CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY

EXERCISE 1(A)
1. (d)
L.H.L. at x = 3, lim f (x)  lim (x  ) = lim (3  h  ) = 3   …..(i)
x 3 x 3 h 0

R.H.L. at x = 3, lim f (x)  lim(3x


 5) = lim{3(3  h)  5} = 4 …..(ii)
x 3 x 3 h 0

Value of function f (3)  4 …..(iii)

For continuity at x = 3
Limit of function = value of function 3 +  = 4   = 1.
2. (c)
If function is continuous at x = 0, then by the definition of continuity f (0)  lim f (x)
x 0

 1
Since f(0) = k. Hence, f (0)  k  lim(x)  sin 
x 0
 x
 k = 0 (a finite quantity lies between –1 to 1)
 k = 0.
3. (c)
Since f(x) is continuous at x = 1,
 lim f (x)  lim f (x)  f (1) …..(i)
x 1 x 1

Now lim f (x)  limf (1  h) = lim 2(1  h)  1  3 i.e., lim f (x)  3

x 1 h 0 h 0 x 1

Similarly, lim f (x)  lim f (1  h) = lim5(1  h)  2 i.e., lim f (x)  3

x 1 h 0 h 0 x 1

So according to equation (i), we have k = 3.

4. (d)
1
We have lim f (x)  limsin = An oscillating number which oscillates between –1 and 1.
x 0 x 0 x
Hence, lim f (x) does not exist.
x 0

Consequently f(x) cannot be continuous at x = 0 for any value of k.

5. (c)
LHL = lim f (x)  lim m(1  h)2  m
x 1 h 0

RHL = lim f (x)  lim 2(1  h)  2 and f (1)  m

x 1 h 0

Function is continuous at x = 1,  LHL = RHL = f(1)

Therefore m = 2.
6. (a)
1
lim(cos x)1/ x  k  lim log(cos x)  log k
x 0 x 0 x

1
 lim lim log cos x  log k
x  0 x x 0

1
 lim  0  log e k  k  1 .
x 0 x
7. (b)
     
Since f is continuous at x  ; f    f  h  f  h
4  
4 
h 0 4
 
h 0 4

 
  b   a2  b  a2
4 4

Also as f is continuous at x  ;
2
    
 f    lim f   h   lim f   h 
2 h  0
2  h  0
2 
 2b  a  b  a  b .
Hence (–1, 1) & (0, 0) satisfy the above relations.
8. (c)
  
lim f (x)  limf (1  h) = lim  2  sin (1  h)  = 3
x 1 h 0 h 0
 2 
Similarly, lim f (x)  limf (1  h) = lim a(1  h)  b = a + b
x 1 h 0 h 0

 f(x) is continuous at x = 1 so lim f (x)  lim f (x)  f (1)

x 1 x 1

 ab 3 ..…..(i)
Again, lim f (x)  limf (2  h) = lim a(2  h)  b = 2a  b
x 2 h 0 h 0

and lim f (x)  lim f (2  h) = lim tan  (2  h) = 1

x 2 h 0 h 0 8
f(x) is continuous in (,6) , so it is continuous at x  2 also, so
lim f (x)  lim f (x)  f (2)
x 2 x 2

 2a  b  1 ..….(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii) a = - 2, b = 5.

9. (a)
 
lim f (x)  , lim f (x)  
 2 x  2
x
2 2

Since lim f (x)  lim f (x) ,

 
x x
2 2


 Function is discontinuous at x 
2
10. (b)
 2sin 2 3x 
lim f (x)  lim  2  3  6 and
x 0 x 0
 (3x) 

lim f (x)  lim

x 0 x 0
9 x 3
x
 lim
x 0
 9 x 3  6
Hence a  6 .
11. (c)
 1
The function f  x   is discontinuous at 2 points.
x  x 6
2

 g f  x   2
1 1 1
The function f  x   & gx 
x  x 6 2
x 1 x  x 7
g(f(x)) is discontinuous at 4 points.

Hence, the composite f  g  x   is discontinuous at three points x  ,1 &

2 3
3 2
12. (b)
ln b ln(a  x)  ln a ln(b  x) ln b  ln(a  x)  ln a   ln a  ln a ln(b  x)  ln b 
lim  lim
x 0 x x 0 x

 ln b lim
 ln(a  x)  ln a   ln a lim  ln(b  x)  ln b 
x 0 x x 0 x
 x  x
ln 1   ln 1  
lim 
a  ln a
lim 
ln b b
 
a x 0 x b x 0 x
a b
ln b ln a ln  b a 
b a

  
a b ab
13. (b)
 x 2  5x  6 (x  3) 1
f (2)  2, f (2 )  lim  lim 
x 2 x 4
2
x 2 (x  2) 4
14. (c)
Clearly from curve drawn of the given function f (x ) , it is discontinuous at x 0.

(0,1/4) y = x, x > 0
2

x' x
O
(0,–1)
y = x-1, x < 0

y'

15. (b)
 a

(1 | tan x |)  x0
3|tan x|
,
 6
f (x)   b , x0


tan 6x

e tan 3x , 0x
 6
For f(x) to be continuous at x = 0
  lim f (x)  f (0)  lim f (x)
x 0 x 0

 a 
lim  1|tan x|1
a

 lim(1 | tan x |) 3|tan x|
e x0  3|tan x| 
 ea /3
x 0

tan 6x  tan 6x   tan 3x 

 .6x   .3x 
Now, lim e tan 3x
 lim e  6x   3x 
 e2
x 0 x 0

 ea/3  b  e2  a  6 and b  e2 .
16. (d)
x
Let f  x   ln
4
x
lim xf  x   lim x ln 0
x 4 x 4 4

17. (a)
Note that [x  2]  0 if 0  x  2  1
i.e. [x  2]  0 if 2  x  1.
Thus domain of f is R  [2,  1)
  
We have sin   is continuous at all points of R  [2,  1) and [x] is continuous on
 [x  2] 
R  I, where I denotes the set of integers.
Thus the points where f can possibly be discontinuous are……, 3,  2,  1, 0 1, 2, .......... . But for
  
1  x  0,[x  1]  0 and sin   is defined.
 [x  2] 
Therefore f(x) = 0 for 1  x  0.
Also f (x ) is not defined on 2  x  1.
Hence set of points of discontinuities of f(x) is I  {1}.
18. (b)
 2x  sin 1 x  0 
f (x)  lim    f (0) ,  form 
x 0 2x  tan 1 x
  0 
 1 
2 
 1 x2  2 1 1
Applying L-Hospital’s rule, f (0)  lim  
x 0  1  2 1 3
2 
 1 x2 
19. (d)
For continuity at all x  R, we must have
 
f     lim  (4sin x)  lim  (a sin x  b)
 2  x ( /2) x (  /2)

 4  a  b …..(i)
 
and f    lim  (a sin x  b)  a  b  lim  (cos x)  0
 2  x ( /2) x (  /2)

