = 10 V, ID(on) = 2 A, and RDS(on) = 1.95 Ω

Solution:
30𝑉
𝐼𝐷(𝑆𝐴𝑇) == 1𝐴
30Ω
Since this is less than 2 A, the power FET is equivalent to a resistance of 1.95 Ω. Ideally,
the current through the motor winding is 1 A. If we include the 1.95 Ω in the
calculations, the current is:
30𝑉
𝐼𝐷 = = 0.939𝐴
30Ω + 1.95Ω

Reference: Malvino, A., Bates, D., & Hoppe, P. (2021). Electronic Principles (9th ed.) pp. 498
Application Example 12-9
13. (Transducers)

Solution:
𝑉𝐼𝑁(𝐶𝑀) = 0.5𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 0.5(15𝑉) = 7.5𝑉
100𝑘Ω
𝐴𝑉 = − = −100
1𝑘Ω
10Ω
𝑉𝑖𝑛 = (15𝑉) = 37.5𝑚𝑉
4(1𝑘Ω)
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −100(37.5𝑚𝑉) = −3.75𝑉
10
𝐴𝑉(𝐶𝑀) = ±4 = ±0.004
1𝑘Ω
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡(𝐶𝑀) = ±0.004(7.5𝑉) = ±0.03𝑉
100
𝐶𝑀𝑅𝑅 = = 25000
0.0004

Reference: Malvino, A., Bates, D., & Hoppe, P. (2021). Electronic Principles (9th ed.) pp. 764 Figure
18-17
14. (Interfacing Technique/Instrumentation)

In Fig. 18-18, R1 = 1 kΩ, R2 = 100 kΩ, and R = 10 kΩ. What is the differential voltage gain
of the instrumentation amplifier? What is the common-mode voltage gain if the resistor
tolerances in the second stage are ±0.01 percent? If Vin = 10 mV and Vin(CM) = 10 V,
what are the values of the differential and common-mode output signals?

Solution:
Voltage gain of the preamp is:
100𝑘Ω
𝐴𝑉 = + 1 = 101
1𝑘Ω

Since the voltage gain of the second stage is −1, the voltage gain of the instrumentation
amplifier is −101. The common-mode voltage gain of the second stage is:
𝐴𝑉(𝐶𝑀) = ±2(0.01%) = ±2(0.0001) = ±0.0002

Since the first stage has a common-mode voltage gain of 1, the common-mode voltage
gain of the instrumentation amplifier is ±0.0002. A differential input signal of 10 mV will
produce an output signal of:
𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 = −101(10𝑚𝑉) = −1.01𝑉

A common-mode signal of 10 V will produce an output signal of:

𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇(𝐶𝑀) = ±0.0002(10𝑉) = ±2𝑚𝑉

Reference: Malvino, A., Bates, D., & Hoppe, P. (2021). Electronic Principles (9th ed.) pp. 767
Application Example 18-4
15. (Data Acquisition)
To determine the D/A converter’s output voltage, you must first change the binary input
value to its decimal-equivalent value BIN. This can be done by:

Then the output voltage will be found by:

; Where N equals the number of inputs.

In a 4-bit R/2R ladder D/A converter shown in Figure, D0 = 1, D1 = 0, D2 = 0, and D3 = 1.

Using a Vref value of +5 V, determine the decimal equivalent of the binary input (BIN) and
the output voltage of the converter.

Solution:
𝐵𝐼𝑁 = (1 × 20 ) + (0 × 21 ) + (0 × 22 ) + (1 × 23 )
𝐵𝐼𝑁 = 9

Output voltage:
9
𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 = − ( ) (2)(5𝑉)
24
𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 = −5.625 𝑉

Reference: Malvino, A., Bates, D., & Hoppe, P. (2021). Electronic Principles (9th ed.) pp. 774
Application Example 18-6
 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

16. Convert the following decimal numbers to BCD equivalents:

(a) 20

Solution: 0 − 0000

2 − 0010 20 = 0010 0000

(b) 92

Solution: 2 − 0010

9 − 1001 92 = 1001 0010

Reference: Bolton, W. (4th ed.). Programmable Logic Controllers. Newnes/Elsevier. — Problem 9 from
p. 52 (Number Systems).

17. Convert the following signed two’s complement binary 8-bit numbers to their denary
equivalents:

(a) 1111 0000

Solution:

𝑀𝑆𝐵 = 1 = 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐴𝑑𝑑 1: 0000 1111 + 1 = 0001 0000

𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠: 0000 1111 1111 0000 = −16

(b) 1100 1001

Solution:

𝑀𝑆𝐵 = 1 𝐴𝑑𝑑 1 = 0011 0110 + 1 = 0011 0111

𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠: 0011 0110 1100 1001 = −55

Reference: Bolton, W. (q4th ed.). Programmable Logic Controllers. Newnes/Elsevier. — Problem 11

from p. 52 (Number Systems)
18. How many bits can a 2K memory store?

a. 2,048 bits c. 16,384 bits

b. 8,192 bits d. 32,768 bits

Solution:

2𝐾 = 2 ∗ 1024

2𝐾 = 2048

Reference: Bolton, W. (4th ed.). Programmable Logic Controllers. Newnes/Elsevier. — Problem 10

from p. 16 (Programmable Logic Controllers).

19. The change in resistance of an electrical resistance strain gauge with a gauge factor
of 2.0 and resistance 100 Ω when subject to a strain of 0.001 is:

a. 0.0002 Ω c. 0.02 Ω
b. 0.002 Ω d. 0.2 Ω

Solution:

∆𝑅 = 𝐺𝐹 ∗ 𝑅 ∗ ∈

∆𝑅 = 2.0 ∗ 100 ∗ 0.001

∆𝑅 = 0.2 Ω

Reference: Bolton, W. (4th ed.). Programmable Logic Controllers. Newnes/Elsevier. — Problem 4 from
p. 42 (Input-Output Devices).
Problem 20 concern a 4-bit shift register, involving internal relays IR 1, IR 2, IR 3 and IR 4,
which has been reset to 0, 0, 0, 0.

20. With a pulse input of 1 to the OUT of the shift register, there is a pulse input to SHIFT,
followed by a pulse input to RESET. The internal relays then show:

a. 0000 c. 0100
b. 0010 d. 1000

Solution:

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 0000

𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 1 𝑡𝑜 𝑂𝑈𝑇 − 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 0001

𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝐻𝐼𝐹𝑇 − 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 (𝑡ℎ𝑒 1 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑠 1 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛): 0001 − 0010

𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝑅𝐸𝑆𝐸𝑇 − 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 0000

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒: 0000

Reference: Bolton, W. (4th ed.). Programmable Logic Controllers. Newnes/Elsevier. — Problem 5 from
p. 195 (Shift Registers).

Reference Book:
Bolton, W. (2006). Programmable logic controllers (4th ed.) [PDF]. Retrieved from
[Link]
%204th%20Edition%20(W%20Bolton).pdf