THE CHILD AND ADOLESCENT LEARNERS II.

PIAGET’S STAGES OF COGNITIVE

AND LEARNING PRINCIPLES
DEVELOPMENT
I. FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
1. Which stage is characterized by
object permanence?
1. According to Freud, which part of
A. Preoperational
the personality operates on the
B. Concrete operational
pleasure principle?
C. Sensorimotor
A. Ego
D. Formal operational
B. Id
2. Children in the preoperational stage often
C. Superego
show:
D. Conscious
A. Logical thinking
2. The reality principle is associated
B. Abstract reasoning
with which component of personality?
C. Egocentrism
A. Ego
D. Conservation skills
B. Id
3. The ability to understand
C. Superego
conservation develops during the:
D. Unconscious
A. Preoperational
3. Freud’s psychosexual stages begin
B. Concrete operational
with which stage?
C. Formal operational
A. Anal
D. Sensorimotor
B. Oral
C. Phallic 4. Hypothetical and abstract reasoning
appear in the:
D. Latency
A. Concrete operational
4. A child fixated at the oral stage may
B. Formal operational
develop which characteristic?
A. Independence C. Sensorimotor
B. Talkativeness or smoking D. Preoperational
C. Orderliness 5. The adjustment of existing schemas to
fit new information is:
D. Aggressiveness
A. Assimilation
5. Which stage focuses on control
B. Equilibration
and elimination of body wastes?
A. Oral C. Accommodation
B. Anal D. Organization
C. Phallic 6. A child who believes the moon follows
her wherever she goes is showing:
D. Genital
A. Animism
6. The Oedipus complex occurs during
B. Egocentrism
which stage?
A. Anal C. Conservation
B. Phallic D. Centration
C. Latency 7. Reversibility is best understood by
children in which stage?
D. Genital
A. Sensorimotor
7. Which level of consciousness
B. Preoperational
holds thoughts we are unaware of?
A. Preconscious C. Concrete operational
B. Conscious D. Formal operational
C. Unconscious 8. Maintaining balance between assimilation
and accommodation is:
D. Subconscious
A. Adaptation
8. The Superego represents:
B. Equilibration
A. Pleasure and desire
C. Abstraction
B. Logic and reasoning
D. Conservation
C. Internalized moral standards
9. Symbolic thought first appears in the:
D. Instinctual drives
A. Sensorimotor
9. Defense mechanisms are used by the:
B. Preoperational
A. Ego
C. Concrete operational
B. Id
D. Formal operational
C. Superego
10. Piaget believed cognitive
D. Libido
development occurs through:
10. The process of pushing painful
A. Learning from teachers
memories into the unconscious is called:
B. Biological maturation and interaction
A. Regression
C. Rewards and punishments
B. Projection
C. Repression D. Language imitation
D. Sublimation
III. ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY IV. KOHLEBERG’S STAGES OF MORAL
DEVELOPMENT
1. The first psychosocial crisis according
to Erikson is: 1. Obedience to avoid punishment belongs
A. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt to which stage?
B. Trust vs. Mistrust A. Law and Order
C. Initiative vs. Guilt B. Obedience and Punishment
D. Integrity vs. Despair C. Universal Ethical Principle
2. The stage “Industry vs. Inferiority” occurs D. Social Contract
during: 2. The preconventional level is based on:
A. Adolescence A. Personal moral code
B. Early childhood B. External consequences
C. Middle childhood C. Social approval
D. Infancy D. Ethical principles
3. Developing a sense of identity occurs 3. At the conventional level, moral reasoning
during: is guided by:
A. Young adulthood A. Fear of punishment
B. Adolescence B. Conformity to social rules
C. Middle adulthood C. Individual rights