 0  a b ….(ii)
From (i) and (ii), a  2 and b  2 .
20. (a)
x 2  10x  25 (x  5)2 55
f (5)  lim f (x)  lim  lim  0 .
x 5 x 5 x  7x  10
2 x 5 (x  2)(x  5) 52
21. (c)
For continuity at 0, we must have f (0)  lim f (x)
x 0

 x 
x cot x lim  
 1
  
1 x0  tan x 
 lim(x  1)cot x  lim (1  x) x   lim (1  x) x  = e.
x 0 x 0 x 0
   
22. (a)
Conceptual question
23. (c)

f(x) is continuous at x  , then lim f (x)  f (0) or
3 x  /3

3x
1  sin
  lim 2 ,  0 form 
 
x  /3   3x 0 
3 3x
 cos
Applying L-Hospital’s rule,   lim 2 2 0
x  /3 3
24. (d)
If f(x) is continuous at x = 0 then,
2 x 4 0 
f (0)  lim f (x)  lim ,  form 
x 0 x 0 sin 2x 0 
 1 
 
2 x4 
Using L–Hospital’s rule, f (0)  lim 
1
 .
x 0 2 cos 2x 8
25. (d)
x 2  2  3x  x  1, 2
F(x) will be continuous only at x = 1 & 2.
26. (b)
1
 1

f (x)   x 2  e 2 x  and f (2)  k
 
If f(x) is continuous from right at x = 2 then lim f (x)  f (2)  k
x 2

1 1
 2 1
  1

 lim  x  e   k  k  lim f (2  h)  k  lim (2  h)  e
2 x 2 2  (2  h)

h 0 h 0
x 2
   
 1 1
 k  lim  4  h 2  4h  e1/h   k  [4  0  0  e ] 1  k  .
h 0 4
27. (c)
x x x x x
 2sin cos
2 cos 2 cos  sin
lim f (x)  lim 2 2 2  lim 2 2  lim tan    x 
 
x  x  x x
2 cos 2  2sin cos
x x  x
cos  sin
x x 
4 2
2 2 2 2 2

 At x  , f ()   tan  1 .
4
28. (c)
4  kx  4  kx 2kx 1 k
L.H.L.  lim1  lim1  
x 0 x x  0 x 4  kx  4  kx 2
2x 2  3x x
R.H.L.  lim
x 0
 lim

 2x  3  3
sin x x 0 sin x
Since it is continuous, hence L.H.L = R.H.L  k  6 .
29. (c)
| x|
| x| is continuous at x 0 and is discontinuous at x 0
x
| x|
 f (x ) | x |  is discontinuous at x 0.
x

30. (b)
x  e x  1 x  e x  1
lim  lim 0
x  0 | tan x | x 0 tan x
x  e x  1 x  e x  1
lim   lim 0
x  0 | tan x | x 0 tan x
So f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
x  e x  1
0
| tan x | x ex  1
Now L.H.D.  lim   lim   1
x 0 x 0 x 0 tan x x
x  e x  1
0
| tan x | x ex 1
R.H.D.  lim  lim  1
x 0 x 0 x 0 tan x x
L.H.D.  R.H.D.
F(x) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
31. (a)
  x
1  x , x  0
x 
We have, f (x)   0 , x0 ;
1 | x | 
x
 , x0
1  x
h
f (h)  f (0) 0
L.H.D.  lim = lim 1  h =1
h 0 h h 0 h
h
f (h)  f (0) lim 0
h 0 1  h 1
R.H.D.  lim = = lim =1
h 0 h h h 0 1  h

So, f(x) is differentiable at x = 0; Also f(x) is differentiable at all other points.

Hence, f(x) is everywhere differentiable.
32. (b)
(x  1)  (x  3) , x  1 2x  4 , x  1
 
Let f (x) | x 1|  | x  3| = (x  1)  (x  3) , 1  x  3 =  2 , 1 x  3
(x  1)  (x  3) , x  3  2x  4 , x  3
 
Since, f (x) = 2 for 1  x  3 . Therefore f '(x)  0 for all x  (1,3) .
Hence, f '(x)  0 at x  2 .
33. (a)
sin x 2  sin x 2 
We have, lim f (x)  lim  lim  2  x  1 0  0  f (0)
x 0 x 0 x 0
x  x 
So, f(x) is continuous at x = 0,
f (x) is also derivable at Y

f (x)  f (0) sin x 2

x = 0, because lim  lim 2 = 1
x 0 x 0 x 0 x f(x)=|log|x|
exists finitely. X' X

O
(–1, 0) (1, 0)
34. (b)
It is evident from the graph of f (x) = | log | x || than Y'
f (x) is everywhere continuous but not differentiable
at x  1.
35. (a)
f (x)  [x]sin( x)
If x is just less than k, [x] = k – 1.  f (x)  (k 1)sin(x) , when x  k  k  I
Now L.H.D. at x  k ,
(k  1)sin( x)  k sin( k) (k  1)sin( x)
= lim = lim [as sin( k)  0 k  I]
x k xk x k (x  k)
 (k  1)sin((k  h))
= lim [Let x  (k  h) ]
h 0 h
(k  1)(1) k 1 sin h
= lim
h 0 h
sin h 
= lim (k  1)(1)k 1  ()
h 0 h
= (k 1)(1) k  = (1)k (k 1) .
36. (a)
 2x  1, x  0

We have, f (x) | x |  | x  1|  1 , 0  x 1
 2x  1, x  1

Since, lim f (x)  lim1

 1, lim f (x)  lim(2x

1)  1 and f (1)  2 1  1  1
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1

 lim f (x)  lim f (x)  f (1) . So, f(x) is continuous at x = 1.

x 1 x 1

f (x)  f (1) f (1  h)  f (1) 1 1

Now, lim  lim  lim  0 and
x 1 x 1 h  0 h h 0 h
y=2x–1
f (x)  f (1) f (1  h)  f (1) 2(1  h)  1  1 y = –2x+1 y=1
lim  lim = lim 2 .
x 1 x 1 h  0 h h  0 h
 (LHD at x = 1)  (RHD atx = 1). x =1/2 x =1 X

So, f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1.

Alternately
By graph, it is clear that the function is not differentiable at x = 0, 1 as there it has sharp edges.
37. (c)
 2x , when x  1

Here f (x)  | x 1|  | x  1|  f (x)   2 , when  1  x  1
2x , when x  1

Alternate
The graph of the function is shown alongside, Y

From the graph it is clear that the function is continuous at all real
x, also differentiable at all real x except at x  1; Since sharp 2

edges at x  1 and x 1.

