Rolling Contact

Bearings
BEARINGS
• Bearing is a mechanical element that permits relative motion between two parts, such as
the shaft and the housing, with minimum friction.

• The functions of the bearing are as follows:

(i) The bearing ensures free rotation of the shaft or the axle with minimum friction.
(ii) The bearing supports the shaft or the axle and holds it in the correct position.
(iii) The bearing takes up the forces that act on the shaft or the axle and transmits
them to the frame or the foundation.
BEARINGS
• Bearings are classified in different ways; Depending upon the direction of force that acts
on them, bearings are classified into two categories:

(a) Radial bearing (b) Thrust bearing

It supports the load, which is It supports the load, which acts along
perpendicular to the axis of the shaft. the axis of the shaft.
BEARINGS
• The most important criterion to classify
the bearings is the type of friction
between the shaft and the bearing
surface.

• Depending upon the type of friction,

bearings are classified into two main
groups—

[Link] contact bearings

[Link] contact bearings
BEARINGS
Sliding contact bearings :
•Sliding contact bearings are also called plain bearings, journal bearings or sleeve bearings.
•In this case, the surface of the shaft slides over the surface of the bush resulting in friction
and wear.
•In order to reduce the friction, these two surfaces are separated by a film of lubricating
oil. The bush is made of special bearing material like white metal or bronze.

Rolling contact bearings :

•Rolling contact bearings are also called antifriction bearings or simply ball bearings.
•Rolling elements, such as balls or rollers, are introduced between the surfaces that are in
relative motion.
•In this type of bearing, sliding friction is replaced by rolling friction.
ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:
• For starting condition and at moderate speeds, the friction losses in rolling contact
bearing are lower than that of equivalent hydrodynamic journal bearing.
• This is because the sliding contact is replaced by rolling contact resulting in low
coefficient of friction.
• Therefore, rolling contact bearings are called 'antifriction' bearings. However, this is a
misnomer.
• There is always contacting surfaces between the rolling element and the inner and outer
cages.
• A rolling contact bearing consists of four parts—
1. inner and outer races,
2. a rolling element like ball,
3. roller or needle
4. a cage which holds the rolling elements together and spaces them evenly around the
periphery of the shaft.
ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:
• Depending upon the direction of load, the bearings are also classified as radial bearing
and thrust bearing.
• There is, however, no clear distinction between these two groups. Certain types of radial
bearings can also take thrust load, while some thrust bearings are capable of taking
radial loads.
• The types of rolling contact bearings, which are frequently used, are shown in Fig.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:
1. Deep Groove Ball Bearing:

• The most frequently used bearing is the deep groove ball bearing. It is found in
almost. all kinds of products in general mechanical engineering. In this type of
bearing, the radius of the ball is slightly less than the radii of curvature of the
grooves in the races.
• Kinematically, this gives a point contact between the balls and the races. Therefore,
the balls and the races may roll freely without any sliding.

Advantages:
• Due to relatively large size of the balls, deep groove ball bearing has high load
carrying capacity.
• Deep groove ball bearing takes loads in the radial as well as axial direction.
• Due to point contact between the balls and races, frictional loss and the
resultant temperature rise is less in this bearing. The maximum permissible
speed of the shaft depends upon the temperature rise of the bearing. Therefore,
deep groove ball bearing gives excellent performance, especially in high speed
applications.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:
1. Deep Groove Ball Bearing:

Advantages:
• Deep groove ball bearing generates less noise due to point contact.
• Deep groove ball bearings are available with bore diameters from a few
millimeters to 400 millimeters.

Disadvantages:
• Deep groove ball bearing is not self-aligning. Accurate alignment between axes
of the shaft and the housing bore is required.
• Deep groove ball bearing has poor rigidity compared with roller bearing. This is
due to the point contact compared with the line contact in case of roller bearing.
It is unsuitable for machine tool spindles where rigidity is important
consideration.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:
2. Cylindrical Roller Bearing:

• When maximum load carrying capacity is required in a given space, the point contact
in ball bearing is replaced by the line contact of roller bearing. A cylindrical roller
bearing consists of relatively short rollers that are positioned and guided by the
cage.
Advantages:
• Due to line contact between rollers and races, the radial load carrying capacity of the
cylindrical roller bearing is very high.
• Cylindrical roller bearing is more rigid than ball bearing.
• The coefficient of friction is low and frictional loss is less in high-speed applications.

