KTEDMUN’25

United Nations Security

Council
TABLE OF CONTENT
LETTERS
a.​ Letter from Secretary General
b.​ Letter from Under Secretary General
c.​ Letter from Chair
d.​ Letter from Co-Chair
Introduction to the Council
a.​ Members of the Council
Introduction of the Agenda Item 1: The Impact of Wagner Group and Private
Military Companies on Global Conflicts
a.​ What is Wagner Group?
b.​ Areas of Operation
c.​ Current Status
d.​ The Role of the Wagner Group in Global Conflicts
e.​ Effects of PMC’s on Global Conflicts
f.​ The Wagner Group and the Role of Private Military Companies in Global
Companies
g.​ Member States’ Likely Positions
Introduction of the ISIS
a.​ What is ISIS?
b.​ The Caliphate Declaration
c.​ Idealogy and Goals
d.​ Territory and Decline
e.​ Global Impact and Threat
f.​ Counterterrorism in the Post-ISIS Era
g.​ The Fall of ISIS and Emerging Threats
h.​ Areas of Counterterrorism Focus
i.​ Legal and Political Dimensions
j.​ Rehabilitation and Reintegration
k.​ New Threats: ISIS-K and Global Expansion
Introduction of the Agenda Item 2: Counterterrorism in the Post-ISIS Era:
The Global Fight Against Terrorism and Violent Extremism

a.​ New Dimensions of Terrorism and Extremism

b.​ International Cooperation and Preventive Policies

Counterterrorism in the Post-ISIS Era: Global Responses to Terrorism and

Violent Extremism

a.​ What Can the Security Council Do?

b.​ Member States’ Likely Positions

Relations Among Permanent Members of the UN Security Council

Relations Among Non-Permanent Members of the UN Security Council
Ideological Differences and Strategic Approaches
Council Members of Security Council Term of 2025-2026
Letter from Secretary General
Dear Delegates,

It is my utmost pleasure to welcome you all to this year’s edition of our Model United
Nations conference. As the Secretary General, I am incredibly proud to see so many
bright minds gathered with the shared goal of diplomacy, discussion, and change.

We are hosting this conference in a country shaped by the vision of Mustafa Kemal
Atatürk—a leader who believed deeply in the power of youth and education. As
participants in KTEDMUN’25, you are a reflection of that belief. You are here not just
to represent countries, but to represent ideas, values, and a commitment to creating
a better world through dialogue.

I am truly grateful to each and every one of you—for your preparation, your curiosity,
and your willingness to step into someone else’s shoes in order to understand the
world from different perspectives. Over the next few days, don’t forget to engage in
meaningful conversations with your peers. Ask questions. Challenge ideas. Be bold,
but also respectful.

This conference is not only about resolutions and speeches—it’s about building a
community. One where we listen, learn, and grow together.

I wish you all the very best in your committees, and I cannot wait to witness the
thoughtful debates and inspiring diplomacy you will bring to life.

Warmest regards,
Damla Ela Bahadın
Secretary General

Letter from Under-Secretary-General

Esteemed delegates of the United Nations Security Council,

It is a great pleasure to serve you as an Under Secretary General of this committee.

This conference is not merely an academic experience but an opportunity for each of
you to advance your problem-solving, collaboration, and perspective on critical
issues worldwide through thoughtful debates. The current situation of the world is
not heartwarming and that is the point where you have to take action.

The establishment of the Security Council starts with the ‘’Maintain international
peace and security’’ yet we were the ones who could not ensure that in the first hand.
Now it is time for real action; as the Security Council we must profit from past
mistakes, focus on not repeating them, and be willing to maintain peace for the ones
oppressed by these modern wars and focus on the future.

I urge you to recognize the weight of your words, the power of your diplomacy, and
the impact of your ideas. Every motion raised, every clause written, and every stance
defended carries the potential to inspire change beyond these walls.

Finally, if you have any concerns please do not hesitate and feel free to contact me. I
am here to assist you and make sure you have a rewarding experience. I hope you will
leave the conference with another point of view, as a person who can subtilize today's
world.

