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MODULE 2
2 Marks
1. You are given the trend equation 𝑦 = 210 − 1.5𝑥, Origin: 1981, Unit: 1 year. Shift
the origin to 1977.
2. The fitted trend equation is 𝑦 = 1000 − 5𝑥, Origin: 1991, Unit: 1 year. Shift the
origin to 1986.
3. By transforming the relation 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑏 into linear form, explain how you can apply the least
squares method to fit the curve.
4. Write the two normal equations required to fit the curve 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 for the points
(𝑥, 𝑦): (1,1), (2,2), (3,4).
5. For the data points (x, y): (0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 5), write the linearized (least-squares) normal
equations for the curve of the form 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 .
6. Using the method of least squares, determine the constants 𝑎, 𝑏 if the best fit line is 𝑦 = 𝑎 +
𝑏𝑥 for data: 𝑥 = 1, 2, 3; 𝑦 = 2, 2.5, 3.5.
7. In the method of least squares for fitting 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥, why is it necessary to minimize the sum
of squares of residuals and not the sum of residuals?
8. Define Principle of Least Squares.
5 Marks
1. Apply the principle of least squares to fit a straight line to the following data:
x 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
y 10 14 15 16 15 17 18
2. Fit a straight line by the method of least squares to the following data:
x 0 5 10 15 20 25
y 12 15 17 22 24 30
Hence, estimate the value of y when 𝑥 = 18.
3. Fit a suitable straight line to the following data by the method of least squares and
estimate the percentage of insured people in 2004:
Years 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
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Percentage of insured people 21.3 23.0 19.8 25.6 23.7
4. The average yearly death due to accidents in a certain state is given below. Fit a
straight line trend by the method of least squares. Hence estimate the death rate for
the year 2022.
Years 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
No. of deaths 940 912 1055 1002 977 961 888
5. The production of cement by a firm (in years) 1 to 9 is given below:
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Production (tons) 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 8 10
Fit a straight line trend by the method of least squares and estimate the production in year 10.
6. Fit a least square line for the following data:
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 2 5 3 8 7
Calculate the trend values (𝑦̅) and prove that ∑(𝑦 − 𝑦̅) = 0
7. Given the following data on quantities exchanged and prices, fit a linear demand
curve 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥.
Price (x) 16 10 8 9 6 7 5
Quantity (y) 70 85 100 115 120 124 130
8. Apply the principle of least squares to fit a straight line 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 to the following
data:
x 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
y 7 10 14 15 16 17 18
10 Marks
1. Fit a second degree parabola to the following data:
x 0 1 2 3 4
y 1 5 10 22 38
2. Fit a second degree parabola to the following data and estimate the value for 2025.
Year 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Production (in ‘000 units) 10 12 13 15 17
3. Fit an equation of the form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑏𝑥 to the following data:
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x 1 2 3 4
y 1.65 2.70 4.50 7.35
4. Fit a straight line to the following data and estimate the most probable yield of rice for
40 inches of water:
Water x (inches) 12 18 24 30 36 42 48
Yield y (tons) 5.27 5.68 6.25 7.21 8.02 8.71 8.42
5. Calculate the values of m and k for the equation y = mx + k to show the regression of
profit per unit of output with output:
Output x ('000) 5 7 9 11 13 15
Profit per unit y (Rs) 1.7 2.4 2.8 3.4 3.7 4.4
Estimate the profit per unit of output when there is output of 10,500.
6. The following data relate to results of a posteriori experiment on crop yields:
Units of Fertiliser used (X) 0 2 4 6 8 10
Units of Yield (Y) 110 113 118 119 120 118
Fit a straight line to the above data and estimate the amounts of yield when units of fertiliser
used are 3 and 7 respectively.
7. The weights (in lbs.) of a calf taken at weekly intervals are given below. Fit a straight
line, and calculate the average rate of growth per week:
Age (x) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Weight (y) 52.5 58.7 65.0 70.2 75.4 81.1 87.2 95.5 102.2 106.4
8. In the following table, S is the weight of potassium bromide which will dissolve in
100 gms of water at T°C. Fit an equation of the form S = mT + b by the method of
least squares. Use this relation to estimate S when T = 50°C.
T 0 20 40 60 80
S 54 65 75 85 96
9. Fit a curve of the form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑥 to the following data:
x 2 4 6 8 10
y 640 512 410 328 210
10. Fit a curve of the form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑏 to the following data:
x 1 2 3 4
y 5.0 6.3 7.2 7.9
11. Estimate the constants of the Pareto Curve 𝑛 = 𝐴𝑥 −𝑏 which fits the data below:
Income (Rs x) 150 500 1000 2000
Number (n) 14,00,000 825,000 173,000 35,500
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12. Fit a second degree parabola 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 , to the following data:
x 0 1 2 3
y 1 5 10 22
13. Fit a parabola of the second degree to the following data taking x as the independent
variable 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 , by the method of least squares.
x 0 1 2 3 4
y 1 8 12 35 64
Find out the difference between the actual value of y and the value of y obtained from the
fitted curve when x = 2.
14. The profits (in 100 Rs) of an employee in the x-th year of its life are given below. Fit
a parabola and estimate its profits in the sixth year.
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 1250 1400 1650 1950 2300