At x  1 we see that the slope from the right i.e., R.H.D. = 2, X’ X

–1 O 1
while slope from the left i.e., L.H.D.= 0
Similarly, at x  1 it is clear that R.H.D. = 0 while L.H.D. = – 2 Y’
2 , x  1

Here, f '(x)   0 , 1  x  1 (No equality on –1 and +1)
 2 , x 1

 Now, at x  1, f '(1 )  2 while f '(1 )  0 and
at x  1, f '(1 )  0 while f '(1 )  2
Thus, f(x) is not differentiable at x  1 .
38. (d)
lim f  x   lim1  ax 2  bx  2   a  b  2 and
x 1 x 1

lim f  x   lim  bx 2  ax  4   b  a  4
x 1 x 1

For continuity a  b  2  b  a  4  a  b  1...  i 

 2ax  b , x  1
Now f '(x)    R.H.D.  2a  b & L.H.D.  2b  a
2bx  a , x  1
For differentiability 2a  b  2b  a  a  b...  ii 
From (i) & (ii) no value of (a, b) is possible.
39. (b)

h(x)  e
f (x)   g(x)   x
 h '  x   e
f (x)   g(x)   x
3f  x  f '  x   3g  x  g '  x  1
3 3 3 3 2 2

 2 gx 
 h '  x   h  x   3  f  x    3 g  x 
2 f (x)
 1
 f x gx 

 h '  x   h  x   h  x   e x c

Now h  5  e6  h  x   ex 1

Hence h 10   e11

40. (c)
[2  h]  2,[2  h]  1,[1  h]  1,[1  h]  0
At x = 2, we will check RHL  LHL  f  2 
RHL  lim | 4  2h  3 | [2  h]  2,f  2   1.2  2
h 0

LHL  lim | 4  2h  3 | [2  h]  1, R  L ,  not continuous

h 0

At x  1, RHL  lim | 2  2h  3|[1  h]  1.1  1,

f 1  | 1| [1]  1

LHL  limsin (1  h)  1
h 0 2
continuous at x = 1
| 2  2h  3 | [1  h]  1 | 1|.1  1 1 1
R.H.D.  lim  lim  lim 0
h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h

| 2  2h  3 | [1  h]  1 1.0  1 1
L.H.D.  lim  lim  lim  
h 0 h h 0  h h 0 h

Since R.H.D.  L.H.D.  not differentiable. at x = 1.

 41. (b)
Clearly, f (x) is differentiable for all non-zero values of x,
xe x
2

For x  0 , we have f '(x) 

1  e x
2

Now, (L.H.D. at x = 0)
f (x)  f (0) f (0  h)  f (0)
= lim  lim
x 0 x 0 h  0 h
1  e h 1  e h
2 2

= lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h
eh 2  1 1
=  lim 2
  1
h 0 h h2
e
f (x)  f (0) 1  e h  0
2

and, (RHD at x = 0) = lim  lim

x 0 x 0 h 0 h
eh  1
2
1
= lim 2
 1 .
h 0 h 2
eh
So, f (x ) is not differentiable at x  0 ,
Hence, the points of differentiability of f (x) are (,0)  (0, )
42. (a)
 sin x 
 e ,  x  0
 2
We have, f (x)  
 e sin x , 0  x  

 2
Clearly, f (x ) is continuous and differentiable for all non-zero x.
Now, lim f (x)  lim esin x = 1 and lim f (x)  lim e sin x  1
x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0

Also, f (0)  e  1 0

So, f(x) is continuous for all x.

 d 
(LHD at x = 0) =  (e x )   (e x ) x 0  e0  1
 dx  x 0
 d 
(RHD at ) =  (e x )   (e x ) x 0  1
x 0
 dx  x 0
So, f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0.
43. (b)
We have, f (x)  1  1  x 2 . The domain of definition of f (x) is [–1, 1].
1 x
For x  0, x  1, x  1 we have f '(x)  
1 1 x2 1 x2
Since f (x) is not defined on the right side of x  1 and on the left side of x  1 .
Also, f '(x)   when x  1 or x  1 .
 So, we check the differentiability at x = 0.
f (x)  f (0) f (0  h)  f (0)
Now, (LHD at x  0 ) = lim  lim
x 0 x 0 h 0 h
1 1 h2  0 1  {1  (1/ 2)h 2  (3 / 8)h 4  ....}
= lim   lim
h 0 h h 0 h
1 3 2 1
=  lim  h  .....  
h 0 2 8 2
1
Similarly, (RHD at x = 0) =
2
Hence, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0.
44. (d) Since f (x ) is differentiable at x  c, therefore it is continuous at x c.
Hence, lim f (x )  f (c) .
x c

45. (c)
(x 2  3x  2)  (x  1)(x  2)  0 When x 1 or  2,

And (x  3x  2)  (x  1)(x  2)  0 when

2
1 x 2

Also cos | x | cos x

 f (x)  (x 2  4)(x 2  3x  2)  cos x, 1  x  2
and f (x)  (x 2  4)(x 2  3x  2)  cos x, x  1 or x  2
Evidently f (x ) is not differentiable at x = 1.
46. (b)
 1 1
  
f (0)  0 and f (x)  x e 2  |x| x 

h2
R.H.L. = lim(0  h) e2/h  lim 0
h 0 h 0 e 2/h

1 1
  
L.H.L. = lim(0  h) e 2 h h
0
h 0

 f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
f (0  h)  f (0) h 2e2/h
R.H.D. at (x  0)  lim = lim  he2/h  0
h 0 h h  0 h
1 1
  
f (0  h)  f (0) h 2e  h h 
L.H.D. at (x  0)  lim = lim  lim  h   0
h 0 h h 0 h h 0

F(x) is differentiable at x = 0
47. (d)
1 1
lim f (x)  x 3 sin 2    0 as 0  sin 2    1 and x  0
x 0
x x
Therefore f (x) is continuous at x  0 .
1
Also, the function f (x)  x 3 sin 2 is differentiable because
x
1  1 
h 3 sin 2 0 h 3 sin  
RHD  lim h  lim h sin
2 2 1
 0 , LHD  lim  h   0 .
h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h
48. (b)
49. (d)
50. (c)
lim 1  (2  h)  3 , lim 5  (2  h)  3 , f (2)  3
h 0 h 0

Hence, f is continuous at x  2
5  (2  h)  3
Now RHD  lim  1
h 0 h
1  (2  h)  3
LHD  lim 1
h 0 h
 f(x) is not differentiable at x  2 .
51. (c)
g(x)  | f (| x |) |  0 . So g(x ) cannot be onto.
If f (x) is one-one and f (x1 )  f (x 2 ) then g(x1 )  g(x 2 ) .
So, ‘ f (x ) is one-one’ does not ensure that g(x ) is one-one.
If f(x) is continuous for x  R, | f (| x |) | is also continuous for x  R .
So the answer (c) is correct.
The fourth answer (d) is not correct as f(x) being differentiable does not ensure |f(x)| being
differentiable.
52. (b)
Given f (4)  6,f (4)  1
xf (4)  4f (x) xf (4)  4f (4)  4f (4)  4f (x)
 lim  lim
x 4 x4 x 4 x4
(x  4)f (4) f (x)  f (4)
 lim  4lim
x 4 x4 x 2 x4
= f (4)  2f '  4   4
53. (c)
f  x  2y   2f  x  f  y   2f '  x  2y   2f  x  f '  y  {partially differentiating [Link] y}