Warm Regards,
Kumsal AKTAŞ
Under Secretary General of UNSC

Letter from Chair

The Most Distinguished Delegates of the UNSC,

I am so proud to be in this flawless committee and splendid conference as a Chair. I

have no doubt that being on this committee will make you feel special. Along this
path, we will carry out this council in the most realistic way with you, and we will
hold a conference that no one else can achieve. In this council that we will hold for 3
days, we will exhibit behaviors towards cooperation, discussion when the time
comes, and solving problems.

This very special committee will proceed differently from other operations and will
be a perfect opportunity to add experience to your experience. Terrorism is a
problem that has been threatening the world for years. This problem, which is seen
in all corners of the world, prevents governments to a great extent. At the same time,
many wars, political tensions, right-left movements, and many similar problems seen
in the world are shaking the whole globe.
This is exactly why the Security Council, the model of which you will implement to
ensure world peace and security, is being put forward. Here, all of you should come
together in this council and take various actions to stop these threats by considering
them. I am also always ready to be a door for you on this path we have embarked on,
and I am behind you. It is a great honor for me to hear your thoughts, see different
perspectives, see completely different ones, and I am sure excellent works.
Last but not least, I would be delighted to be your guide here. Never hesitate to
consult me ​for any questions, problems, or situations that remains in your mind. I
would be honored to add different ideas to you. I have no doubt that we will have a
phenomenal time in these three beautiful days and that we will make unforgettable
memories for ourselves. I wish you never forget that I am always with you.

Sincerely,
Rümeysa BAĞÇOVAN
Chair of UNSC

Letter from Co-Chair

Esteemed Delegates,

It is with great pleasure that I begin by expressing my extreme honour and pride in
welcoming you all. My name is Elif Beyza Ünal, and I am currently studying at
Kayseri High School as an 11th-grade student. It is with great pleasure that I
emphasise my delight at being able to participate in this esteemed conference.

This conference will represent a significant opportunity for the exchange of ideas,
extending beyond the scope of casual discussions. It is envisaged that the event will
foster innovation on a social, academic and myriad other fronts.

This guide has been exhaustively prepared to provide a comprehensive and accurate
understanding of the characteristics of our committee, its primary functions, its
purpose, and the two agenda items of significant value that we have. It is strongly
recommended that each delegate read this guide prior to the commencement of the
conference.

Finally, it is my sincere believe that the experience will yield numerous memorable
and valuable insights, fostering a enjoyable atmosphere in which personal growth
and development can take place.

Yours sincerely,

Elif Beyza ÜNAL

Co-Chair of UNSC
1.0 Introduction to the Council

“The United Nations Charter established six main organs of the United Nations,
including the Security Council. It gives primary responsibility for maintaining international
peace and security to the Security Council, which may meet whenever peace is threatened.

According to the Charter, the United Nations has four purposes:

➢ to maintain international peace and security;
➢ to develop friendly relations among nations;
➢ to cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights;
➢ and to be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.

All members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry out the decisions
of the Security Council. While other organs of the United Nations make recommendations to
member states, only the Security Council has the power to make decisions that member states
are then obligated to implement under the Charter.” (United Nations. (n.d.).

As mentioned in the text above which was obtained from the official website of the
UNSC, the Security Council is an important and competent part under the United Nations.
Not only being called to a meeting whenever there is a risk threatening the international
peace and security, the UNSC is authorized to take direct actions, such as:

➢ setting forth principles for such an agreement;

➢ undertaking investigation and mediation, in some cases;
➢ dispatching missions; 10
➢ appointing special envoys; or
➢ requesting the Secretary-General to use their good offices to achieve a pacific settlement
of the dispute.

Before implementing such actions, the Council first suggests the parties of interest to
reach an agreement between themselves. If this suggestions fails, the Council moves on with
a meeting to put a peaceful end to the problem by:

➢ issuing ceasefire directives that can help prevent an escalation of the conflict;
➢ dispatching military observers or a peacekeeping force to help reduce tensions, separate
opposing forces and establish a calm in which peaceful settlements may be sought.
 And the council can even take actions beyond these, if necessary, with:

➢ economic sanctions, arms embargoes, financial penalties and restrictions, and travel
bans;
➢ severance of diplomatic relations;
➢ blockade;
➢ or even collective military action.

MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL

Apart from what it mandates and its authorities, and different from the other organs of the
UN; the Council has 15 members 5 of which are permanent, and the other 10 are
non-permanent and selected for a 2-year period.

The five permanent members of the Security Council are France, the People’s
Republic of China, Russian Federation, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland, and the United States of America. These five member states have the
right to veto whereas the other ten non-permanent member states do not. The Permanent 5
(P5) member states are expected to use their veto right diligently, and if possible, come to an
agreement between themselves without using a veto at all.
Figure 1: Wikipedia contributors, 2025

For a Security Council meeting to be commenced all member states must be present. For
further information about the council, you can visit this link:

Interactive Handbook of the Working Methods of the Security Council

WHAT IS WAGNER GROUP

The Wagner Group is a Russia-based, semi-official private military company

(PMC). Although it is not formally part of the Russian state, it is known to have close
ties to the Kremlin and is often used to support Russia's foreign policy goals covertly.

Founded: Around 2014, initially operating in the Donbas region of eastern Ukraine.​
Founder: Former Russian military officer Dmitry Utkin, whose call sign was
“Wagner” — reportedly inspired by the German composer Richard Wagner.​
Financier: For many years, it was backed and led by Yevgeny Prigozhin, a
businessman close to President Putin. (Prigozhin died in a plane crash in 2023.)​

Areas of Operation:

Ukraine (especially in Donbas and during the 2022 full-scale invasion),​

Syria (to support the Assad regime),​
Libya,​
Central African Republic, Mali, Sudan, and other African countries (often to
support regimes and protect natural resources).​

While appearing as a non-state actor, Wagner had deep connections with the Russian
military and intelligence services. Comprised of mercenaries, including retired
soldiers and prison recruits.​
Frequently accused of human rights violations, attacks on civilians, and illegal
activities. Has been targeted by sanctions from Western countries and organizations.​

In June 2023, Wagner, led by Prigozhin, launched a brief armed rebellion against the
Russian military leadership. This crisis was seen as a major challenge to Putin’s
authority. After the mutiny, the group’s influence significantly declined.

Current Status:

Following Prigozhin's death and the aftermath of the mutiny, the Wagner Group's
structure has fractured. Some members were absorbed into the Russian Defense
Ministry or joined other private military organizations. However, Wagner's presence
in Africa still persists, although it is believed to be weaker than before.
Private military companies (PMCs) are non-state entities that function similarly to
armed forces. These companies often operate in conflict zones by providing security,
military training, strategic consulting, intelligence gathering, and direct armed
engagement. In the 21st century, as states have sought to avoid direct military
involvement, the use of PMCs has grown rapidly. One of the most striking and
controversial examples of this trend is the Wagner Group.

The Role of the Wagner Group in Global Conflicts

1. Ukraine and the Donbas Crisis (2014–present):​

Wagner emerged as a tool for Russia to support pro-Russian separatists in Ukraine
without formally declaring war. Wagner fighters operated in areas where the official
Russian military was not visibly present, allowing Moscow to maintain plausible
deniability. This is a clear example of hybrid warfare.

2. Syrian Civil War:​

Since 2015, Wagner has been actively involved in Syria to support the Assad regime.
Its fighters operated on frontlines and also guarded oil fields. This shows how Russia
pursued both geopolitical and economic interests through PMCs.

3. African Operations (Libya, Mali, Central African Republic):​

Wagner has partnered with authoritarian regimes in Africa to provide security in
exchange for access to natural resources like gold and diamonds. This involvement
has intensified conflicts, increased repression of local populations, and led to
economic exploitation.

4. 2023 Mutiny and Aftermath:​

Wagner’s armed rebellion against the Russian military leadership in June 2023
demonstrated the risks of powerful PMCs acting independently. This event
highlighted how PMCs can become internal threats, not just external military tools.
Effects of PMCs on Global Conflicts

1. Reducing the Burden on State Militaries:

PMCs allow states to intervene in conflicts without deploying official forces, which
reduces political accountability and public backlash.

