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Logic and Quantifiers in Mathematics

The document discusses predicates and quantifiers in logic, providing examples of statements and their truth values based on different domains. It includes exercises for translating statements into logical expressions using quantifiers and logical connectives. The content emphasizes understanding the relationships between various logical statements and their interpretations.

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satremonaa
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4 views2 pages

Logic and Quantifiers in Mathematics

The document discusses predicates and quantifiers in logic, providing examples of statements and their truth values based on different domains. It includes exercises for translating statements into logical expressions using quantifiers and logical connectives. The content emphasizes understanding the relationships between various logical statements and their interpretations.

Uploaded by

satremonaa
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

l.a P.*ai.r.4es q e^r,""l-.

,Fbrc,
l -47 1.3 Predicatçs and Quantifiers 47

e) ]xP(x) b) VxP(x) a\Yn(n*i>n) b} 3n(2n:3n\


_ e } 3x
/--\ -P(ı) d) Vx -P(x) c) fıı(ıı - -ıı) d\ Yn(nz > n\
jV(.r) be the statement'nJr has visited North Dakota,"
(,6"}et l4" Determine the truth value of each of these statements if
'- where the domain conşists of the students in your school. the domain consists of all real numbers.
Express each ofthese quantifications in English.
a) 3x(x3 - -1) b) 3x(;a < x2)
a) 3xil(.r) b} V"r|ü(x) c) -3ıN(ı) _ Vx((-x\z : x2}
c)
-/,--\'
d) V.r(2ı > .r)
/-a ]-r-N(.r) e) _VxN(ı) Q Vx-N(ı) ( l5. Petermine the truth value of each of these statements if
( g"y'"rrl"re English, where C(x) is ".r
these statements into ' ı--dhe domain for all variables consists of all integers.
\,-Y is a comedian" and F(.r) is "x is funny" and the domain a) Vı(nz > O) b') 3n(n2 :2)
çonsists of all people" c) Vn(nz z n} d) 3ıı(ı2 < 0)
a) Vx(C(x) --+ F'(x)) b) Vı(C(x) n f'(.r)) l6" Determine the truth value of each of these statements if
e) 3"r(C(x) -+ F(r)) d) 3ı(C(x) n F(ı)) the domain of eaeh variable consists of all real numbers.
8" Translate these statements into English, where R(ı)
is "x ı) 3x(x2 :2\ b) 3x(x2 : -l)
is a rabbit" and f/(x) is'"ı hops" and the domain consists . c) V.r(x2 + 2 ı t) d's Yx(xz l x)
of all animals.
{ 17. Ş\ıppose that the domain of the propositional function
e) Vx(R(x)--+ l/(x)) b) Vx(R(x) nH(x)} \----l/P(ı) consists of the integers 0, 1,2,3, and 4. Write out
/_\c) 3.r(i(x).-+ H(.ı)) d) 3x(R(ı) n ff(ı)) each of these propositions using disjunctions, conjunc_
( 9"JLet be the statement "ı ean speak Russian" and let
P(ı) tions, and negations.
QQ)be the statement o'x knows the computer language a) 3xP(.r) b) VxP(ı) c) 3x-P(x)
- C++." Express each of these §entences in terms of P(x), d) Vx-P(ı) e) -[Link](x) f) -VıP(:r)
Q(x), quantifiers, and logical connectives. The domain 18" Suppose that the domain of the propositional function
fr quantifiers consists ofail students at your school. P(x) consists of the integers -2, -l, 0, l, and 2. Write
ı} There is a sfudent at your school who can speak Rus- out each of these propositions using disjunctions, con-
sian and who knows e**. junctions, and negations.
b) There is a student at your school who can speak Rus- ı) 3xP(r) b) VxP(ı) c) 3ı-P(x)
sian but who doesn't know C**.
d) V"r-P(x) e) -]xP(.r) 0 -VxP(x)
c) Every student at your school either can speak Russian
Suppose that the domain of the propositional function
orknows C**"
d) No student at your school can speak R ussian or knows
P(ı) consists of the integers 1,2,3,4, and 5. Express
these statements without using Quantifiers, instead using
c++.
only negations, disjunctions, and conjunctions"
10" Let C(x) be the staternent "ı has a eat,'" let D(x) be the
§taternent "r has a dog," and let F(r) be the statement "x a) ]xP(ı) b) VxP(r)
İıas a ferret" Express each of these statements in terms c) -3xP(x) d) -[Link](.r)
of C(x), D(.r), F(x), quantifiers, and iogical connectives. e) Vx((; * 3} * P(r)) v ]x-P(x}
n çt the domain eonsist of all students in your class" 20" Suppose that the domain of the propositional function
ı) A student in your class has a cat, a dog, and a ferret. F(ı) consists of -5, -3, -1" tr,3, and 5. Express these
b) Ali students in your elass have a cat, a dog, or a ferret. §tatements without using quantifiers, instead using only
e) Some student in your class has a eat and a ferret, but negations, disjunctions, and conjunctions"
not a dog. a) 3xP(.r) b) VıP(.r)
d) No student in your class has a cat, a dog, and a ferret. c) V.r((x l l) -+ P(.r))
e) For each of the tkee animals, cats, dogs, and ferrets, d) 3ı((.r z 0) n P(_r))
there is a student in your class who has one ofthese e) 3x(-Plş;) n Vx((.r < 0) + P(x))
animals a§ a pet.
lFor each of these statements find a domain for which the
Let F(ı) be the staternent "x :
x2." If the domain con- statement İs true and a domaın for which the statement is
sists ofthe integers, what are the truth values? false"
ı} P(0) b) P(ı) e} P{2} a) Everyone is studying discrete mathematics.
d) P(_ı) e) 3xP(x) i) VrP(.r) b) Everyone is older than 2 l years"
12" tr-et Q(x) be the statement oor + l > 2x ]" If the domain c) Every two people have the same mother.
eonsists of all integers, what are these truth values? d) No two different people have the same grandmother.
a) 0(0) b) o(*1) c} 0(ı) 22. For each of these statement§ find a domain for whiçh the
d) ]xQ(.r) e} VxQfu'1 Q 3x-P(x) statement is true and a domain for whiçh the statement is
g) Vx-P(x) false"
^..
{ lS.\n"t..rnine the trutlı value of eaçh of these statements
, /the domain consists of all integers"
if a) Everyone speaks Hindi.
b) There is someone older than 2l years.
4E l / The Foundations: Logic and Proofs İ -48