For x = 5 & y = 0, f '  5  f  5 f '  0   f '  5  6

54. (c)
By L’hospital’s rule
g 2 (x)f 2 (2)  f 2 (x)g 2 (2) g(x)g '  x  f 2 (2)  f (x)f '  x  g 2 (2)
lim  lim
x 2 x2  4 x 2 x


 1  4  9  3   2  1  15
2
55. (b)
 2
Given 5f (2x)  3f    2x  2 ......(i)
x
1 2 2
Replacing x by in (i), 5f    3f (2x)   2 ......(ii)
x x x
3
On solving equation (i) and (ii), we get, 8f (2x)  5x   2,
x
5x 6
 8f (x)   2
2 x
5 6
 8f (x)   2
2 x
dy
 y  xf (x)   f (x)  xf (x)
dx
1  5x 6  x5 6 
=    2    2 
8 2 x  82 x 
dy 1  5  1 5  7
at x  1,    6  2    6 
dx 8  2  8 2  8
56. (d)
x3  1 , x  1  3x 2 , x 1
f (x)   
and f (x)  
1  x , x  1 3x , x 1
3 2

f (1 )  3, f (1 )  3
57. (b)
f (x)  sin [Link] 2x.cos3x  log 2 2x 3 ,
1
 f (x)  sin 4x cos3x  (x  3) log 2 2 ,
2
1
 f (x)  [sin 7x  sin x]  x  3
4
Differentiate w.r.t. x,
1
f (x)  [7 cos 7x  cos x]  1 ,
4
 f ()  2  1  1 .
3
58. (b) In neighborhood of x  , | cos3 x |   cos3 x and | sin 3 x |  sin 3 x
4
 y   cos3 x  sin 3 x
dy
  3cos 2 x sin x  3sin 2 x cos x
dx
3 dy 3 3 3 3
At x  ,  3cos 2 sin  3sin 2 cos  0 .
4 dx 4 4 4 4
59. (b)
log(log x)
f (x)  log x (log x) 
log x
1 1
 log(log x)
 f (x)  x x
(log x) 2
1
0
e 1
 f (e)  
1 e
60. (d)
 log x , if 0  x  1
f (x) | log x | 
 log x , if x  1

 1
 x , if 0  x  1
 f (x)   .
1
 , if x  1
 x

Clearly f (1 )  1 and f (1 )  1 ,

 f (x) does not exist at x = 1
61. (c)
 
Let y  log e x  x  1    log e x  log  x  1 
   x  1    x 1 

 y  x  [log(x 1)  log(x  1)]

dy  1 1  2
  1     1 2
dx  x  1 x  1 (x  1)

dy x 2  1
  .
dx x 2  1
62. (a)
  y  x  1  y  x 
x  exp tan 1     log x  tan  
  x   x 
yx
  tan(log x)  y  x tan(log x)  x
x
dy sec2 (log x)
  tan(log x)  x 1
dx x
dy
  tan(log x)  sec2 (log x)  1
dx
dy
At x = 1,  2.
dx
63. (a)
  x 1   x 1 
y  sec1  1
  sin  
 x 1   x 1 
 x 1   x 1  
= cos 1  1
  sin   
 x 1   x 1  2
dy
 0
dx
64. (d)
d  cos x  sin x  d   
tan 1    tan 1  tan   x    1 .
dx  cos x  sin x  dx  4 
65. (b)
 1 x 
Let y  sin 2  cot 1 
 1  x 
Put x  cos     cos1 x
 1  cos   2 1   
 y  sin 2  cot 1   sin  cot  tan  
 1  cos     2 
   1 1
 y  sin 2    = cos 2 = (1  cos ) = (1  x)
 2 2 2 2 2
dy 1
 
dx 2
66. (a)
5 12
Let cos   . Then sin   . So, y  cos1{cos .cos x  sin .sin x}
13 13
y  cos1{cos(x  )}  x   (  x   is in the first or the second quadrant)
dy
 1 .
dx
67. (c)
 tan 2 2x  tan 2 x   tan 2x  tan x  tan 2x  tan x 
y  cot 3x     cot 3x
 1  tan 2x tan x   1  tan 2x tan x  1  tan 2x tan x 
2 2

 y  tan x tan 3x cot 3x  tan x

dy
  sec2 x
dx
68. (a)
 x x  xx 
f (x)  cot 1  
 2 
 tan 2   1 
Put x x  tan  ,  y  f (x)  cot 1  
 2 tan  
= cot 1 ( cot 2) =   cot 1 (cot 2)
 y =   2 =   2 tan 1 (x x )
 dy 2
  .x x (1  log x)
dx 1  x 2x

 f (1)  1 .
69. (a)
(1  x) (1  x) (1  x 2 )(1  x 4 )(1  x 8 ) 1  x16
y 
1 x 1 x
dy 16x15 (1  x)  1  x16 dy
  ,  At x  0 , 1.
dx (1  x)2 dx
70. (c)
2sin [Link] [Link] [Link] 4x sin 8x
f (x)  
2sin x 8sin x
1 [Link] x  cos [Link] 8x
 f (x)  .
8 sin 2 x

 f    0 .
4
71. (a)
xex  y  y  2sin x  ex  y  xex  y 1  y '  y ' 2cos x
dy
Now x = 0 gives y = 0, hence  1 .
dx

72. (a)
 dy   dy  1
sin(3x  2y)  log(3x  2y)   3  2  cos  3x  2y    3  2 
 dx   dx  3x  2y
dy 3
 
dx 2
73. (c)
dy  dy 
x 4 y5  2(x  y)9  4x 3 y5  5x 4 y 4  18(x  y)8 1  
dx  dx 
2(x  y)9 2(x  y)9 dy  dy 
4 5  18(x  y)8 1  
x y dx  dx 
4 9  9 5  dy
    
x x  y  x  y y  dx
dy y
 
dx x
74. (b)
dy dy / d

dx dx / d
a[cos   ( sin )  cos ]  sin 
=   tan  .
a[ sin    cos   sin ]  cos 
75. (d)
 1 t
Obviously x  cos 1 and y  sin 1
1 t2 1 t2
 x  tan 1 t and y  tan 1 t
dy
 yx  1 .
dx
76. (c)
1 t2 2t
x and y 
1 t 2
1 t2
Put t  tan  in both the equations to get
1  tan 2  2 tan 
x  cos 2 and y   sin 2 .
1  tan 
2
1  tan 2 
dx dy
Differentiating both the equations, we get  2sin 2 and  2cos 2.
d d
dy cos 2 x
Therefore   .
dx sin 2 y
77. (d)

y  x  1  x  1  x  1...to   y  x  1  y
dy dy
 y2  x  y  1  2y  1
dx dx
dy dy 1
 (2y  1)  1  
dx dx 2y  1
78. (b)
 x 1 x1......
y   x  1  y   x  1
y

 loge y  y loge  x  1
1 dy y dy
    ln  x  1
y dx  x  1 dx

1  dy y
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y  dx x  1
dy
  x  1 (1  ln y)  y2
dx
79. (a)
2
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y
dy dy
 2y  y.2x  x 2
dx dx
dy 2xy
 
dx 2y  x 2
80. (c)
x  e2y x
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dy 1 dy 1  x
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1
 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
EXERCISE 2(A)