Disadvantages:
• In general, cylindrical roller bearing cannot take thrust load.
• Cylindrical roller bearing is not self-aligning. It cannot tolerate misalignment. It needs
precise alignment between axes of the shaft and the bore of the housing. .
• Cylindrical roller bearing generates more noise.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:
3. Angular Contact Bearing:

• In angular contact bearing, the grooves in inner and outer races are so shaped that
the line of reaction at the contact between balls and races makes an angle with the
axis of the bearing.
• This reaction has two components—radial and axial.
• Therefore, angular contact bearing can take radial and thrust loads.
• Angular contact bearings are often used in pairs, either side by side or at the
opposite ends of the shaft, in order to take the thrust load in both directions.
• These bearings are assembled with a specific magnitude of preload.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:
3. Angular Contact Bearing:

Advantages:
•Angular contact bearing can take both radial and thrust loads.
•In angular contact bearing, one side of the groove in the outer race is cut away to
permit the insertion of larger number of balls than that of deep groove ball bearing.
This permits the bearing to carry relatively large axial and radial loads. Therefore, the
load carrying capacity of angular contact bearing is more than that of deep groove ball
bearing.

Disadvantages:
•Two bearings are required to take thrust load in both directions.
•The angular contact bearing must be mounted without axial play.
•The angular contact bearing requires initial pre-loading.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

4. Self aligning Bearing:

• There are two types of self aligning rolling contact bearings, viz., self aligning ball
bearing and spherical roller bearing.
• The principle of self-aligning bearing is explained in the next section. The self-
aligning ball bearing consists of two rows of balls, which roll on a common spherical
surface in the outer race.
• In this case, the assembly of the shaft, the inner race and the balls with cage can
freely roll and adjust itself to the angular misalignment of the shaft.
• There is similar arrangement in the spherical roller where balls are replaced by two
rows of bearing, spherical rollers, which run on a common spherical surface in the
outer race.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

4. Self aligning Bearing:

• Compared with the self aligning ball bearing, the spherical roller bearing can carry
relatively high radial and thrust loads.
• Both types of self-aligning bearing permit minor angular misalignment of the shaft
relative to the housing.
• They are therefore particularly suitable for applications where misalignment can
arise due to errors in mounting or due to deflection of the shaft.
• They are used in agricultural machinery, ventilators, and railway axle-boxes.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:
5. Taper Roller Bearing

• The taper roller bearing consists of rolling elements in the form of a frustum of cone.
• They are arranged in such a way that the axes of individual rolling elements intersect in a
common apex point on the axis of the bearing.
• In kinematic analysis, this is the essential requirement for pure rolling motion between
conical surfaces. In taper roller bearing, the line of resultant reaction through the rolling
elements makes an angle with the axis of the bearing.
• Therefore, taper roller bearing can carry both radial and axial loads. In fact, the presence
of either component results in the other, acting on the bearing.
• In other words, a taper roller bearing subjected to pure radial load induces a thrust
component and vice versa. Therefore, taper roller bearings are always used in pairs to
balance the gust component.
• Taper roller bearing has separable construction. The outer ring is called 'cup' and the
inner ring is called 'cone'. The cup is separable from the remainder assembly of the
bearing elements including the rollers, cage and cone.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:
5. Taper Roller Bearing

Advantages:
• Taper roller bearing can take heavy radial and thrust loads.
• Taper roller bearing has more rigidity.
• Taper roller bearing can be easily assembled
• Disassembled due to separable parts.
Disadvantages:
• It is necessary to use two taper roller bearings on the shaft to balance the axial force.
• It is necessary to adjust the axial position of the bearing with pre-load. This is essential to
coincide the apex of the cone with the common apex of the rolling elements.
• Taper roller bearing cannot tolerate misalignment between the axes of the shaft and the
housing bore.
• Taper roller bearings are costly.
• Taper roller bearings are used for cars and trucks, propeller shafts and differentials,
railroad axle-boxes and as large size bearings in rolling mills.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:
6. Thrust Ball Bearing