D. Late adulthood D. Self-interest
4. A failure in “Intimacy vs. Isolation” 4. Which stage involves maintaining social
results in: order and obeying laws?
A. Loneliness A. Interpersonal Concordance
B. Guilt B. Law and Order
C. Shame C. Universal Principles
D. Despair D. Instrumental Relativist
5. In “Generativity vs. Stagnation,” adults 5. A person who follows moral
are concerned with: principles above law is in the:
A. Building trust A. Preconventional
B. Contributing to society B. Conventional
C. Seeking independence C. Postconventional
D. Avoiding guilt D. Obedience
6. The stage that deals with making 6. “I won’t steal because I might go to
life meaningful in old age is: jail” shows:
A. Integrity vs. Despair A. Conventional
B. Initiative vs. Guilt B. Preconventional
C. Identity vs. Role Confusion C. Postconventional
D. Trust vs. Mistrust D. Social Contract
7. Encouraging toddlers to do things for 7. The Social Contract stage emphasizes:
themselves supports: A. Obedience
A. Initiative B. Universal ethics
B. Trust C. Individual rights
C. Autonomy D. Law and order
D. Industry 8. Interpersonal Concordance focuses on:
8. Which virtue results from resolving A. What others expect
“Trust vs. Mistrust”? B. Rewards and punishment
A. Purpose C. Universal justice
B. Hope D. Self-interest
C. Fidelity 9. Kohlberg’s highest moral stage is:
D. Will A. Law and Order
9. Failing to develop a clear sense of self B. Universal Ethical Principle
may lead to: C. Social Contract
A. Role confusion D. Good Boy–Nice Girl
B. Shame 10. Children motivated by rewards are showing:
C. Inferiority A. Postconventional
D. Isolation B. Preconventional
10. Adults who fail to care for the C. Conventional
next generation experience: D. Ethical reasoning
A. Guilt
B. Stagnation
C. Despair
D. Shame
THE CHILD AND ADOLESCENT LEARNERS AND values and ideals learned from parents and
LEARNING PRINCIPLES society. It strives for perfection and judges
actions as right or wrong.
RATIONALIZATION
9. Answer: A. Ego
I. FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY Rationalization: The ego uses defense
mechanisms to reduce anxiety caused by
1. Answer: B. Id conflicts between the id and superego. These
Rationalization: The id operates on the mechanisms distort reality to help an individual
pleasure principle, which seeks immediate cope with stress and maintain psychological
gratification of basic drives and desires such as balance.
hunger, thirst, and sex, regardless of reality or
morals. It is the most primitive part of the 10. Answer: C. Repression
personality. Rationalization: Repression is an unconscious
process where painful or threatening memories
2. Answer: A. Ego are pushed out of conscious awareness. It is
Rationalization: The ego functions on the considered the most fundamental defense
reality principle, mediating between the mechanism in Freud’s theory.
unrealistic id and the external real world. It
helps a person make rational decisions that II. PIAGETS STAGES OF COGNITIVE
satisfy the id’s desires in socially acceptable DEVELOPMENT
ways.
1. Answer: C. Sensorimotor
3. Answer: B. Oral Rationalization: Object permanence—the
Rationalization: Freud’s first psychosexual understanding that objects continue to exist even
stage is the oral stage (birth to about 1 year when they cannot be seen—is developed during
old). During this stage, pleasure centers on the the sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years). This
mouth—sucking, biting, and eating are sources marks the beginning of mental representation in
of satisfaction for the infant. infants.