More than one options may be correct

 x  n (cos x)
 n 1 x2 x0
Q.1 If f (x)    then :

0 x0
(A) f is continuous at x = 0 (B) f is continuous at x = 0 but not differentiable at x = 0
(C) f is differentiable at x = 0 (D) f is not continuous at x = 0
Sol. [A, C]
1
h ln  cos h  ln  cos h  h 2
 
 f ' 0  lim  lim
h 0

h ln 1  h 2  h 0

ln 1  h 2 
2
h
1 1
 lim 2  cos h  1  
h 0 h 2
 
 Paralally f ' 0  
1
2
Hence f is continuous and derivable at x = 0

Q.2 Given that the derivative f ’ (a) exists. Indicate which of the following statement(s) is/are always true.
f  h   f a  f a   f a  h 
(A) f '  x   lim (B) f '  a   lim
h a h a h 0 h
f  a  2t   f  a  f  a  2t   f  a  t 
(C) f '  a   lim (D) f '  a   lim
t 0 t t 0 2t
Sol. [A, B]
1
 (C) is false and is True only if f ’ (a) = 0 limit is 2f ’ (a). In (D) same logic limit is f '  a 
2

Q.3 Let [x] denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x. If f (x)   x sin  x  , then f (x) is:
(A) continuous at x = 0 (B) continuous in (– 1, 0)
(C) differentiable at x = 1 (D) differentiable in (– 1, 1)
Sol. [A, B, D]
0 0  x 1

 f  x   0 x  0 or1or 1
0 1  x  0
 f (x) = 0 for all in [– 1, 1]

Q.4 The function, f  x    x    x  where [x] denotes greatest integer function

 (A) is continuous for all positive integers
(B) is continuous for all non positive integers
(C) has finite number of elements in its range
(D) is such that its graph does not lie above the x – axis.
Sol. [A, B, C, D]
0 x  1
 1 1  x  0
  x    x   
0 0  x 1

0 1 x  2
 range is {0, – 1}
The graph is

Q.5 Let f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) for all x, y  R . Then:

(A) f (x) must be continuous  x  R (B) f (x) may be continuous  x  R
(C) f (x) must be discontinuous  x  R (D) f (x) may be discontinuous  x  R
Sol. [B, D]
 limit f  x  h   limit f  x   f  h 
h 0 h 0

 f  x   limit f  h 
h 0
Hence if h  0
 f (h) = 0
 ‘f’ is continuous otherwise discontinuous

Q.6 The function f  x   1  1  x 2

(A) has its domain 1  x  1.
(B) has finite one sided derivates at the point x = 0.
(C) is continuous and differentiable at x = 0.
(D) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0.

Sol. [A, B, D]
x2
 f '0   
1 1 x

 
;f ' 0   ;f  x   
2 2 1 1 x2 1 1 x2

3
Q.7 Consider the function f(x) = | x + 1 | then
(A) Domain of f x  R (B) Range of f is R+
(C)f has no inverse. (D)f is continuous and differentiable for every x  R .
Sol. [A, C]
Range is R   0  B is not correct
f is not differentiable at x = – 1
 x3  1 if x  1
 as f  x   

  x  1
3
 if x  1
 3x 2 if x  1
 f '(x)  
 3x
2
if x  1
 f '  1   3;
 f '  1   3
f is not differentiable at x = – 1
also since f is not bijective hence it has no inverse

x  2 x 1
Q.8 Let f  x   .x then:
x 1 1
3
(A) f ’ (10) = 1 (B) f '    1
2
(C) domain of f (x) is x  1 (D) none
Sol. [A, B]

 
2
x 1  1  2 x 1 x 1 1   x if x  1, 2  
 f x  x  x   
x 1 1 x 1 1  x if x   2,   

Q.9 f is a continuous function in [a, b]; g is a continuous function in [b, c]

A function h (x) is defined as
h (x) = f (x) for x  a, b 
= g (x) for x   b, c
If f (b) = g (b), then
(A) h (x) has a removable discontinuity at x=b.
(B) h (x) may or may not be continuous in [a, c]
(C) h(b–) = g(b+) and h (b+) = f(b–)
(D) h (b+) = g (b –) and h (b–) = f (b+)
Sol. [A, C]
Given f is continuous in [b, c] ……..(1)
g is continuous in [b, c] ………(2)
f (b) = g (b) ………(3)
 h (x) = f (x) for x  a, b 
= f (b) = g (b) for x = b ……(4)
= g (x) for x   b, c
 h (x) is continuous in a, b    b,c [using (1), (2)]
also f  b  = f (b); g (b+) = g (b) ………(5) [using (1), (2)]
  h  b   f  b   f  b   g  b   g  b    h  b  
 now, verify each alternative. Of course! g (b– ) and f (b+) are undefined.
h (b – ) = f  b  = f (b) = g (b) = g (b+)
 and h (b+) = g (b+) = g (b) = f (b) = f  b 
 hence h (b–) = h (b+) = f (b) = g (b)
 and h (b) is not defined

 x 3
 2 , x 1
Q.10 The function f  x    x   3x   13  is :
      , x 1
 4
   2   4 
(A) continuous at x = 1 (B) differentiable at x =1
(C) continuous at x = 3 (D) differentiable at x = 3
Sol. [A, B, C]

 x 3 if x  3

 f x   3 x if 1 x  3
 x 2 3x 13 if x  1
  
4 2 4
f 1  h   f 1
 
 f ' 1  limit
h 0 h
3  1  h   2
 limit  1
h 0 h
1  h   3 1  h  13  2
2

 
 
 f ' 1  lim it
h 0
4 2
h
4

1  h   6 1  h   5
2

 limit
h 0 4h
h  2h  6h
2
 limit  1
h 0 4h
 f' is continuous at x = 1

Q.11 Which of the following statements are true?