• A thrust ball bearing consists of a row of balls running between two rings—the shaft
ring and the housing ring. Thrust ball bearing carries thrust load in only one direction
and cannot carry any radial load. The use of a large number of balls results in high
thrust load carrying capacity in smaller space. This is the major advantage of thrust
bearing.
Disadvantages:
• Thrust ball bearing cannot take radial load.
• It is not self-aligning and cannot tolerate misalignment.
• Their performance is satisfactory at low and medium speeds. At high speeds, such bearings
give poor service because the balls are subjected to centrifugal forces and gyroscopic couple.
• Thrust ball bearings do not operate as well on horizontal shafts as they do on vertical shafts.
• Thrust ball bearing requires continuous pressure applied by springs to hold the rings
together.
Thrust ball bearings are used where heavy thrust loads are to be carried, for example,
worm gear boxes and crane hooks.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

Materials:
There arc specific materials for the parts of rolling contact bearings.
They are as follows:

• The balls and the inner and outer races are made of high carbon chromium steel
(SAE 52100 or AISI 5210). It contains 1 per cent carbon and 1.5 per cent chromium.
The balls and races are through-hardened to obtain a minimum hardness of 58
Rockwell C.
• The cages are made from stampings of low carbon steel.
• The rollers are made of case hardened steels (AISI 3310, 4620 or 8620). They are
case carburized to obtain a surface hardness of 58 Rockwell C.

It should be noted that balls are through hardened while the rollers are case hardened.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

PRINCIPLE OF SELF-ALIGNING BEARING

• In the previous section, two types of self-aligning bearings, namely, self-aligning ball
bearing and spherical roller bearing, were explained.
• In many applications, the bearing is required to tolerate a small amount of misalignment
between the axes of the shaft and the bearing.
• The misalignment may be due to deflection of the shaft under load or due to tolerances
of individual components.
• Self-aligning bearings are used in these applications. The principle of self-aligning bearing
is illustrated in Fig.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

PRINCIPLE OF SELF-ALIGNING BEARING

• A shaft perfectly aligned, with the bearing is shown in Fig. (a). When the shaft is deflected
under the load, it exerts pressure at the edges of the bearing as shown in. Fig. (b).
• The edge pressure is dangerous and may result in undue. wear and breakdown of the oil
film.
• In self-aligning bearing, the external surface of the bearing bush is made spherical as
shown in Fig. 15.4(c).
• The center of this spherical surface is at the center of the bearing. Therefore, the bush is
free to roll in its seat and align itself with the journal.
• Arrangement is made to provide lubricant between the spherical surfaces of the bush and
its, seat in order to reduce the friction.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

PRINCIPLE OF SELF-ALIGNING BEARING

• This principle is used in self-aligning ball bearings and,

spherical roller bearings. It is illustrated in Fig. 15.5.

• The angular misalignment α is exaggerated in the figure.

Self-aligning bearings are commonly employed when
accurate alignment is impossible or unfeasible
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

SELECTION OF BEARING-TYPE

The selection of the type of bearing in a particular application depends upon the
requirement of the application and the characteristics of different types of bearings.
The guidelines for selecting a proper type of bearing are s follows:
(i) For low and medium radial loads, ball bearings are used, whereas for heavy loads
and large shaft diameters, roller bearings are selected.
(ii) Self-aligning ball bearings and spherical roller bearings are used in applications
where a misalignment between the axes of the shaft and housing is likely to exist.
(iii) Thrust ball bearings are used for medium thrust loads whereas for heavy thrust
loads, cylindrical roller thrust bearings are recommended. Double acting thrust
bearings can carry the thrust load in either direction.
(iv) Deep groove ball bearings, angular contact bearings and spherical roller bearings
are suitable in applications where the load acting on the bearing consists of two
components—radial and thrust.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

SELECTION OF BEARING-TYPE

(v) The maximum permissible speed of the shaft depends upon the temperature rise
in the bearing. For high speed applications, deep groove ball bearings, angular
contact bearings and cylindrical roller bearings are recommended.
(vi) Rigidity controls the selection of bearings in certain applications like machine tool
spindles. Double row cylindrical roller bearings or taper roller bearings are used
under these conditions. The line of contact in these bearings, as compared with
the point of contact in ball bearings, improves the rigidity of the system.
(vii) Noise becomes the criterion of selection in applications like household appliances.
For such applications, deep groove ball bearings are recommended.
Knowledge of the design characteristics of different types of bearings and proper
application of the needs of an application enables the designer to select a proper type of
bearing.
The characteristics of the bearing should match with the requirements of the applications.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

