CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0INTRODUCTION
This chapter will present the background of the study, statement of the problem, purpose of the
study, objectives of the study, questions of the study, the scope and delimitation of the study,
significant of the study and finally operational definitions of variables.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Historically, in most countries of the world public service organizations underwent rapid changes
after Second World War. Many countries of the world are seriously implementing public service
management reforms with a focus of enhancing efficiency and effectiveness of public service
delivery.
From the onset the reforms were focused on defense sector, economic sector, administrative,
political and law enforcement. Reforming public service management has been an on-going
process in many countries of the developed and developing region for over two decades.
improving human resource policies and providing institutional support for government
decentralization and managing the process through which these reforms could be implemented
and bring change on service deliver Other concerns like cost effectiveness, efficiency,
accountability, focus on results, contestability of advice and services, better performance
management and decentralization of service delivery also contributed significantly to create
pressure for change and reform In the last 30 years, . (Lufunyo, 2013)
Restructuring and reform in the public sector is a persistent theme in the history of British
government, and one that has become a perennial topic of political debate in the British Although
the pace of reorganization in the British state has reached dizzying proportions in recent years
the intensity with which large-scale public administration reforms have been undertaken has
actually varied considerably during the past fifty years. ( andrews, [Link], 2013).
Public sector reform is influenced by the following critical factors: changing functions of the
modern state; structural and institutional conditions of reforms; emerging market environments
and decentralization. New functions of the state have been developed during the past three
decades as a response to the “neo-conservative” reforms, introduced in the early 1980s. Main
characteristics of these changes can be summarized as the development of an of the state and
Improvements in the governments' these two aspects of the transformation can be shortly
described by the terms “stick and carrot”, as complementary elements of this reform process.
The first group of changes (“the carrot”) is characterized by extended and changes in the
ownership structure of the public sector. These changes led to the enabling, facilitating role
regulatory functions. (Adams1991)
The structural adjustment wave had few effects in enhancing social service delivery in the public
sector. Despite the optimism, the reforms in the said countries faced an task as various deep-
rooted socio- economic and political factors undermined the effectiveness of these reforms to
deliver effective and efficient social service provision. Of importance, to fulfill the needs of
broader development qualified professionals and specialized workforce should dominate key
sectors such as health, agriculture, manufacturing, and education. In a study of Somalia’s
agricultural sector, it was revealed that some structural adjustment program policies were
counterproductive discouraging development, instead of advancing it ( Mutahaba et al. (2002).
For instance, the government and international partners like IMF and the World Bank supported
the capacity injection mechanism which aims to support the government minister to recruit
qualified civil savants and advisors to carry out the vital strategic and management capacity
required. On the other hand, the program's sustainability has not been appropriately examined
regarding execution capacity and long-term fiscal continuity Accomplishments under the
capacity injection mechanism (CIM) were unsatisfactory. There has been overstated on enhanced
salary the newly recruited officers instead of restructuring numerous transformations have been
slightly insignificant, and upholding merit-based appointment structures has demonstrated
complex (Tran, 2019).
Regionally the current drive to improve management in governments through public service
reform programs to increase efficiency, effectiveness, and the delivery of quality service to the
public is common to many African countries, including Nigeria.
The public sector has, for long, enjoyed a pride of place, particularly since the post-industrial
revolution era... Governments, in many parts of the world, are structurally and constitutionally
tied to the civil service, irrespective of the system of government almost all African countries are
caught in the web of public sector reform. Good governance and efficient public administration
are regarded as a wishful thought without public sector reform. (Fatile,etal, 2010).
The researcher sought to establish the impact of public sector reforms on service delivery in the
civil service; a case study of probation and aftercare services department. Specifically the study
ought to investigate how the strategic plan, performance contracting, the customer service charter
and results based management approach influence service delivery in the department. Service
delivery is a great concern to the government of Kenya and more so to the end users hence, part
of the requirement for wider economic recovery strategy (ERS) in the public sector reform
programmer (PSRP).
This research study win be of importance to the government of Somalia, probation department,
stakeholders in the correctional services within the community, and to scholars and researchers
who may need such data for empirical review in further studies
The involvement of central governments attempted to diminish an essential characteristic of
structural adjustment programs the connection in which international financial institutions (IFIs)
order relevant policy for beneficiary states (Jibril, 2017).
In light of recent development, public sector reform has become more assertive, widespread, and
increasingly associated with good governance. Thus, many governments and international
financial organizations have frequently demanded benefiting countries to accelerate public sector
reforms in order to achieve government effectiveness. Moreover, many difficulties may arise
when it comes to the implementation of sector reforms. The main challenge faces governments
and international organizations that support PSR's is a lack of leadership commitment and the
limited capacity of public institutions. It has also revealed that many developing countries
struggle to originate public sector reforms at the first stage (Bunse and Fritz, 2012).
In particular that most African states are individualized and characterized by systematic
corruption, nepotism, bureaucratic mismanagement, and little compliance to the rule of law be it
in the procurement process, recruitment process, or resource allocation and distribution.
Their analyses Dipholo and Gumede (2014)
In Somalia, the transformation experienced by public sector reforms over the past three years
remains a work in progress. This process has benefited from initiatives by the government and
other development partners such as the World Bank under a multi-partner fund project which
intends to facilitate the government priorities to improve two key areas in the public sector
namely, reforming revenue and expenditure management, strengthening advanced civil service.