c) Every two people have the same first name. b) All tools are in the correct place and are in excellent
someone knows more than two other people. condition.
Zl. in two ways each of these statement§ into logi- c) Everything is in the correct place and in Excellent
/
^d)}rranslate
\-/cal expressions using predicates, quantifiers, and logical condition.
connectives. First, let the domain consist of the students d) Nothing is in the corrğct place and is in exceilent
in your class and second, let it consist of all people. condition.
e) One of your tools is not in the correct place, but it is
a) Someone in your class can speak Hindi. in excellent condition"
b) Everyone in your class is friendly.
c) There is a person in your class who was not born in 29. Express each of these §tatements using logical operators,
california. predicates, and quantifiers.
d) A student in your class has been in a movie. a) Some propositions are tautologies.
e) No student in your class has taken a course in logic b) The negation of a contradiction is a tautology.
programming. c) The disjunction of two contingencies can be a
tautology.
24. Translate in two ways each of these statements into logi-
cal expressions using predicates, quantifiers, and logical d) The conjunction of two tautologies is a tautology.
connectives. First, let the domain consist of the students 30. Suppose the domain of the propositional functionP(x, y)
in your class and second, let it consist ofall people. consists of pairs ı and y, where x is l, 2, or 3 and y is
| ,2, or 3. Write out these propositions using disjunctions
a) Everyone in your class has a cellular phone.
and conjunctions.
b) Somebody in your class has seen a foreign movie.
c) There is a person in your class who cannot swim. a) 3ı P(.t, 3) b) Vy P(l, y)
d) All students in your class can solve quadratic c) 3y-P(2, y) d) Vı -P(ı,2)
^
equations. / ll.'buppose that the domain of QU,y, z) consists of triples
e) Some student in your çlass does not want to be rich. lJr, y, z,whereı : 0, l, or 2, y - 0or l,aıdz = 0 or l.
- Write out these propositions using disjunctions and con-
/?\rrunrlate each ofthese statements into logical expressions
junctions.
\ ,|using predicates, quantifiers, and logical connectives"
V") No one is perfect. a) VyQ(O, y, 0) b) :I"rO(x, i, i)
b) Not everyone is perfect. c\ 3z-Q(0,0, z) d) :lr-Q(x,0, 1)
c) All your friends are perfect. 32. Express each of these statements using quantifiers. Then
d) At least one ofyour friends is perfect. form the negation of the statement so that no negation is
e) Everyone is your friend and is perfect. to the left of a quantifier. Next, express the negation in
0 Not everybody is your friend or someone is not simple English. (Do not simply use the words "it is not
perfect. the case that"")
26. Translate each ofthese statement§ into logical expressions a) All dogs have fleas.
different ways by varying the domain andby using
in three b) There is a horse that can add.
predicates with one and with two variables. c) Every koala can climb.
a) Someone in your school has visited Uzbekistan" d) No ınonkey canspeakFrench.
b) Everyone in your class has studied caiculus and Ct*. e) There exists a pig that can swim and catch fish.
c) No one in your school owns both a bicycle and a 33. Express each of these statements using quantifiers. Then
motorcycle. form the negation of the statement, so that no negation
d) There is a person in your school who is not happy. is to the left of a quantifier. Next, express the negation in
e) Everyone in your school was born in the twentieth simple English. (Do not simply use the words "It is not
century. the case thaı")
27. Translateeach ofthese statements into logical expressions a) Some old dogs can learn new tricks.
in three different ways by varying the domain and by using b) No rabbit knows calculus.
predicates with one and with two variables. c) Everybird can fly.
a) A student in your school has lived in Vietnam" d) There is no dog that can talk.
b) There is a student in your school who cannot speak e) There is no one in this class who knows French and
FIindi. Russian.
c) A student in your school knows Java, Prolog, and 34. Express the negation ofthese propositions using quanti-
C++. fiers, and then express'the negation in English.
d) Everyone in your class enjoys Thai food. a) Some drivers do not obey the speed limit.
e) Someone in your class does notplay hockey. b) All Swedish movies are serious.
28. Translate each of these statements into logical expressions c) No one can keep a secret"
using predicates, quantifiers, and logical connectives. d) There is someone in this class who does not have a
a) Something is not in the correct place. good attitude.