STATIC LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY

• Static load is defined as the load acting on the bearing when the shaft is stationary.
• It produces permanent deformation in balls and races, which increases with increasing
load.
• The permissible static load, therefore, depends upon the permissible magnitude of
permanent deformation.
• From past experience, it has been found that a total permanent deformation of 0.0001
of the ball or roller diameter occurring at the most heavily stressed ball and race
contact, can be tolerated in practice, without any disturbance like noise or vibrations.
• The static load carrying capacity of a bearing is defined as the static load which
corresponds to a total permanent deformation of balls and races, at the most heavily
stressed point of contact, equal to 0.0001 of the ball diameter.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

STATIC LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY

• Formulae are given in standards' for calculating the static load carrying capacity of
different types of bearings.
• However, while selecting the bearings, it is not necessary to use these formulae. The
values of static load carrying capacities are directly given in the manufacturer's
catalogues, which are based on the above formulae.
• Where conditions of friction, noise and smoothness are not critical, a much higher
permanent deformation can be tolerated and consequently static loads up to four times
the static load carrying capacity may be permissible.
• On the other hand, where extreme smoothness of operation is desired, a smaller
permanent deformation is permitted.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

STRIBECK'S EQUATION

Stribeck's equation gives the static load capacity of bearing. It is

based on the following assumptions:
1. The races are rigid and retain their circular shape.
2. The balls are equally spaced.
3. The balls in the upper half do not support any load.

•Figure 15.6 (a) shows the forces acting on the inner race through
the rolling elements, which support the static load Co. It is
assumed that there is a single row of balls. Considering the
equilibrium of forces in the vertical direction,
Co = P1 + 2P2 cosβ + 2P3 cos (2β) +…….
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

STRIBECK'S EQUATION

• As the races are rigid, only balls are deformed. Suppose δ1 is the
deformation at the most heavily stressed Ball No.1.
• Due to this deformation, the inner race is deflected with
respect to the outer race through δ1.
• As shown in Fig. 15.6(b), the center of the inner ring moves
from O to O' through the distance δ1 without changing its
shape. Suppose δ1, δ2 ... are radial deflections at the respective
balls.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

STRIBECK'S EQUATION
• According to Hertz's equation, the relationship between the load and deflection at
each ball is given by,
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

STRIBECK'S EQUATION
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

STRIBECK'S EQUATION

• Substituting this value in Eq. (d),

• From experimental evidence, it is found that the force PI required to

produce a given permanent deformation of the ball is given by,

• where d is the ball diameter and the factor k depends upon the radii
of curvature at the point of contact, and on the moduln of elasticity of
materials. From Eq (f) and (g),

• The above equation is known as Stribeck's equation.

 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

DYNAMIC LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY

• The life of a ball bearing is limited by the fatigue failure at the surfaces of balls and
races.
• The dynamic load carrying capacity of the bearing is, therefore, based on the fatigue
life of the bearing.
• The life of an individual ball bearing is defined as the number of revolutions (or hours
of service at some given constant speed), which the bearing runs before the first
evidence of fatigue crack in balls or races.
• Since the life of a single bearing is difficult to predict, it is necessary to define the life
in terms of the statistical average performance of a group of bearings.
• Bearings are rated on one of the two criteria—the average life of a group of bearings
or the life, which 90% of the bearings will reach or exceed.
• The second criterion is widely used in bearing industry. The rating life of a group of
apparently identical ball bearings is defined as the number of revolutions that 90% of
the bearings will complete or exceed before the first evidence of fatigue crack.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

DYNAMIC LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY

• There are a number of terms used for this rating life. They are minimum life,
catalogue life, L10 life or B10 life. These terms are synonyms for rating life.
• We will use the term L10 life.
• The life of an individual ball bearing may be different from rating life.
• Statistically, it can be proved that the life, which 50% of a group of bearings will
complete or exceed, is approximately five times the rating or L10 life.
• This means that for the majority of bearings, the actual life is considerably more than
the rated life.
• The dynamic load carrying capacity of a bearing is defined as the radial load in radial
bearings (or thrust load in thrust bearings) that can be carried for a minimum life of
one million revolutions.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