2. Lack of Accountability:

PMCs often operate in legal grey zones and are not subject to the same international
laws as regular armies. This makes it difficult to prosecute them for war crimes or
human rights violations.

3. Prolonging and Intensifying Conflicts:

Since PMCs are profit-driven, prolonged conflicts may serve their financial interests.
They may have incentives to escalate or perpetuate violence.

4. Economic Exploitation and Resource Control:

In places like Africa, PMCs gain control of valuable resources such as mines and oil
fields through agreements with weak governments, leading to neocolonial-style
exploitation.

5. Undermining Local Governance:

When PMCs provide core security services, they expose the weakness of local military
forces and diminish public trust in government institutions.

6. Legal Loopholes in International Law:

There is no clear legal framework for PMCs under international law, which protects
the states that use them and denies justice to victims of their actions.

The Wagner Group and similar PMCs have fundamentally changed the nature of
modern warfare. They allow states to avoid responsibility while escalating conflicts in
more brutal and complex ways. These entities blur the lines between war and peace,
between state and non-state actors, and between legal and illegal actions.

In short, PMCs are no longer just military tools — they are political, economic,
and ethical actors with far-reaching consequences on the international stage.
The Wagner Group and the Role of Private Military
Companies in Global Conflicts
What Can the Security Council Do?

Legal Regulation: Work toward creating international legal frameworks to define

and regulate the activities of Private Military Companies (PMCs).​

Transparency and Oversight: Require member states to report PMC operations

transparently and establish monitoring mechanisms.​

Sanctions: Impose targeted sanctions on PMCs or sponsoring states that violate

international law in conflict zones.​

Restrictions in UN Missions: Limit the use of PMCs in UN peacekeeping or

stabilization missions to avoid accountability gaps.​

Member States' Likely Positions:

Permanent Members:

Russia: Likely to oppose strong regulation of PMCs, as it uses the Wagner Group as
a tool for geopolitical influence.​

China: Generally supports non-intervention, but may cautiously back PMC

oversight, particularly given its strategic interests in Africa.​

France / UK / US: While they have also used PMCs, they are likely to oppose
state-backed groups like Wagner and may support regulatory mechanisms under
international law.​

Non-Permanent Members:

Algeria, Pakistan, Somalia, Sierra Leone: Due to historical sensitivities about

foreign intervention, likely to take a skeptical stance on PMCs.​
 Denmark, Greece, Slovenia, South Korea: Supportive of international
regulation and legal accountability.​

Guyana, Panama: May adopt a neutral or law-based stance, depending on

diplomatic alignment and regional interests.

What is ISIS?
ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria), also known by its Arabic acronym Daesh, is a
radical jihadist terrorist organization that emerged in the early 2000s in the
aftermath of the U.S. invasion of Iraq.

Founding: The group traces its origins to Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, a Jordanian
militant who formed al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) in 2004.​
After Zarqawi’s death in 2006, the group evolved into the Islamic State of Iraq
(ISI).​
In 2013, the group expanded into Syria during the civil war and renamed itself the
Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS).​
Due to ideological differences, ISIS broke away from al-Qaeda in 2014.​

The Caliphate Declaration

In June 2014, ISIS captured Mosul, Iraq’s second-largest city.

Shortly afterward, the group’s leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi declared the
establishment of a global Islamic caliphate, proclaiming himself as the caliph.

The group changed its name to simply the Islamic State (IS).​

Ideology and Goals

ISIS follows an extremist interpretation of Salafi jihadism.​

Its primary aim is to establish a borderless Islamic caliphate ruled by a strict
version of Sharia law.​
The group targets not only non-Muslims but also Shiites, Yazidis, and even Sunnis
who do not conform to its ideology.​
ISIS adopts takfirism, the practice of declaring other Muslims as apostates or
infidels.​
ISIS uses extreme violence: public executions, amputations, stonings, and other
brutal punishments.​
The group made sophisticated use of social media to spread propaganda and
recruit members globally.​
It enslaved minority populations, including Yazidi women.​
ISIS carried out or inspired terrorist attacks in various cities such as Paris,
Brussels, Istanbul, and Nice.
It recruited and trained child soldiers.​