(Westhuizen’s views 2005)
That traditional public-sector reform activity has focused on efforts aimed at rescuing countries
from the financial or economic crisis. The former permanent secretary office of the Prime
Minister Mr. Keynan (2017)
Points out that “there are many good reasons why implementation of public sector reform in
Somalia is needed” (World Bank, 2017).
The multi-partner fund (MPF) could be a significant engine for these reforms. According to
Transparency International, Somalia has been one of the most corrupt counties in the world over
the last decade, and the country got the lowest score (9) in the year 2019 (Transparency
International, 2019). According to a report by Integrity, Somalia’s public sector continues to
suffer from lack of an effective tax administration system, bribery is common in entire public
sectors, and procurement contracts often involve corruption (Integrity, 2016).
This study's primary purpose is to assess how different dimensions of Public sector reform can
help to bring about the much-needed principles of good governance in Somalia’s public sector.
The paper has focuses on investigating two different dimensions /types of public sector reform:
strengthening civil servants, and revenue and administrative policy. Also, examines the changing
nature of public sector reform in Somalia, assesses the significance of two dimensions, and how
they could bring a certain level of good governance.
The starting points for civil service reforms in Somalia are different for the three regions of
Somalia North regions/Somaliland is the most advanced region where most government agencies
are established and functioning, there is a Civil Service Institute with a number of training
programs for civil servants, including a degree program. A civil service commission oversees
competitive entry examinations and strives to introduce other managerial techniques to manage
civil servants Civil servants are divided into four grades reflecting their level of responsibility,
education, political dimension of their work, and skills. ( Mohamed 2019)
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The effectiveness and efficiency of a country's public sector is vital to the success of
development activities, Sound financial management, an efficient civil service and
administrative policy, efficient and fair collection of taxes, and transparent operations that are
relatively free of corruption all contribute to good delivery of public services.
After civil war in Somalia, a public sector reform has undergone a better process of
restructuring in the last two decades. The justification for the reforms has been to make it more
responsive to the needs of the citizen by increasing the levels of accountability, promoting
efficiency and effectiveness, introducing participative decision making and adopting a
customer focused practices in ministries, local authorities and government departments. The
administrative reforms, legal reforms, financial reform, Labor reforms and the review of
information systems and accountability systems
Although there are many efforts by the Somali government and its supporters, the public sector
reforms still can’t cover the capacity of the services that the community needs to be delivered
For that reason: this research is supposed to do father investigation about the Impact of public
sector reforms on service delivery in Baidoa-Somalia
1.3. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1.3.1 General Objective of the Study
The purpose of this study is to investigate the impect of public sector reforms on service
delivery in Baidoa, Somalia.
1.3.2 Specific Objective OF the Study
1. To examines the role of decentralization in service delivery in Baidoa, Somalia.
2. To determine the impact of privatization on service delivery in Baidoa, Somalia
3. To understand the role of accountability in service delivery in Baidoa, Somalia
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
1. What is the role of decentralization in service delivery in Baidoa, Somalia?
2. What is the impact of privatization on service delivery in Baidoa, Somalia?
3. What is the role of accountability in service deliver in Baidoa, Somalia?
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this study is to investigate the effect of public sector reforms on service delivery
in Baidoa, Somalia.
1.5.1 Geographic Scope
This study will be conducted Baidoa or Baydhabo, as is locally known is the capital of the Bay
region, a strategic town in south-central Somalia situated approximately 250 kilometres west of
Mogadishu and 240 km southeast of the Ethiopian border. It is traditionally inhabited by the Digil and
Mirifle clans also called Rahanweyn. The town is divided into four quarters, namely Isha, Berdaale,
Horseed and, Hawl Wadaag. Each quarter is further divided into six sections each consisting of two
subsections and the smallest subsection represents 50-350 households The city is traditionally one of the
most important economic centres in southern Somalia, conducting significant trade in local and
imported cereals, livestock and non-food items.
1.6.2 Time Scope
The study will be conducted between December 2023 and till May 2024.
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE
The overall significance or importance of this study and the beneficiaries of this research work
are as follows.
➢ It is supposed to illustrate a great value to public sector reformers, and policy makers to
embark on efficient policy and decision making.
➢ It may help the people of public sector reforms to be awarded of the essential and
crucial of Public Administration in the community, thus, support and embrace the
subject matter.
➢ The future researchers of Public Administration may become open gate to start
additional research on this topic
➢ Finally, this study after documentation will serve as a reference material for similar
studies in the future.
1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
Public sector reforms in this study are regarded as the process of restructuring or Realign in
public organizations with a view to making them operates in an efficient and Effective manner.
Decentralization is the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those
regarding planning and decision-making, are distributed or delegated away from a central,
authoritative location or group and given to smaller factions within [Link] of decision-making
in which choices made at each level regarding the provision of public services are influenced
by the demands for those services by persons living in such jurisdiction
Privatizations the mainstream of the New Public Management, where the government
contract, franchise, and/or "vouchering" (selling or leasing assets) state-owned assets to private
investors.
Accountability is an acceptance of responsibility for honest and ethical conduct towards
others. In the corporate world, a company's accountability extends to its shareholders,
employees, and the wider community in which it operates.
Service delivery is a business framework that supplies services from a provider to a client. It
also includes the constant interaction between the two parties during the duration of the time in
which the provider supplies the service and the customer purchases it
1.9 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
IV
PUBLIC SECTOR REFORMS
DV
DECENTRALIZATION
SERVICE DELIVERY
PRIVATIZATION
ACCOUNTABILITY