DYNAMIC LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY

• The minimum life in this definition is the L10 life, which 90% of the bearings will reach
or exceed before fatigue failure.
• The dynamic load carrying capacity is based on the assumption that the inner race is
rotating while the outer race is stationary.
• The formulae for calculating the dynamic load capacity for different types of bearings
are given in standards2.
• However, the manufacturer's catalogues give ready-made values of dynamic load
capacities of bearings.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

EQUIVALENT BEARING LOAD

• In actual applications, the force acting on the bearing has two components—radial
and thrust.
• It is therefore necessary to convert the two components acting on the bearing into a
single hypothetical load, fulfilling the conditions applied to the dynamic load carrying
capacity.
• Then the hypothetical load can be compared with the dynamic load capacity.
• The equivalent dynamic load is defined as the constant radial load in radial bearings
(or thrust load in thrust bearings), which if applied to the bearing would give same life
as that which the bearing will attain under actual condition of forces.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

EQUIVALENT BEARING LOAD

• The expression for the equivalent dynamic load is written as,

P = XVFr+ YFa (15.2)
where, P = equivalent dynamic load (N)
Fr = radial load (N)
Fa= axial or thrust load (N)
V = race-rotation factor
X and Y are radial and thrust factors respectively and their values are given in the
manufacturer's catalogues.
• The race-rotation factor depends upon whether the inner race is rotating or the outer
race. The value of V is 1 when the inner race rotates while the outer race is held
stationary in the housing.
• The value of V is 1.2 when the outer race rotates with respect to the load, while the
inner race remains stationary.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

EQUIVALENT BEARING LOAD

• In most of the applications, the inner race rotates and the outer race is fixed in the
housing. Assuming Vas unity, the general equation for equivalent dynamic load is
given by,
P = XFr+ YFa (15.3)
• We will use the above equation for calculating equivalent dynamic load. The effect of
V should be considered in special cases, where the outer race rotates and the inner
race is stationary.
• When the bearing is subjected to pure radial load Fr,
P = Fr (15.4)
• When the bearing is subjected to pure thrust load Fa ,
P= Fa (15.5)
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

EQUIVALENT BEARING LOAD

• The relationship between the dynamic load carrying capacity, the equivalent dynamic
load, and the bearing life is given by,

where,
L10 = rated bearing life (in million revolutions)
C = dynamic load capacity (N), and
p = 3 (for ball bearings)
p = 10/3 (for roller bearings)
• Rearranging Eq. (15.6),
C = P (L10)1/P
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

EQUIVALENT BEARING LOAD

• For all types of ball bearings,

C = P ( L10)1/3 (15.7)
• For all types of roller bearings,
C = P ( L10)0.3 (15.8)
• The relationship between life in million revolutions and life in working hours is given by,
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

Example 1
In a particular application, the radial load acting on a ball bearing is 5 kN and the
expected life for 90% of the bearings is 8000 h. Calculate the dynamic load carrying
capacity of the bearing, when the shaft rotates at 1450 rpm.
Solution:
Given
Fr = 5 kN,
L1oh = 8000h,
n = 1450 rpm
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

Example 2
A taper roller bearing has a dynamic load capacity of 26 kN. The desired life for 90% of
the bearings is 8000 h and the speed is 300 rpm. Calculate the equivalent radial load that
the bearing can carry.
Solution:
Given
C = 26 kN,
L1oh = 8000h,
n = 300 rpm
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

SELECTION OF BEARING LIFE

• While selecting the proper size of a bearing, it is necessary to specify the expected
life of the bearing for the given application.
• The information regarding the life expectancy is generally vague and values based on
past experience are used.
• For all kinds of vehicles, the speed of rotation is not constant and the desired life is
expressed in terms of millions of revolutions. The recommended bearing life for
wheel applications is given in Table 15.1.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

SELECTION OF BEARING LIFE

 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

SELECTION OF BEARING LIFE

• In the other applications, the speed of rotation is relatively constant and the desii-ed
life is expressed in terms of hours of service. The recommended bearing life for
some of the applications is given in Table 15.2.
• The values given in the above tables are only for general guidance.
• For a particular application, the designer should consider the past experience, the
difficulties faced by the customer in replacing the bearing and the economics of
breakdown costs.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