Territory and Decline

Peak (2014–2015):

At its height, ISIS controlled over 100,000 square kilometers across Iraq and
Syria.​

It functioned like a state: collecting taxes, running courts, and providing services in
occupied areas.​

Decline:

The group faced intense military pressure from the U.S.-led coalition, Iraqi
forces, and Kurdish fighters.​

Key strongholds like Mosul (2017) and Baghuz (2019) were recaptured.​

Al-Baghdadi was killed in 2019, marking a major blow to the organization.​

ISIS has a hierarchical but flexible structure, with a central leadership and local
commanders.​
Its funding sources included:​

○​ Oil smuggling​

○​ Kidnappings for ransom​

○​ Extortion and taxation​

○​ Antiquities trafficking​

○​ Donations​

Global Impact and Threat

ISIS operated not only in Iraq and Syria but also established branches in
Afghanistan (ISIS-K), Libya, Nigeria, the Sinai Peninsula, and the
Philippines

The group inspired "lone wolf" attacks in Western countries through online
radicalization.

ISIS-K (Khorasan Province) has recently become one of the most dangerous
offshoots, particularly in Afghanistan.​

Despite the loss of its physical caliphate, ISIS remains a global security threat due
to its ideology and sleeper cells.​

ISIS represents one of the most dangerous and unprecedented terrorist threats of the
21st century. Its ability to seize and govern territory, combined with its global reach
and ideological appeal, distinguishes it from traditional terror groups. While its
territorial "caliphate" has been dismantled, ISIS continues to pose a significant risk
through underground networks and radical ideology.
Counterterrorism in the Post-ISIS Era
The Fall of ISIS and Emerging Threats

Between 2014 and 2017, ISIS held vast territories across Iraq and Syria, declaring
itself a "state." However, following international military intervention and local
counter-offensives, the organization was largely dismantled. The fall of Baghuz in
2019, ISIS’s last stronghold in Syria, marked the end of the physical caliphate.
Nevertheless, its ideology and underground networks continue to exist.

This marked a shift in the nature of counterterrorism. The focus moved from fighting
groups that held territory to confronting flexible, decentralized, and globally
dispersed cells.

Areas of Counterterrorism Focus

a) Military Operations and Security Strategies

The U.S.-led coalition continues to conduct airstrikes in Syria and Iraq.​

Iraqi security forces and Kurdish Peshmerga units conduct targeted raids in rural
areas where ISIS cells are active.​

In Syria, the SDF/YPG forces conduct operations against remnants of ISIS,

especially in Deir ez-Zor and Hasakah.​

b) Intelligence and Cybersecurity

ISIS’s online propaganda and radicalization activities are a major focus of

counterterrorism.​

Many countries now utilize social media monitoring, digital surveillance,

and AI-based analysis tools to detect suspects.​
 Cyber operations are carried out to target communication via encrypted apps and
the dark web.​

c) Foreign Terrorist Fighters

Over 10,000 people from more than 80 countries joined ISIS during its rise.​

Returning foreign fighters pose legal and security challenges to their home
countries.​

Thousands of foreign combatants and their families remain in detention camps in

northern Syria.​

Controversies persist over repatriation, prosecution, and revocation of

citizenship.​

Legal and Political Dimensions

Counterterrorism now relies heavily on international cooperation, through UN

resolutions and organizations like NATO, INTERPOL, and the EU.​

Many states have updated their anti-terror laws to include digital radicalization
and incitement.​

Balancing civil liberties and national security remains a contentious issue.​

Rehabilitation and Reintegration

Especially in Europe, rehabilitation programs aim to reintegrate radicalized

individuals.​

These include psychological counseling, religious dialogue, and vocational training.​

However, public opposition to repatriating ex-fighters is strong in many countries.​

New Threats: ISIS-K and Global Expansion

ISIS-K (Khorasan Province) has gained strength in Afghanistan and is now

considered a global threat.​

In Africa, groups like Boko Haram and ISWAP adopt ISIS’s ideology, fueling
regional instability.​

In Western countries, "lone wolf" attacks by radicalized individuals continue to

pose a serious risk.​

In the post-ISIS era, counterterrorism involves dealing with a complex,

multi-layered challenge that is not limited to a single group. While physical
battles have declined, terrorism persists in different forms. Effective
counterterrorism requires a coordinated effort across intelligence, law
enforcement, cybersecurity, legal frameworks, and community-based prevention.