xy
(A) If xe = y + sin-x, then at y I (0) = 1.
2m+ 2m 2m-1
(B)If f(x) =aox 1+alx +a3X +......+ a2m+1 = 0 (a0  0) is a polynomial equation with
rational co-efficients then the equation f'’(x) = 0 must have a real root.(m  N ).
n-I n-2
(C) If (x – r) is a factor of the polynomial f(x) = anx"+ an_ 1 x + an-2x + ..... + a0 repeated m times
where 1  m  n then r is a root of the equation f' (x) = 0 repeated (m – 1) times.
 dy
(D) If y = sin – 1 (cos sin – 1 x) + cos – 1 (sin cos – 1 x) then is independent on x.
dx
Sol. [A, C, D]
[D] Let sin - 1 x = t

 cos 1 x   t
2
   
 y  sin 1  cos t   cos1  sin   t    sin 1  cos t   cos 1  cos t 
  2 

 y
2
dy
 0
dx

dy
Q.12 Let y  x  x  .......... then 
dx
1 x 1 y
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2y  1 x  2y 1  4x 2x  y
Sol. [A, C, D]
 y2  x  y
dy 1
 
dx 2y  1
x
also y   1
y
dy y
 
dx 2x  y
make a quadratic in y to get explicit function

dy
Q.13 If y  x  y  x  c (where c  0), then has the value equal to
dx
2x x y y2  x 2 c2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
c2 y  y2  x 2 x 2y
Sol. [A, B, C]
 Square both sides, differentiate and rationalize
  
Q.14 If f  x   cos   cos   x  1  ; where  x  is the greatest integer function of x, then f(x) is
x 2 
continuous at
(A) x = 0 (B) x = 1 (C) x = 2 (D) none of these
Sol. [B, C]
 (A) = Not defined at x = 0;
 (B) = f (1) = cos 3; f (2) = 0 and both the limits exist
Q.15 Select the correct statements.
 2x 2  3 for x  1
(A) The function f defined by f (x) = f  x    is neither differentiable nor
 3x  2 for x  1
continuous at x = 1
(B) The function f  x   x 2 x is twice differentiable at x = 0.
(C) If f is continuous at x = 5 and f (5) = 2 then lim f  4x 2  11 exists.
x 2

(D) If lim  f  x   g  x    2 and lim  f  x   g  x    1 then lim f  x   g  x  need not exist.

x a x a x a

Sol. [B, C]

Q.16 Which of the following functions has/have removable discontinuity at x = 1.

1 x2 1
(A) f  x   (B) f  x   3
nx x 1
 
x  1  2x
1
 

(C) f  x   2 2 1  x 
(D) f  x  
x2  x
Sol. [B, D]
(A) lim f  x  does not exist
x1

2
(B) lim f  x    f (x) has removable discontinuity at x = 1
x1 3
(C) lim f  x  does not exist
x1

1
(D) lim f  x    f (x) has removable discontinuity at x = 1
x1 2 2

Q.17 f (x) is an even function, x = 1 is a point of minima and x = 2 is a point of maxima for y = f (x).
Further lim f  x   0, and lim f  x    . f (x) is increasing in (1, – 2) & decreasing everywhere in
x  x 

 0,1   2,   . Also f (1) = 3 & f (2) = 5 Then

(A) f (x) = 0 has no real roots
(B) y = f (x) and y  f  x  are identical functions
(C) f ’ (x) = 0 has exactly four real roots whose sum is zero
(D) f ’ (x) = 0 has exactly four real roots whose sum is 6
Sol. [A, B, C]
lim f  x   , lim f  x   0
x 0 x 
 f (x) is increasing in (1, 2) and decreasing in  0,1   2,   from the graph
Q.18
Q.19
Q.20

PASSAGE 1
A curve is represented parametrically by the equations x = f (t) = aln
b 
and y = g (t) = b – ln
t
 a  a, b > 0
t

and a  1, b  1 where t  R.
dy
Q.21 Which of the following is not a correct expression for ?
dx
1 g  t  f  t 
(A) (B) – (g(t))2 (C) (D)
f (t) 2
f t gt
Sol. [D]
d2 y
Q.22 The value of at the point where f (t) = g (t) is
dx 2
1
(A) 0 (B) (C) 1 (D) 2
2
Sol. [D]

f  t  f '  t  f  t  f "  t 
Q.23 The value of     t  R, is equal to
f '  t  f '  t  f '  t  f '  t 
(A) – 2 (B) 2 (C) – 4 (D) 4

Sol. [B]
 x  f t  a
 
ln b t
 a t ln b …….(1)
 
   
t t
 y  gt  b
 ln a t

 bln a  a ln b  a  t ln b
ln  b1 
  y  gt  a  f  t  …….(2)
From equation (1) and (2)
 xy = 1
1
(i) y 
x
 dy 1 1
  2  2 (A) is correct
dx x f t
 Also xy = 1
dy 1 y2
   2    g 2  t  (B) is correct
dx x 1
dy y gt
 Again xy = 1   (C) is correct
dx x f t
(D) is incorrect

(ii) f(t) = g(t)  f (t) = f (– t)  t = 0

{ f (t) is one-one function}
At t = 0, x = y = 1
dy 1 d2 y 2
   2 and 2  3
dx x dx x
2
d y
 At x = 1, 2
dx 2

(iii)  xy = 1 fg=1  f g’ + g f’ = 0
  f g” + g’ f’ + g’ f’ + g f ” = 0
 f g” + g f ” + 2 g’ f ’ = 0
fg '' gf ''
   2 ……(3)
f 'g ' g 'f '
from equation (2)
 g (t) = f (– t)
  g’ (t) = – f ’ (– t)
and g” (t) = f ” (– t)
substituting in equation (3)
f  t  f ''  t  f  t  f ''  t 
     2
f '  t  f '  t  f '  t  f '  t 
f  t  f ''   t  f  t  f ''  t 
    2
f '  t  f '  t  f '  t  f '  t 
1

PASSAGE 2
1
2  x  
 x,
Let a function be defined as f  x    2 2 , where [.] denotes greatest integer
2x  1,  1  x  2
2
function.
Answer the following question by using the above information.
Q.24 The number of points of discontinuity of f (x) is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 0
Sol. [B]

1
 Two points of discontinuity 1, 
2

Q.25 The function f (x – 1) is discontinuous at the points

1 1 1
(A) 1,  (B)  ,1 (C) 0, (D) 0, 1
2 2 2

Sol. [C]

1
 Discontinuous at 1,
2

Q.26 Number of points where f (x) is not differentiable is

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Sol. [C]

1 1
 at 1,  , the function is not differentiable.
2 2
PASSAGE 3
Two students, A & B are asked to solve two different problem. A is asked to evaluate
1  cos  ln 1  x    n n n 
lim 2
& B is asked to evaluate lim  3   ......   , n  N. A
x 0
 n 1 n 1 n  2n
x 

x 3 3

provides the following solution

 ln 1  x  
1  cos  x
Let h  lim  x   lim 1  cos x  As lim ln 1  x   1
 
x 0 x2 x 0 x 2  x 0 x 
1
l1 
2
B provides the following solution
 

 2n
n   
 12n
n 
Let l2  lim   n  
 lim 
n 
 r 1 n 3  r 
   r 1 n n  r 

 n2 

  
 1  n n n 
lim     .......  
  n 1
n  n 2 2n 
n 2 n 2
  n2 n n 
1   2n
lim  1  1  .......  1   lim 2
n  n  
   
n n
2n times

Q.27 Identify the correct statement

(A) both of them get the correct answer
(B) both of them get the incorrect answer
(C) A gets the correct answer while B gets the incorrect answer.
(D) B gets the correct answer while A gets the incorrect answer.
Sol. [A]

Q.28 Who has solved the problem correctly.