SELECTION OF BEARING LIFE

 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

LOAD FACTOR
• The forces acting on the bearing are calculated by considering the equilibrium of
forces in vertical and horizontal planes. These elementary equations do not take into
consideration the effect of dynamic load.
• The forces determined by these equations are multiplied by a load factor to
determine the dynamic load carrying capacity of the bearing.
• Load factors are used in applications involving gear, chain and belt drives.
• In gear drives, there is an additional dynamic load due to inaccuracies of the tooth
profile and the elastic deformation of teeth. In chain and belt drives, the dynamic
load is due to vibrations.
• The values of load factor are given in Table 15.3. These values of the load factor
given are used in the absence of precise analysis of dynamic forces.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

LOAD FACTOR
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

SELECTION OF BEARING FROM MANUFACTURER'S CATALOGUE

• The basic procedure for the selection of a bearing from the manufacturer's
catalogue consists of the following steps:
(i) Calculate the radial and axial forces acting on the bearing and determine the
diameter of the shaft where the bearing is to be fitted.
(ii)Select the type of bearing for the given application.
(iii)Determine the values of X and Y, the radial and thrust factors, from the catalogue.
The values of X and Y factors for single-row deep groove ball bearings are given in
Table 15.4. The values depend upon two ratios,

where, C0 is the static load capacity.

The selection of the bearing is, therefore, done by trial and error.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

SELECTION OF BEARING FROM MANUFACTURER'S CATALOGUE

• The static and dynamic load capacities of single-row deep groove ball bearings of
different series are given in Table 15.5.
• To begin with, a bearing of light series, such as 60, is selected for the given diameter
of the shaft and the value of Co is found from Table 15.5.

• Knowing the ratios the values of X and Y factors are found

from Table 15.4.
(iv) Calculate the equivalent dynamic load from the equation.
P = XFr+ YFa
(v) Make a decision about the expected bearing life and express the life L10 in
million revolutions.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

SELECTION OF BEARING FROM MANUFACTURER'S CATALOGUE

(vi) Calculate the dynamic load capacity from the equation
C = P (L10)1/3
(vii) Check whether the selected bearing of series 60 has the required dynamic
capacity. If not, select the bearing of the next series and go back to Step (iii) and
continue.
•Ball bearings are thus selected by the trial and error procedure. The above procedure
is also applicable to other types of bearings.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

SELECTION OF BEARING FROM MANUFACTURER'S CATALOGUE

 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

SELECTION OF BEARING FROM MANUFACTURER'S CATALOGUE

 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

SELECTION OF BEARING FROM MANUFACTURER'S CATALOGUE

• In order to explain the selection procedure, let us consider a numerical example.
• Suppose it is required to select a single-row deep groove ball bearing, for a shaft that
is 75 mm in diameter and which rotates at 125 rpm. The bearing is subjected to a
radial load of 21 kN and there is no thrust load. The expected life of the bearing is
10000 hours.

Step (i) Fr= 21000 N Fa= 0 d= 75 mm

Step (ii) Type: single-row deep groove ball bearing
Step (iii)
Since there is no axial load,
P = Fr= 21 000 N
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

SELECTION OF BEARING FROM MANUFACTURER'S CATALOGUE

 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

SELECTION OF BEARING FROM MANUFACTURER'S CATALOGUE

 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

SELECTION OF BEARING FROM MANUFACTURER'S CATALOGUE

 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

SELECTION OF BEARING FROM MANUFACTURER'S CATALOGUE

 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

SELECTION OF BEARING FROM MANUFACTURER'S CATALOGUE

 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

SELECTION OF BEARING FROM MANUFACTURER'S CATALOGUE

• While selecting a ball bearing from the manufacturer's catalogue, very often a term
'series' of the bearing is used.
• Some manufacturers use terms such as light series, medium series and heavy series.
For a given diameter of the shaft, the dimensions of balls and races are smaller in
the light series.
• The load capacities are less and cost is also less. For the same shaft diameter, the
dynamic load carrying capacity of the bearing belonging to the heavy series is more
and the cost is also more.
• The trial and error method for the selection of a ball bearing begins with the light
series. If that is not suitable, a medium series bearing is selected.
• The last choice is the costliest heavy series bearing.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

