Geometry

A. Parallel Lines

Parallel lines are two or more lines in a plane that never intersect, no matter
how far they are extended.

KEY PROPERTIES

1. Equal Slopes:

Parallel lines have the same slope. If two lines have different slopes, they are
not parallel.

The slope of a line measures its steepness and is calculated as the change in
y-coordinates divided by the change in x-coordinates between any two points
on the line.

2. No Intersection:

Parallel lines never intersect. Even if extended infinitely in both directions,

they maintain the same distance apart.

3. Corresponding Angles:

Corresponding angles formed by a transversal (a line that intersects two

parallel lines) are equal.
Corresponding angles are located in the same relative position at each
intersection.

4. Alternate Interior Angles:

Alternate interior angles formed

by a transversal are [Link] interior angles are located inside the two
parallel lines and on opposite sides of the transversal.

5. Alternate Exterior Angles:

Alternate exterior angles formed by a transversal are equal.

Alternate exterior angles are located outside the two parallel lines and on
opposite sides of the transversal.

6. Notation:

In geometry, parallel lines are often denoted using arrow symbols (||) next to
the lines to indicate their parallel relationship.

B. Triangle Congruence

Triangle congruence refers to the condition where two triangles have exactly
the same size and shape. In other words, their corresponding sides and
angles are equal.

Ways to Prove Triangle Congruence:

1. Side-Side-Side (SSS) Congruence:

If the three sides of one triangle are equal to the three sides of another
triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

This is one of the most straightforward ways to prove congruence.

2. Side-Angle-Side (SAS) Congruence:

If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are equal to two sides and
the included angle of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

3. Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) Congruence:

If two angles and the included side of one triangle are equal to two angles
and the included side of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

4. Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) Congruence:

If two angles and a non-included side of one triangle are equal to two angles
and the corresponding non-included side of another triangle, then the
triangles are congruent.

The side must be located between the two given angles.

5. Hypotenuse-Leg (HL) Congruence (for Right Triangles): @cosenece

If the hypotenuse and one leg of one right triangle are equal to the
hypotenuse and corresponding leg of another right triangle, then the
triangles are congruent.

Correspondence of Parts:

In congruent triangles, corresponding sides and angles are equal. For

example, if triangle ABC is congruent to triangle DEF, then:

B. Combinations and Permutations

1. Permutations:

Permutations refer to the arrangement of objects or elements in a specific

order.

The number of permutations of n distinct objects taken r at a time is denoted

by P(n, r) or nPr and is calculated as n! / (nr)!.

Factorial (!) is the product of all positive integers less than or equal to a given
positive integer. For example, 5!5×4×3×2×1= 120.

Permutations can be with or without replacement. With replacement means

an item can be chosen more than once, while without replacement means
each item can only be chosen once.

Examples of permutations include arrangements of letters in a word, seating

arrangements, and permutations of numbers in a sequence.

2. Combinations:
Combinations, unlike permutations, focus on selections of objects without
considering the order.

The number of combinations of n distinct objects taken r at a time is denoted

by C(n, r) or nCr and is calculated as n! / (r!(nr)!). Combinations are often
used when the order of selection doesn’t matter, such as selecting a
committee, choosing a group of students for an activity, or picking a subset
of items from a larger set.

The formula for combinations involves dividing out the number of

permutations by the factorial of the number of repetitions.

Combinations are a subset of permutations. While permutations consider

both arrangement and order, combinations only focus on selection.

3. Key Differences:

Permutations deal with arrangements where order matters, while

combinations deal with selections where order doesn’t matter.

Permutations involve factorial calculations and are generally larger than

combinations.

Made by @coserece on tiktok

Combinations are used when you want to know how many different groups
you can form from a larger set without considering the order in which they
are selected.
SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1: Permutations of a Set

Problem: How many ways can you arrange 5 books on a shelf?

