MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
SIALA TECHNICAL TRAINING INSTITUTE
THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
LECTURE SERIES
By D. Otieno, [Link]
JUNE 20, 2021
STRUCTURES II
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1.0 INDETERMINATE ANALYSIS IN MOMENT- AREA METHOD
The moment-area method is useful for determining the slope or deflection of a beam at a specified
location. It is a semigraphical method in which the integration of the bending moment is carried out
indirectly, using the geometric properties of the area under the bending moment diagram.
1.1 Assumptions
i) Deformation is within the elastic range
ii) Slopes are small
iii) Displacements are small.
iv) cross sections are assumed to remain perpendicular to the axis of the beam
We consider a length of beam AB in its undeformed and deformed state, as shown below. Studying
this diagram carefully, we note:
1. AB is the original unloaded length of the beam and A’B’ is the deflected position of AB when loaded.
2. The angle subtended at the centre of the arc A’OB’ is θ and is the change in curvature from A’ to B’.
3. PQ is a very short length of the beam, measured as ds along the curve and dx along the x-axis.
4. dθ is the angle subtended at the centre of the arc ds .
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5. dθ is the change in curvature from P to Q.
6. M is the average bending moment over the portion dx between P and Q.
7. The distance Δ is known as the vertical intercept and is the distance from B’ to the produced tangent to the curve
at A’ which crosses under B’ at C. It is measured perpendicular to the undeformed neutral axis (i.e. the x-axis) and
so is ‘vertical’.
Noting that the angles are always measured in radians, we have:
From the Euler-Bernoulli Theory of Bending, we know:
Hence:
But for small deflections, the chord and arc length are similar, i.e. ds ≈ dx , giving:
The total change in rotation between A and B is thus:
The term M EI is the curvature and the diagram of this terms as it changes along a beam is the curvature diagram
(or more simply the M EI diagram). Thus we have:
Usually the beam is prismatic and so E and I do not change over the length AB, whereas the bending moment M
will change. Thus:
Again,
From the main diagram, we can see that:
But, as we know from previous,
Thus:
And so for the portion AB, we have:
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1.2 Sign conventions
1. When the change in slope between two points of the elastic curve is positive, then a counter-clockwise
rotation should be applied to the slope of the first point, in order to get the slope at the second point. On a
negative slope change, a clockwise rotation should be applied instead.
2. When the deflection deviation is positive, then the elastic curve, at the examined point, lies towards the
undeformed position of the same point (i.e. to get the deflected point we have to move upwards from the
projected slope line).
CASE 1, CANTILEVERS
A cantilever Beam is subjected to a concentrated load at the free end. It is required to find
out the deflection at the free end.
For a cantilever beam, the bending moment diagram may be drawn as shown below
The deflection at A (relative to B) may be obtained by applying the second area -moment theorem
NOTE: In this case the point B is at zero slope.
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CASE 1, SIMPLE BEAMS
Simply supported beam is subjected to a concentrated load at the mid span, determine the value of
deflection.
A simply supported beam is subjected to a concentrated load W at point C. The bending moment
diagram is drawn below the loaded beam.
Again working relative to the zero slope at the centre C.
A simply supported beam is subjected to a uniformly distributed load, with a intensity of loading W /
length. It is required to determine the deflection. The bending moment diagram is drawn, below the
loaded beam, the value of maximum B.M is equal to Wl2 / 8
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2.0 MACAULAY'S METHOD – DETERMINATE, INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
Macaulay’s Method is a means to find the equation that describes the deflected shape of a beam.
From this equation, any deflection of interest can be found.
2.1 General Deflection Equation
The equation Is called Engineers Theory of Bending equation or simply general equation for
bending:
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From the Euler-Bernoulli Theory of Bending, at a point along a beam, we know:
where:
R is the radius of curvature of the point, and is the curvature; 1/R
M is the bending moment at the point;
E is the elastic modulus;
I is the second moment of area at the point.
Where y is the deflection at the point, and x is the distance of the point along the beam. Hence, the fundamental
equation in finding deflections is:
In which the subscripts show that both M and EI are functions of x and so may change along the length of the beam.
2.2 Development
Now consider a beam AB of length L is simply supported at A and B as displayed in following figure, Let us
consider that there are three loads W1, W2 and W3 are acting on the beam AB at point C, D and E respectively and
we have displayed these loads in following figure.
We have following information from above figure,
W1, W2 and W3 = Loads acting on beam AB
a1, a2 and a3 = Distance of point load W1, W2 and W3 respectively from support A
AB = Position of the beam before loading
AFB = Position of the beam after loading
θA = Slope at support A
θB = Slope at support B
yC, yD and yE = Deflection at point C, D and E respectively
2.3 Boundary conditions
1. x = 0, ie point A, deflection = 0, rotation = maximum
2. x = L, ie point B, deflection = 0, rotation = maximum
3. x = L/2, ie point F, deflection = maximum, rotation = 0
Sign conventions
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Example 1 – Point Load
For the beam looked at previously, calculate the rotations at the supports, show the maximum deflection is at
midspan, and calculate the maximum deflection.
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Step 1; The general Moment Equation M
The appropriate free-body diagram is:
Note that in this diagram we have taken the cut so that all loading is accounted for. Taking moments about the cut,
we have:
In which the Macaulay brackets have been used to indicate that when the term involving the 80 kN point load
should become zero. Hence:
Step 2; Macaulay's Elastic Curve Equation
From
We have
Step 3; 1st integration, Slope or rotation equation
Step 4; 2nd integration, deflection or deviation equation
Step 5; The Boundary Conditions
So, using Equation 3, for the first boundary condition, y = 0 at x = 0 gives:
Ignore negative brackets
Again using Equation 3 for the second boundary condition of y = 0 at x=8 gives:
Since the term in the Macaulay brackets is positive, we keep its value. Note also that we have used the fact that we
know C5=0 . Thus:
Which is in units of kN and m, as discussed previously.
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DESIGN IN CONCRETE BS 5268
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(Design in RC to BS 8110 cont’)
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4.0 COMBINED STRESS IN COLUMNS
4.1 Isotropic Members
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4.1 Stresses In Composite Materials (Columns)
The concrete post in Fig. (a) is reinforced axially with four symmetrically placed steel bars, each of
cross-sectional area 900 mm2. Compute the stress in each material when the 1000-kN axial load is
applied. The moduli of lasticity are 200 Gpa for steel and 14 Gpa for concrete.
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5.0 RETAINING WALLS
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***END OF STRUCTURES II, SUCCESS, WE MEET IN III, GOD WILLING***
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