4. Answer: Talkativeness or smoking 2. Answer: C. Egocentrism

Rationalization: If a person becomes fixated at Rationalization: In the preoperational stage
the oral stage, they may develop oral-related (ages 2–7), children display egocentrism,
habits in adulthood such as smoking, meaning they have difficulty seeing things from
overeating, nail-biting, or excessive talking— another person’s perspective. They believe
reflecting a dependency or need for oral everyone sees and feels as they do.
gratification.
3. Answer: Concrete Operational
5. Answer: B. Anal Rationalization: Conservation the
Rationalization: The anal stage (ages 1–3) understanding that quantity remains the same
focuses on toilet training, control, and despite changes in shape or appearance—
elimination of waste. Success in this stage develops in the concrete operational stage (ages
leads to a sense of accomplishment and 7–11), when children begin to think logically
independence, while fixation may result in about concrete objects.
traits like orderliness or stubbornness.
4. Answer: Formal Operational
6. Answer: B. Phallic Rationalization: Hypothetical and abstract
Rationalization: The Oedipus complex reasoning appear in the formal operational stage
develops during the phallic stage (ages 3–6), (ages 12 and up), when adolescents can think
where a boy unconsciously desires his mother logically about abstract ideas and systematically
and feels rivalry toward his father. Successful solve hypothetical problems.
resolution leads to identification with the same-
sex parent. 5. Answer: C. Accommodation
Rationalization: Accommodation occurs when
7. Answer: C. Unconscious a person modifies existing schemas or creates
Rationalization: The unconscious level of new ones to incorporate new information that
mind contains thoughts, memories, and desires doesn’t fit previous experiences. It allows
that are well below the surface of conscious adaptation to new situations.
awareness but still influence behavior, such as
repressed memories and hidden motives. 6. Answer: A. Animism
Rationalization: Animism is a characteristic of
8. Answer: C. Internalized Moral Standards the preoperational stage, where children
Rationalization: The superego represents the attribute human feelings or intentions to non-
moral conscience of a person, incorporating living things (e.g., “The moon is following
 me”). It reflects imaginative and egocentric 40–65), the crisis Generativity vs. Stagnation
thinking. involves caring for others, raising children, and
contributing to the community. Success leads to
7. Answer: C. Concrete Operational generativity, while failure causes stagnation or
Rationalization: Reversibility, or self-absorption.
understanding that actions can be undone or
reversed (e.g., “If you flatten a ball of clay, it 6. Answer: A. Integrity vs Despair
can be rolled back”), is mastered during the Rationalization: In late adulthood (65 and
concrete operational stage when logical above), the stage Integrity vs. Despair centers on
reasoning about tangible objects develops. reflecting on one’s life. A sense of fulfillment
leads to integrity, while regret or dissatisfaction
8. Answer: B. Equilibration brings despair.
Rationalization: Equilibration is the process
of balancing assimilation and accommodation 7. Answer: C. Autonomy
to create stable understanding. It drives Rationalization: In toddlerhood (ages 1–3), the
cognitive growth by resolving discrepancies stage Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt focuses
between what one knows and new experiences. on developing independence. Allowing toddlers
to make small choices and do things themselves
9. Answer: B. Preoperational fosters autonomy and confidence.
Rationalization: Symbolic thought—the
ability to use symbols, words, or images to 8. Answer: B. Hope
represent objects—is first seen in the Rationalization: The virtue that results from
preoperational stage, as children engage in resolving Trust vs. Mistrust is hope—the belief
pretend play and use language to represent that the world is safe and that basic needs will
ideas. be met despite uncertainty.

10. Answer: B. Biological maturation and 9. Answer: A. Role Confusion

interaction Rationalization: Failure to achieve a stable
Rationalization: Piaget believed that cognitive personal identity during adolescence leads to
development results from biological maturation role confusion, where individuals are uncertain
(natural brain growth) and interaction with the about their values, goals, and place in society.
environment, as children actively construct
knowledge through experiences rather than 10. Answer: B. Stagnation
passively receiving it. Rationalization: Adults who fail to care for
others or contribute to the next generation
experience stagnation, a sense of
III. ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY unproductiveness or lack of purpose during
middle adulthood.
1. Answer: B. Trust vs Mistrust
Rationalization: The first psychosocial crisis
occurs during infancy (0–1 year), where the
child learns whether the world is safe and
dependable. When caregivers provide
consistent love and care, trust develops; neglect
leads to mistrust.

2. Answer: C. Middle Childhood

Rationalization: The Industry vs. Inferiority
stage occurs during middle childhood (ages 6–
12). Children develop a sense of competence
through learning and accomplishments. Failure
or criticism may lead to feelings of inferiority.

3. Answer: B. Adoloscence
Rationalization: The Identity vs. Role
Confusion stage takes place during adolescence
(ages 12–18). Teens explore different roles and
values to form a personal identity. Failure to
establish a stable identity results in role
confusion.

4. Answer:
5. Answer: B. Contributing to society
Rationalization: In middle adulthood (ages