Solution:

Since the order matters, this is a permutation problem. The number of

permutations of items is n!: 515×4×3×2×1=120 So, there are 120 ways to
arrange 5 books on a shelf.

Example 2: Permutations of a Subset

Problem: How many ways can you arrange 3 out of 5 books on a shelf?

Solution:

Here, we use the formula for permutations of n items taken r at a

Time:

P(n,r) = 72! (n-r)!

For n = 5
5! P(5,3)=(5-3)! 5x4x3x2x1 60 2 x 1

So, there are 60 ways to arrange 3 out of 5 books on a shelf.

[Link]

Functions are fundamental mathematical objects that describe relationships

between input and output values.

1. Key Concepts:

Domain: The set of all possible input values (independent variable) for which
the function is defined.

Range: The set of all actual output values of the function.

Vertical Line Test: A function passes the vertical line test if every vertical line
intersects the graph of the function at most once, ensuring that each input
has only one output.

2. Types of Functions:

Linear Function: A function of the form f(x) = mx + b, where m is the slope

and b is the y-intercept. It represents a straight line.

Quadratic Function: A function of the form (f(x) = ax2+bx+c, where a, b, and

c are constants. It represents a parabola.
Exponential Function: A function of the form

F(x) = a(b)x, where a and b are constants, and b is the base of the
exponential expression.

Trigonometric Function: Functions such as sine, cosine, and tangent that

relate angles in a right triangle to ratios of side lengths.

3. Operations on Functions:

1. Addition

Definition: The sum of two functions/and 9 is defined as:

(f+g)(x)=f(x)+g(x)

Example:

Let f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = x ^ 2

(f+g)(x) = f(x)+g(x)

(f + g)(x) = (2x + 3) + x ^ 2

(f + g)(x) = x ^ 2 + 2x + 3
 2. Subtraction

Definition: The difference between two functions/and is defined as:

(f-g)(x)=f(x)-g(x)

Example:

Let f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = x ^ 2

(f-g)(x)=f(x)-g(x)

(f – g)(x) = (2x + 3) – x ^ 2

(f – g)(x) = - x ^ 2 + 2x + 3

1. Product of Powers 2 ^ 4 = 2 ^ (3 + 4) = 2 ^ 7 = 128

2. Quotient of Powers (5 ^ 0)/(5 ^ 2) = 5 ^ (6 - 2) = 5 ^ 4 = 625

3. Power of a Power (3 ^ 2) ^ 3 = 3 ^ (2 * 3) = 3 ^ 6 = 729

4. Power of a Product (2 * 3) ^ 4 = 2 ^ 4 * 3 ^ 4 = 16 * 81 = 1296

5. Power of a Quotient (4/2) ^ 3 = (4 ^ 3)/(2 ^ 3) = 64/8 = 8

6. Zero Exponent 7 ^ 0 = 1
7. Negative Exponent 2 ^ - 3 = 1/(2 ^ 3) = 1/8

8. Fractional Exponent 27 ^ (2/3) = root(27 ^ 2, 3) = root(729, 3) = 9

2. Roots:

A root is the inverse operation of an exponent.

Basic Properties of Radicals

1. Product Rule root(a, n) * root(b, n) = root(ab, n)

The product of two radicals with the same index is the radical of the product
of the radicands.

2. Quotient Rule (for b ne0)

The radical of a quotient is the quotient of the radicals.

Additional Properties

1. Power of a Radical (root(a, n)) ^ m = root(a ^ m, n)

Raising a radical to a power is equivalent to raising the radicand to that

power inside the radical.
2. Radicals and Exponents root(a ^ m, n) =a^ equiv n

A radical can be expressed as a fractional exponent, where the numerator is

the power and the denominator is the index of the radical.

Simplifying Radicals

1. Simplifying the Radicand sqrt(a ^ 2 * b) = a * sqrt(b) (for a >= 0

Factor the radicand and take out the square roots of the perfect squares.