SELECTION OF BEARING FROM MANUFACTURER'S CATALOGUE

• A rolling contact bearing is usually designated by three or four digits. The meaning of
these digits is as follows:
(i) The last two digits indicate the bore diameter of the bearing in mm (bore
diameter divided by 5). For example, XX07 indicates a bearing of 35 mm bore
diameter.
(ii) The third digit from the right indicates the series of the bearing. The numbers
used to indicate the series are as follows:
Extra light series —1
Light series — 2
Medium series — 3
Heavy series — 4
For example, X307 indicates a medium series bearing with a bore diameter of 35 mm.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

SELECTION OF BEARING FROM MANUFACTURER'S CATALOGUE

(iii) The fourth digit and sometimes fifth digit from the right specifies the type of
rolling contact bearing. For example, the digit 6 indicates deep groove ball
bearings.

• Light series bearings permit smallest bearing width and outer diameter for a given
bore diameter. They have lowest load carrying capacities.
• Medium series bearings have 30 to 40 per cent higher dynamic load carrying
capacities compared with light series bearings of the same bore diameter.
• However, they occupy more radial and axial space.
• Heavy series bearings have 20 to 30 per cent higher dynamic load carrying
capacities compared with medium series bearings of the same bore diameter.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

SELECTION OF BEARING FROM MANUFACTURER'S CATALOGUE

• The ISO plan for the dimension series of the bearing is illustrated in Fig. 15.7(a). It
consists of two digit numbers.
• The first number indicates the width series 8, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 in order of
increasing width.
• The second number indicates the diameter series 7, 8, 9, 0, .1, 2, 3, and 4 in order of
ascending outer diameter of the bearing.
• Figure 15.7(b) shows the proportionate dimensions of SKF bearings belonging to
different series with a 50 mm bore diameter (Bearing no. 6010, 6210, 6310 and
6410).
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

Example 3
A single-row deep groove ball bearing is subjected to a pure radial force of 3 kN from a shaft
that rotates at 600 rpm. The expected life L10h of the bearing is 30 000 h. The minimum
acceptable diameter of the shaft is 40 Min. Select a suitable ball bearing for this application.
Solution:
Given
Fr = 3 kN
L10h = 30 000 h
n = 600 rpm
d = 40 mm
ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

Example 4
A single-row deep groove ball bearing is subjected to a radial force of 8 kN and a thrust
force of 3 kN. The shaft rotates at 1200 rpm. The expected life L Joh of the bearing is
20000h. The minimum acceptable diameter of the shaft is 75 mm. Select a suitable ball
bearing for this application.
Solution: Step I (X and Y factors)
Given When the bearing is subjected to radial as well as axial load, the
Fr = 8 kN values of X and Y factors are obtained from Table 15.4 by trial
and error procedure. It is observed from Table 15.4, that values
Fa = 3 kN of X are constant and the values of Y vary only in case when,
L10h = 20 000 hr
n =1200 rpm
d = 75 mm In this case, the value of Y varies from 1.0 to 2.0.
We will assume the average value 1.5 as the first
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

Example 4
We will assume the average value 1.5 as the first trial value for the factor
Y. Therefore,
X = 0.56, Y= 1.5, Fr = 8000 N Fa= 3000 N
From Eq. (15.3),
P = XFr+YFa= 0.56(8000) + 1.5 (3000) = 8980 N
From Eq. (15.9),

From Eq. (15.7),

C = P (L10)1/3 = (8980)(1440)1/3 = 101 406.04 N
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

Example 4
From Table 15.5, it is observed that for the shaft of 75 mm diameter, Bearing No. 6315
(C = 112 000) is suitable for the above data. For this bearing, C0= 72 000 N

Referring to Table 15.4,

 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

Example 4
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

Example 5
A transmission shaft rotating at 720 rpm and transmitting power from the pulley P to the
spur gear G is shown in Fig. 15.8(a). The belt tensions and the gear tooth forces are as
follows: P1 = 498 N, P2 = 166 N, Pt = 497 N, Pr=181 N
The weight of the pulley is 100 N. The diameter of the shaft at bearings B1 and B2 is 10 mm
and 20 mm respectively. The load factor is 2.5 and the expected life for 90% of the bearings
is 8000 h. Select single-row deep groove ball bearings at B1 and B2.