(A) A (B) B (C) both of them (D) no one

Sol. [D]
   tan x  sin x 
 4l1  
  x3  x0
Q.29 f (x)   k x  0 where l1 and l 2 are correct values of the corresponding limits, if is

  ex  x  1  x0
 2  1  cos x 
l
  
continuous at x = 0 the K is equal to:
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) no value of K
Sol. [D]
1  cos  ln 1  x    ln 1  x  
2
1
 l1  lim   
x 0 ln 1  x 
2
 x  2

A & B have made the same mistake, they used the notion of limit partly in the problem, where as once the
limiting notion has been used the resulting expression must be free from the variable on which the limit has
been imposed
2n n 2n 2
 lim  l2  lim
n 
n3  1 n 
n3  1
Hence l2 = 2 (sandwich theorem)

 Sol.1 Hence (A)

 Sol.2 Hence (D)
1  tan x  sin x  1 1
 Sol.3 lim 4     4  1
x 0 2 x 3
 2 2
 ex  x  1 x2 
 lim l2     2  2  2  8
x 0
 x
2
1  cos x 
 for no value if K
Hence (D)

PASSAGE 4
Q.30
Q.31
Q.32

Matrix match type

Q.33

Q.34 Column – I Column – II

 x  1 if x  0
(A) f x   , at x  0 is (P) continuous
cos x if x  0
(B) For every x  R the function (Q) differentiability
 sin    x  
gx  (R) discontinuous
1 x
2

where [x] denotes the greatest integer function is (S) non derivable
h x  x
2
(C) where {x} denotes fractional part
function for all x  I, is
 ln1x
(D) k  x    x if x  1 at x  1is
 e if x  1

Sol. (A)  P, S; (B)  P, Q; (C)  R, S; (D)  P, Q
cos h  0
(A) f '  0   lim does not exist. Obviously f (0) = f (0+) = 1
h 0 h
Hence continuous and not derivable
(B) g (x) = 0 for all x, hence continuous and derivable
as 0  f  x   1, hence h  x   x  x which is discontinuous hence non derivable all x  I
2
(C)

1
(D) lim x ln x  lim x logx e  e  f 1
x 1 x 1

 Hence k (x) is constant for all x > 0 hence continuous and differentiable at x = 1.

Q.35 Column – I Column – II

(A) Number of points of discontinuity of f  x   tan 2 x  sec2 x (p) 1
in  0, 2  is
(B) Number of points at which f  x   sin 1 x  tan 1 x  cot 1 x (q) 2
is non-differentiable in (– 1, 1) is
(C) Number of points of discontinuity of y  sin x  , x  0, 2 (r) 0
where [ . ] represents greatest integer function
Number of points where y   x  1   x  2   x  3 is
3 5
(D) (s) 3
non-differentiable
Sol. (A)  q; (B)  r; (C)  q; (D)  p
 3
(A) tan2 x is discontinuous at x  ,
2 2
 3
 sec2 x is discontinuous at x = x  ,
2 2

 Number of discontinuities = 2

(B) Since f  x   sin 1 x  tan 1 x  cot 1 x  sin 1 x 
2
  f(x) is differentiable in (– 1, 1)
 number of points of non-differentiable = 0
 
 0 , 0x
2

1 
,x
 2
(C) y  sin x    7t

0 , x
 2
1 ,   x  2

 0 , x  2


  Points of discontinuity are ,
2

y   x  1   x  2   x  3 is non differentiable at x = 3 only.

3 5
(D)
 CONTINIUTY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
EXERCISE 2(B)
3x 2  ax  a  3
Q.1 If the function f (x)  is continuous at x = – 2. Find the value of a + f (– 2).
x2  x  2
Sol. [14]
Since the function is conti then
 V.F. x 2  RHL x 2  LHL x 2

 f  2   lim f  x 
x  2

3x  ax  a  3  15  a 
2
 lim ;  form
x  2 x2  x  2  0 
this limit will exist when
 15 – a = 0
 a = 15 ……(1)
3x  15x  18
2
 lim
x  2 x2  x  2
3  x  2  x  3
 lim
x  2 x2  x  2
3  x  3
 lim
x  2  x  1

3
  1
3
 hence f (– 2) = – 1

f x
, x3
Q.2 Suppose that f  x   x  3x  4x  12 and h  x    x  3
3 2
then
 , x 3
 K
find the value of K that makes h continuous at x = 3
Sol. [5]
x 3  3x 2  4x  12  x  3  x 2  4 
 lim  lim  lim  x 2  3  5
x 3 x 3 x 3  x  3 x 3

 hence k = 5


Q.3 Determine the value of product of values of a & b so that f is continuous at x  .f  x 
2
  
 1  sin x x
2

2
 3cos 2 x if

= a if x 
 2
 b 1  sin x  if
 
x
  
2
x  2x 2
Sol. [2]

 V.F.  a
x
2

 LHL   lim  f  x 
x  
2 x  
2

 1  sin 3 x  0
 lim    ; form
x   
 3cos 2 x  0
2


 put x  h
2
 3 
 1  sin  2  h    1  cos3 h  1  cos h  1  cos2 h  cos h  1
 lim       lim   lim 
h 0 
2    h 0 3sin 2 h  h 0 3 1  cos h 1  cos h  2
 3cos  2  h  
   
b 1  sin x 
 RHL   lim
   2x 
2
x 
2 x
2


 put x  h
2
b 1  cosh  b
 lim 
h 0 4 h2 8
since function is conti

 V.F.   LHL   RHL 

x x x
2 2 2

1 b
a 
2 8
1
 a  ,b  4
2

sin 3x  Asin 2x  Bsin x

Q.4 If f  x    x  0  is cont. at x = 0. Find the value of A + B + f (0)
x5
Sol. [2]
Since the function is conti
 VF x 0  RHL x 0  LHL x 0

 f  0   lim f  x 
x 0

 sin 3x  A sin 2x  Bsin x 

 lim  
x 0
 x5 
 3cos 3x  2A cos 2x  Bcos x   3  2A  B 
 lim  ;  form
   
x 0 4
5x 0
 3 + 2A + B = 0 …..(1)
  9sin 3x  4A sin 2x  Bsin x   0 
 lim   ;  form 
  0 
x 0 3
20x
 27 cos 3x  8A cos 2x  Bcos x   27  8A  B 
 lim  ;  form
x 0
 60x 2   0 
 27 + 8A + B = 0 …..(2)
 81sin 3x  16A sin 2x  Bsin x   0 
 lim   ;   form
x 0
 120x  0
 243cos3x  32A cos 2x  Bcos x 
 lim  
x 0
 120 
243  32A  B
 f  0  …..(3)
120
using (1) & (2)
 A = – 4, B = 5
 then f (0) = 1

