SCIENCE REVIEWER QUARTER 2
LESSON 1: ATOMS
Atoms - smallest unit of an element.
* Nucleus consists (protons + neutrons) and electrons orbiting around it.
* Proton - positively charged
* Neutron - no charge
* Electron - negatively charged
Ions - atom or molecule that gained or lost electrons.
* Cation - positively charge (lost electrons)
* Anion - negative charge (gained electrons)
Molecules - group of two or more atoms held by chemical bonds.
SCIENTISTS
* Democritus - proposed that matter is made up of small indivisible particles called “atoms”.
* John Dalton - all matter is made up of atoms; atoms of same element are identical; atoms combine in
whole number ratios.
* J.J Thomson - discovered the electron using the cathode ray experiment; “Plum Pudding Model”.
* Ernest Rutherford - discovered nucleus; atoms are mostly empty space; electrons orbit the nucleus.
* Niels Bohr - proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in energy levels.
* Arnold Sommerfeld - added sublevels to Bohr’s model (elliptical orbits).
* Erwin Schrodinger - proposed the Quantum Mechanical Model; electrons move in orbitals, not fixed
paths.
LESSON 2: FLAME TEST
A method used to identify metals based on the color of the flame.
Emission - energy released as light when metal ions are heated.
Example Colors:
* Sodium -> Yellow
* Potassium -> Violet
* Copper -> Green/Blue
* Calcium -> Orange/Red
LESSON 3: METALLIC PROPERTIES
* Luster - metals are shiny because they reflect light.
* Malleability - can be hammered or flattened into sheets.
* Ductility - can be drawn into wires.
* Good Conductor - allows electricity and heat to pass easily.
Examples:
* Copper -> electrical wiring
* Aluminum -> cans, foil
* Gold/Silver -> jewelry
* Iron -> construction
LESSON 4: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
* Compounds that contain carbon (C) bonded with hydrogen (H) and other elements (O, N, S, etc.) .
* found in living things (plant, animals, etc.)
Carbohydrates - provide energy (sugar, starch).
Proteins - build and repair body issues.
Lipids (Fats) - energy storage, insulation.
Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA carry genetic information.
Flammability - burn easily
Volatility - evaporate easily
ALLOTROPES
Allotrophy - property of an element to exist in different forms.
Allotropes of Carbon
* Diamond – hardest natural substance.
* Graphite – good conductor, used in pencils.
* Fullerene (C60) – spherical carbon molecule.
* Graphene – single layer of carbon atoms.