Counterterrorism in the Post-ISIS Era: The Global

Fight Against Terrorism and Violent Extremism
The collapse of ISIS’s territorial caliphate in 2019 marked the beginning of a new
phase in counterterrorism. However, this did not signify the end of the group. On the
contrary, ISIS’s ideology continued to shape the global landscape of violent
extremism. Today, counterterrorism requires a multidimensional and
interdisciplinary approach that goes far beyond targeting armed groups.
New Dimensions of Terrorism and Extremism

a) From Physical Terror to Digital Extremism

In the post-ISIS era, radicalization increasingly occurs online.​

Social media platforms such as YouTube and Telegram are used for propaganda and
recruitment.​

Online content normalizes extremist ideologies, particularly targeting young people

and inspiring acts of individual violence.​

b) Lone Wolf Attacks and Self-Radicalization

Attacks carried out by individuals who radicalize independently, without direct

orders from a central command, have increased.​

These attacks are among the hardest to detect and prevent using conventional
intelligence methods.​

c) Global Ideological Spread

ISIS’s violent ideology has taken root not only in the Middle East but also in regions
such as Africa, South Asia, and Europe.​

Groups like Boko Haram (Nigeria), ISIS-K (Afghanistan), and ISWAP

(West Africa) have adopted this ideology and expanded terrorist threats.​

International Cooperation and Preventive Policies

a) Intelligence Sharing and Border Security

Cross-border intelligence cooperation has been enhanced to stop terrorist
movement.​

Technological measures like biometric data systems and integrated databases are
being widely implemented.​

b) Combating Terrorist Financing

Financial flows are monitored to disrupt terrorist funding networks, including bank
transactions, cryptocurrency transfers, and money laundering.​

Organizations like the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) provide

international standards for this effort.​

c) Community-Based Approaches to Preventing Extremism

Prevention programs involving education, cultural engagement, and

religious dialogue are being promoted.​

Psychological and social interventions are used for individuals at risk of

radicalization.​

In the post-ISIS era, the fight against terrorism and violent extremism has evolved
into a broad and complex challenge encompassing military, ideological, social,
and digital dimensions. Effective responses must be rooted in multilateral
cooperation, preventive strategies, and human rights–based security
policies. Sustainable peace depends not only on security measures but also on
inclusive and holistic societal approaches to counter violent extremism.
Counterterrorism in the Post-ISIS Era: Global
Responses to Terrorism and Violent Extremism

What Can the Security Council Do?

Global Coordination: Facilitate intelligence sharing, joint task forces, and legal
mechanisms to disrupt terrorist networks.​

Preventing Radicalization: Promote education, socio-economic support, and

digital counter-radicalization programs, especially targeting youth.​

Post-Conflict Stabilization: Support development and rehabilitation programs

in areas affected by terrorism.​

Strengthening UN Bodies: Expand the mandate and capacity of UN

counterterrorism units and field operations.​

Member States' Likely Positions:

Permanent Members:

United States, United Kingdom, France: Likely to take the lead in global
counterterrorism efforts, both militarily and through soft power strategies.​

Russia: Supports counterterrorism efforts, but often faces criticism for using it to
suppress dissent.​

China: Strongly supports anti-terror efforts, especially domestically, but faces

international criticism for its treatment of minorities under the guise of
counterterrorism.​
Non-Permanent Members:

Pakistan: Holds a complex position due to its history as both a victim of and actor in
regional extremism.​

Somalia, Sierra Leone, Algeria: As directly affected countries, they are likely to
strongly support international counterterrorism cooperation.​