Common questions

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Evaluate the domain's structure (e.g., students in a class) using predicates like C(x) for "x has a cat," D(x) for "x has a dog," and F(x) for "x has a ferret." The proposition's truth depends on matching student records against conditions: e.g., ∃x(C(x) ∧ D(x) ∧ F(x)) checks if any student owns all three pets. If one student lacks one pet, the statement would be false .

Universal quantifiers are applied to ensure every element within a domain satisfies a given function or property. For instance, if P(x) denotes speaking a language, ∀xP(x) asserts that every person, in a defined set, speaks that language. This involves checking predicates against each domain item systematically. Similarly, for functions like calculating all outputs of a function, ∀x(program output(x) holds true for sequencing .

This involves using predicates that represent specific attributes or actions in universal experiences, combined with quantifiers to frame generality or specificity. For example, translating "All students in the class can solve quadratic equations" uses a predicate Q(x) for "x can solve quadratic equations," expressed as ∀xQ(x) for the whole class. These logical translations provide clarity and precision universally .

Logical expressions translate observations into structured predicates and connectives. Expressions would use predicates (e.g., T(x) for tool x, I(x) for "x is in the correct place," and E(x) for "x is in excellent condition") along with quantifiers. "Not all tools are in the correct place" becomes ¬∀xI(x), and "only one tool is not in the correct place but is in excellent condition" would be ∃x(¬I(x) ∧ E(x)) ∧ ∀y((y ≠ x) → I(y)).

Use predicates and quantifiers to express knowledge statements: e.g., L(x, L) for "x knows language L". To express "everyone knows both French and Russian," use ∀x(L(x, French) ∧ L(x, Russian)). Negate the statement as ∃x(¬L(x, French) ∨ ¬L(x, Russian)), translating to "there exists a student who does not know French or does not know Russian" .

Utilize predicates for behaviors and relevant animal characteristics: e.g., M(x) for "x is a monkey" and S(x,F) for "x can speak French". Translate "No monkey can speak French" as ∀x(M(x) → ¬S(x,F)). Its negation becomes ∃x(M(x) ∧ S(x,F)), suggesting "there exists a monkey that can speak French." Similarly, use K(x) for koalas and C(x,F) for climbing to treat koalas' climbing abilities .

To determine truth values, evaluate each proposition's logical expression within its specific domain. For example, when checking if ∃x(x^2 = -1) is true for real numbers, we find that there are no real numbers whose square equals -1, making the statement false. Conversely, evaluating ∀x(x^2 ≥0) for all real numbers, where each non-zero square is positive and zero's square is zero, confirms the statement is true .

The expressions involve quantifying over a domain of students in a school with predicates such as P(x) for "x can speak Russian" and Q(x) for "x knows C++". For example, expressing "There is a student at your school who can speak Russian and knows C++" can be written as ∃x(P(x) ∧ Q(x)). Similarly, statements for students who cannot speak Russian or do not know C++ can be expressed using negations and logical connectives .

Logical quantifiers convert such statements into expressions involving predicates, like R(x) for "x is a rabbit" and H(x) for "x hops". To express "every rabbit hops," use ∀x(R(x) → H(x)), meaning for every x, if x is a rabbit, then x hops. The quantifiers frame these abilities universally or existentially based on the statement context .

Conjunctions combine simple predicates into compound conditions that describe reality. For instance, if P(x) is "x is in the correct place" and Q(x) is "x is in excellent condition," the statement "all objects are in the correct place and excellent condition" translates to ∀x(P(x) ∧ Q(x)). This checks each object's correctness and condition, ensuring conjunction only holds if both predicates are true for each object .

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