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Class 12 Chemistry: Solutions Guide

The document covers key concepts in Class 12 Chemistry related to solutions, including types of solutions, factors affecting solubility, Raoult's Law, and colligative properties. It provides important formulas for calculations and highlights significant questions for understanding the material. The content is structured to aid students in grasping essential chemistry principles and their applications.

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habeebullahm2009
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14 views2 pages

Class 12 Chemistry: Solutions Guide

The document covers key concepts in Class 12 Chemistry related to solutions, including types of solutions, factors affecting solubility, Raoult's Law, and colligative properties. It provides important formulas for calculations and highlights significant questions for understanding the material. The content is structured to aid students in grasping essential chemistry principles and their applications.

Uploaded by

habeebullahm2009
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Solutions - Class 12 Chemistry (CBSE)

1. Types of Solutions
• Solid in liquid, gas in liquid, liquid in liquid, etc.
• Concentration terms: mole fraction, molarity, molality, % (w/w), % (w/v), ppm.

2. Solubility
• Factors affecting solubility of solids and gases in liquids.
• Henry’s Law: S ∝ P (Solubility of a gas is directly proportional to its pressure).

3. Raoult’s Law & Ideal/Non-Ideal Solutions


• Raoult’s Law: pA = p°A xA, pB = p°B xB; total pressure = pA + pB.
• Ideal solutions obey Raoult’s Law, ∆Hmix = 0, ∆Vmix = 0.
• Non-ideal solutions show positive or negative deviations, can form azeotropes.

4. Colligative Properties
Properties depending only on number of solute particles, not nature.
• Relative lowering of vapour pressure: ∆p/p° = n2/n1.
• Elevation of boiling point: ∆Tb = Kb × m.
• Depression of freezing point: ∆Tf = Kf × m.
• Osmotic pressure: π = CRT.
• Abnormal molar mass: Van’t Hoff factor (i).

5. Important Formulas
Concept Formula
Mole Fraction xA = nA / (nA + nB)
Molarity (M) M = moles of solute / volume of solution (L)
Molality (m) m = moles of solute / mass of solvent (kg)
% (w/w) (Mass of solute / Mass of solution) × 100
Relative Lowering of VP ∆p/p° = n2 / n1
Elevation in BP ∆Tb = Kb × m
Depression in FP ∆Tf = Kf × m
Osmotic Pressure π = CRT
Van’t Hoff Factor i = observed colligative property / calculated colligative property

6. Important Questions
1. Define Henry’s Law and its applications.
2. Differentiate between ideal and non-ideal solutions with examples.
3. Explain azeotropes with types.
4. Derive relation for relative lowering of vapour pressure.
5. Numerical problems on colligative properties (Kb, Kf, π).

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