Denmark, Greece, South Korea: Support a human rights–based approach to

counterterrorism.​

Panama, Guyana, Slovenia: While less exposed to terrorism, likely to align with
UN norms and support coordination efforts.​

Relations Among Permanent Members of the UN

Security Council
1. China

●​ Ideology: A one-party state governed by a socialist system, presenting an

alternative to Western liberal democracies.​

●​ Military and Economic Power: Expanding influence through the Belt and
Road Initiative and establishing military presence in the South China Sea.​

●​ Relations:​

○​ With the US: Tense relations due to trade wars, the Taiwan issue, and
disputes in the South China Sea.​

○​ With Russia: Developing a strategic partnership through energy

cooperation and military drills.​

○​ With France and the UK: Differences over human rights and
geopolitical influence, particularly in Africa.​
2. France

●​ Ideology: Committed to liberal democracy and human rights in its foreign

policy.​

●​ Military and Economic Power: Maintains influence in Africa and leads

military operations in former colonies.​

●​ Relations:​

○​ With the US: Strong cooperation through NATO, but occasional

policy differences.​

○​ With China and Russia: Tensions over international law and human
rights issues.​

3. Russia

●​ Ideology: Governed by a centralized, authoritarian model that often counters

Western interventionist policies.​

●​ Military and Economic Power: Notable for its military operations (e.g.,
Ukraine) and control over energy supplies.​

●​ Relations:​

○​ With the US and Europe: Contentious relations due to the Ukraine

conflict, cyber operations, and election interference.​

○​ With China: Strengthening strategic alignment as a counterweight to

Western dominance.​

4. United Kingdom

●​ Ideology: Liberal democratic system, strong advocate for free-market

principles.​

●​ Military and Economic Power: A leading NATO member and global

financial hub.​

●​ Relations:​
 ○​ With the US: Maintains a “Special Relationship” with deep strategic
ties.​

○​ With China and Russia: Frictions over cybersecurity, human rights,

and global influence.​

5. United States

●​ Ideology: Promoter of liberal democracy and open markets.​

●​ Military and Economic Power: The world's largest economy and military
power.​

●​ Relations:​

○​ With China: Competing on trade, technology, and geopolitical

influence (e.g., Taiwan).​

○​ With Russia: Deep disputes over Ukraine, cyber threats, and strategic
competition.​

○​ With Europe: Strong cooperation through NATO and global

institutions.​

Relations Among Non-Permanent Members

1. Algeria

●​ With France: Complicated by colonial history and memory politics.​

●​ With African countries: Strong ties through the African Union and
regional diplomacy.​

2. Denmark

●​ With EU countries: Engaged in economic and political integration.​

●​ With NATO: Active in collective defense and international peacekeeping.​

3. Greece

●​ With Turkey: Ongoing disputes over the Aegean Sea and Cyprus.​

●​ With the EU: Committed to European integration and regional stability.​

4. Guyana

●​ With Caribbean states: Cooperates through CARICOM.​

●​ With Venezuela: Involved in a territorial dispute over the Essequibo region.​

5. Pakistan

●​ With India: Long-standing conflict over Kashmir.​

●​ With China: Strategic alliance through the China-Pakistan Economic

Corridor (CPEC).​

6. Panama

●​ With the US: Historical ties over the Panama Canal and security
cooperation.​

●​ With Latin America: Engages in regional economic and diplomatic

networks.​

7. Republic of Korea (South Korea)

●​ With North Korea: Persistent tension over nuclear weapons and security.​

●​ With the US: Close alliance focused on security and defense.​

8. Sierra Leone

●​ With West African states: Cooperation through ECOWAS for peace and
development.​

●​ With the UN: Past recipient of UN peacekeeping missions post-civil war.​

9. Slovenia

●​ With EU countries: Active in European political and economic structures.​

●​ With Balkan states: Engaged in post-conflict reconciliation and regional

cooperation.​

10. Somalia

●​ With African nations: Works with the African Union on peacekeeping and
governance.​