4. Test a point in each interval to determine the sign of the expression:

For x = - 2 (in the interval (-,-1)) (- 2 - 5)(- 2 + 1) = (- 7)(- 1) = 7 > 0 For 20

(in the interval (- 1, 5) ) (0 - 5)(0 + 1) = (- 5)(1) = - 5 < 0

For 6 (in the interval (5.)): (6 - 5)(6 + 1) = (1)(7) = 7 > 0

5. Combine the results to find where the expression is positive:

The expression x ^ 2 - 4x - 5 > 0 is true for:

x in (- ∞, - 1) cup(5, infty)

Example 3: Solving an Absolute Value Inequality

Solve the inequality: |2x - 3| <= 5

1. Set up two separate inequalities: 2x - 3 <= 5 and 2x - 3 >= - 5

2. Solve each inequality separately: For 2x - 3 <= 5

For 2x - 3 >=-5: 2x <= 8 x <= 4 2x >= - 2 x >= - 1

3. Combine the results: - 1 <= x <= 4

The solution is - 1 <= x <= 4

Example 4: Solving a Combined Inequality

Solve the combined inequality: 1 <= 2x + 3 < 7

1. Break the combined inequality into two separate inequalities:

1 <= 2x + 3 and 2x + 3 < 7

2. Solve each inequality separately: For 1 <= 2x + 3epsilon

1 - 3 <= 2x 2x + 3 - 3 < 7 - 3 - 2 <= 2x 2x < 4 x < 2 - 1 <= x

So, x >= - 1 For 2x + 3 <7:

3. Combine the results: The solution to the combined inequality is: - 1 <= x
<2
Thus, the solution set is: x \in [- 1, 2)

Inequalities are often expressed as intervals or regions on the graph.

C. Inequalities and Algebra

Inequalities are mathematical expressions that indicate a relationship

between two quantities that are not equal. They are commonly used to
represent ranges of values and comparisons between quantities. In algebra,
inequalities play a crucial role in solving problems and representing real-
world situations.

1. Types of Inequalities:

Linear Inequalities: Inequalities involving linear expressions, typically in the

form ax + b c or ax + b ≥ c, where a, b, and c are constants and x is the
variable.

Quadratic Inequalities: Inequalities involving quadratic expressions, typically

in the form a * x ^ 2 + bx + c < 0 or a * x ^ 2 + bx + c > 0

Absolute Value Inequalities: Inequalities involving absolute value

expressions, typically in the form ax + b c or ax + b ≥

C. Rational Inequalities: Inequalities

Involving rational expressions, where the variable appears in the

denominator of fractions.
Exponential and Logarithmic Inequalities: Inequalities involving exponential
or logarithmic expressions, such as 2 ^ x < 10 or log(x) > 0

2. Solving Inequalities:

Same Operations Rule: When performing the same operation on both sides of
an inequality, the direction of the inequality remains the same. For example,
if a < b, then a + c <b+c.

Multiplication and Division Rule: When multiplying or dividing both sides of

an inequality by a positive number, the direction of the inequality remains
the same. However, when multiplying or dividing by a negative number, the
direction of the inequality reverses.

Graphical Representation: Inequalities can be represented graphically on a

number line or a Cartesian plane. Solutions to

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1: Solving a Linear Inequality

Solve the inequality: 2x – 5 < 7

1. Add 5 to both sides:

2x < 12 2x – 5 + 5 < 7 + 5

2. Divide both sides by 2:

(2x)/2 < 12/2

X<6

The solution is x < 6

Example 2: Solving a Quadratic Inequality

Solve the inequality: x ^ 2 – 4x – 5 > 0

1. Factor the quadratic expression:

224x5(1-5)(x+1)

2. Determine the critical points:

The critical points are where the expression equals zero: -50 or x + 1 = 0 x =
5 5ana

3. Divide the numbe, line into intervals based on the critical points:

GoSelece

(-0,-1), (-1,5), (5,00)