Solution:
Given, n = 720 rpm
d1 = 10 mm
d2 = 20 mm
L10h = 8000 h
load factor = 2.5
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

Example 5
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

Example 5
Step I (Radial and axial forces)
The forces acting on the shaft are shown in Fig. 15.8(b). Considering forces in the
vertical plane and taking moments of forces about the bearing B1, we have,
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

Example 5
Considering forces in the horizontal plane and taking moments of forces about the
bearing B1,
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

Example 5
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

Example 5
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

Example 6
A shaft transmitting 50 kW at 125 Tin from the gear G1 to the gear G2 and mounted on two
single-row deep groove ball bearings B1 and B2 is shown in Fig. 15.9(a). The gear tooth
forces are
Pt1 = 15915 N Pr1 = 5793 N
Pt2 = 9549 N Pr2 = 3476 N
The diameter of the shaft at bearings Bland B2 is 75 mm. The load factor is 1.4 and the
expected life for 90% of the bearings is 10000 h. Select suitable ball bearings.
Solution:
Given, kW = 50
n = 125 rpm
D = 75 mm
L10h = 10 000 h
load factor = 1.4
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

Example 6
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

Example 6
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

Example 6
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

Example 6
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

Example 7
A single-row deep groove ball bearing No. 6002 is subjected to an axial thrust of 1000 N
and a radial load of 2200 N. Find the expected life that 50% of the bearings will complete
under this condition.
Solution:
Given,
Fa = 1000 N
Fr = 2200 N
Bearing = No. 6002
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

Example 7
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

SELECTION OF TAPER ROLLER BEARINGS

• The terminology related to taper roller bearings is slightly different from that of ball or
cylindrical roller bearings.
• As mentioned in the earlier discussion, in taper roller bearing, the inner race is called a
cone, and the outer race, the cup.
• The cup is separable from the remaining assembly of the bearing, consisting of the cone,
cage and rollers. These two parts can be separately mounted to the housing and the
journal.
• In this type of bearing, it is possible to make adjustment for radial clearance. There are
two varieties of taper roller bearings involving single-row and double-row constructions.
Our discussion is restricted to single-row taper roller bearings.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

SELECTION OF TAPER ROLLER BEARINGS

• In taper roller bearings, the line of action of the resultant reaction makes an angle with
the axis of the bearing. This reaction can be resolved into radial and axial components.
• Therefore, taper roller bearings are suitable for carrying combined axial and radial loads.
The conical surface of each roller is subjected to pressure, which acts normal to the
surface.
• Therefore, even if the external force acting on the bearing is purely radial, it induces a
thrust reaction within the bearing.
• To avoid separation of the cup from the cone, this thrust reaction must be balanced by
an equal and opposite force.
• One of the methods of creating this force is to least two taper roller bearings on the
same shaft.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

SELECTION OF TAPER ROLLER BEARINGS

• In such a case, the thrust reactions of two bearings balance each other. There are two
types of popular construction with two bearings on the same shaft.
• When two bearings are mounted on the shaft, with their backs facing each other, the
mounting is said to be back-to-back or indirect mounting.
• The construction, which involves two bearings with their fronts facing each other, is
called 'face-to-face' or direct mounting.
• These constructions are illustrated in Figs 15.10 and 15.11.
ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:
ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

SELECTION OF TAPER ROLLER BEARINGS

• The thrust component Fa created due to radial load Fr is approximately given by,

• Where Y is the thrust factor. In the preliminary stages of bearing selection, the value of Y
is taken as 1.5. The equivalent dynamic load for single-row taper roller bearings is given
by,

• The dimensions, dynamic load carrying capacity, values of factor Y, value of e and
designation of single-row taper roller bearing are given in Table 15.6.
• The equations for calculating thrust load for various bearing arrangements and load cases
are given in Figs 15.10 and 15.11.
 ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS:

SELECTION OF TAPER ROLLER BEARINGS

• The equations given in the figures are based on the following assumptions:
(i) The bearings are adjusted against each other to give zero clearance in operation
but are without pre-load.
(ii) Bearings A and B are exactly identical (Ya = YB = Y).
• In the bearing arrangements shown in the figures, the bearing A is subjected to the radial
load Fra while bearing B to radial load FrB.
• Ka is the external axial force acting on the shaft. The radial loads FrA and FrB are always
considered positive, even in cases when both act in the direction opposite to that shown
in figures.