●​ With international institutions: Relies on foreign aid and

counterterrorism support.​

Ideological Differences and Strategic Approaches

●​ Among Permanent Members:​

○​ Western Bloc (US, UK, France): Emphasize democracy, rule of

law, and open markets.​

○​ Eastern Bloc (China, Russia): Prioritize state sovereignty,

non-intervention, and alternative governance models.​

●​ Among Non-Permanent Members:​

○​ Developing Countries (e.g., Algeria, Pakistan, Somalia): Focus

on sovereignty, anti-interventionism, and development.​

○​ Developed Democracies (e.g., Denmark, Greece, South

Korea): Promote human rights, environmental goals, and collective
security.​

The relationships among the members of the UN Security Council are shaped by
historical ties, ideological differences, and strategic interests. While the permanent
members wield global influence through their veto power, the non-permanent
members represent diverse regional perspectives and often seek to amplify their
voices on key global issues. These dynamics reflect the complexity and multilayered
nature of international diplomacy and global governance.

Council Members of Security Council Term of

2025-2026

Permanent

1- China
2- France
3- Russian Federation
4- United Kingdom
5- United States

Non-Permanent

1- Algeria
2- Denmark
3- Greece
4- Guyana
5- Pakistan
6- Panama
7- Republic Of Korea
8- Sierra Leone
9- Slovenia
10- Somalia
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Galeotti, M. (2022). Putin's Wars: From Chechnya to Ukraine. Bloomsbury

Academic.​
→ Provides context on Russian military strategies and the role of groups like
Wagner.​

Sukhankin, S. (2019). “Continuing War by Other Means: The Case of Wagner,

Russia’s Premier Private Military Company in the Middle East.” The
Jamestown Foundation.​
Retrieved from:
[Link]
the-middle-east/​

United Nations Security Council. (2021). Final Report of the Panel of Experts
on the Central African Republic.​
Retrieved from:
[Link]
s​
→ Documents Wagner’s activities in Africa, including links to human rights
abuses.​

Rondeaux, C. (2021). Decoding the Wagner Group: Analyzing the Role of

Private Military Contractors in Russian Foreign Policy. New America.​
Retrieved from:
[Link]
agner-group/​

BBC News. (2023). Wagner Rebellion: What Happened in June 2023?​

Retrieved from: [Link]
→ Summarizes the mutiny led by Yevgeny Prigozhin and its implications.​

Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). (2022). Russia’s Wagner Group

Explained.​
Retrieved from: [Link]

Human Rights Watch. (2021). Abuses by Russia’s Wagner Group in Libya

and the Central African Republic.​
Retrieved from:
[Link]
s-linked-wagner-group​

Spearin, C. (2018). “Private Military and Security Companies and the New
Wars.” Journal of International Affairs, 71(1), 131–146.​
→ Offers academic insight into how PMCs impact modern conflict dynamics.​

United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism (UNOCT) – "Countering

Terrorist Ideologies"​
[Link]

Global Coalition Against Daesh​

[Link]

Financial Action Task Force (FATF) – “Terrorist Financing”​

[Link]

Europol – "EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT)"​

[Link]

NATO Counter-Terrorism Policy Guidelines ​

[Link]

Daniel Byman, "After the Caliphate: The Future of the Islamic State
Movement", Foreign Affairs, 2020.​

Bruce Hoffman & Colin P. Clarke, "The Future of Global Jihad: ISIS,
al-Qaeda, and Beyond", Columbia University Press, 2023.​

Gilles Kepel, "Terror in France: The Rise of Jihad in the West", Princeton
University Press, 2017.​
Raffaello Pantucci, "We Love Death as You Love Life: Britain’s Suburban
Terrorists", Hurst Publishers, 2015.​

Thomas Hegghammer, "Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and

Pan-Islamism since 1979", Cambridge University Press, 2010.​

SETA Vakfı – “IŞİD Sonrası Irak ve Suriye’de Güvenlik Sorunları” (Analiz

raporları).​

ORSAM (Ortadoğu Araştırmaları Merkezi) ​

T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı / EGM TEM Dairesi Başkanlığı

Murat Yeşiltaş & Necdet Özçelik, “Uluslararası Terörizmle Mücadelede

Yeni Eğilimler”