Let g  x   lim
xnf  x   h  x  1
, x  1and g 1  lim
  be a continuous function at
sin 2  2x
ln  sec   2  
Q.5
n  2x  3x  3
n x 1 x

x = 1, find the value of 4 g (1) + 2 f (1) – h (1). Assume that f (x) and h (x) are continuous at x = 1.
Sol. [5]
xnf  x   h  x  1
g  x   lim since g is conti
x  2x n  3x  3
& g (1) = 2

 g 1  lim
sin  2
2
x

x 1
 
n sec  2x 
 arg = 1 so arg – 1

   
sin 2  2x  
   
g 1 lim
x 1
sec  2x  1

 lim
sin 2   2   cos  2 
x x

x 1 1  cos  2  x
 lim
1  cos 2 1  cos 2 
x x

x 1 1  cos  2  x

 lim
1  cos 2 1  cos 2  cos  2 
x x x

x 1 1  cos  2  x

 g (1) = 2 ……..(1)
x f  x   h  x  1
n

 g  x   lim ;x 1
x  2x n  3x  3
 h  x  1

 3  x  1 , 0  x  1

 gx   2 , x 1 using (1)
 f x , x 1
  
 2
0 , 0  x 1

Hint lim x   1 , x  1
n
x 
 , x  1


when x < 1 then x n  0

h  x  1
 gx 
3  x  1
  h  x  1  
 f x   
  xn  
 g  x   lim 
x   3x  3  
 2 n  
  x  

f x
 gx 
2
 h (1) = 1
 f (1) = 4
therefore
 4g (1) + 2f (1) – h (1)
 4.2 + 2. 4 – 11
 8 + 8 – 11 = 5

 2  cos x 3 
Q.6 The function f  x    3  4  is not defined at x = 0.
 x sin x x 
Let L be the value of the function at x = 0 so that it is continuous at x = 0, then find the value of L- 1
Sol. [60]
Since the function is cont. At x = 0
then,
 V.F. x 0  LHL x 0  RHL x 0

 2  cos x 3 
 f x   3  4
 x sin x x 
 L  f  0   lim f  x 
x 0

 
 2x  x cos x  3sin x 
 lim  
4  sin x 
x 0  
 x   .x 
  x  
 2x  x cos x  3sin x 
 lim  
x 0
 x5 
1   x2 x4   x3 x5 
 lim 5  2x  x 1   ......   3  x   .......  
x 0 x
  2! 4!   3! 5! 
x 5  1 3  
 lim      ......
 4! 5! 
5
x 0 x

1 3 1
  
4 120 60
 L1  60

f x
Q.7 Let f  x   x 3  x 2  3x  1 and h  x   where h is a rational function such that (a) it is
g x
1
continuous everywhere except when x = – 1, (b) lim h  x    and (c) lim h  x   . If
x  x 1 2
lim  3h  x   f  x   2g  x    
p
where p and q are coprime then find the value of p + q
x 0 q
Sol. [43]
f x
 h x 
gx
x 3  x 2  3x  1
 h x 
 x  1 a
 x = – 1, function will disconti; and for x  1h  x   
1
Now lim h  x  
x  1 2
x  x  3x  1 1
3 2
 lim 
x 1  x  1 a 2
 lim
x 2

 2x  1  x  1

1
x 1  x  1 a 2
2 1
 
a 2
a = 4
put in (2)
x 3  x 2  3x  1
 h x 
 x  1 4
 g (x) = 4 (x + 1)
using (1)
  x 3  x 2  3x  1  
 lim  3. 
x 0    x  1 4 
  
 x 3  x 2  3x  1  2  4  x  1  

  
3  1
 1  8
4
39 p
 
4 q

Q.8 Suppose f and g are two functions such that f, g : R  R, f (x) ln 1  1  x 2 and  
  then find the value of e
'
  1 
g  x   ln x  1  x
g x 
 f    + g’ (x) at x = 1.
2

  x 
Sol. [0]

g  x   ln x  1  x 2 
1
 g '  x   ……(1)
1 x2
'
  1  1  1 
also  f     f '      2 
  x  x  x 
1 x
now f '  x   
1 1 x2 1 x2
1 x 1 x
 f '    
 x  x  1 x2 x 1 x2
1  1  1
 f '     2   
x  x  x 1 x2 x  1 x2  
also e
g x 
e

ln x  1 x 2  x 1 x2

 xeg x   x x  1  x 2 
 '
g x    1  1
 Hence, e  x f     ….(2)
  x  1 x2
'
  1 
 From (1) and (2), g '  x   xe g x 
f    0
  x 

Q.9 If f (x) is derivable at x = 3 & f ’ (3) = 2, then find the value of lim
  
f 3  h2  f 3  h2 
x 0 2
2h
Sol. [2]
f  3  h 2   f  3h 2 
 lim
x 0 2h 2
2hf  3  h 2   2hf '  3  h 2 
 lim
x 0 4h

 lim

f ' 3 h 2
 
 f 3  h2  by L’ hospital
x 0 2
f '  3  f '  3 4
  2
2 2

Q.10 Let f (x) = [3 + 4 sin x] (where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function). If sum of all the values of
k
‘x’ in  , 2 where f (x) fails to be differentiable, is , then find the value of k.
2
Sol. [24]

 f (x) = [3 + 4 sin x]
 + [4 sin x]
Sum of all x                       2     2   
 12
  k  24

Q.11 The number of points at which the function f (x) = max. {a – x, a + x, b},   x  ,0  a  b
cannot be differentiable is
Sol. [2]
Q.12 Let f, g and h are differentiable functions. If f (0) = ; g (0) = 2; h (0) = 3 and the derivatives of their
pair wise products at x = 0 are (f g)’ (0) = 6; (gh)’ (0) = 4 and (hf)’ (0) = 5, then compute the value of
(fgh)’ (0).
Sol. [16]
 (fgh)’ (0) = f g h’ + g h f ’ + h f g’ 
 fg  'h   gh  'f   hf  'g
2
  fgh  '  0  
 fg  '  0     gh  '  0   f  0    hf  '  0   g  0 
2
6  3  4 1  5  2
 = 16
2

1 1 1
Q.13 Let f  x   x     ...... . Compute the value of f 10   f ' 10 
2x 2x 2x
Sol. [10]
1 1
 f x  x  x
xx
1 x  f x
1
2x 
2x  ..........
1
hence f  x   x 
x  f x
 f 2  x   x 2  1
Differentiating w.r.t. x
 2f  x   f '  x   2x  0 or f x  f 'x  x
 Hence f 10   f ' 10   10

d2 y p
Q.14 If the value of the expression y3 2
for the ellipse 3x 2  4y2  12 , is  where p and q are co-
dx q
prime then the value of p + q
Sol. [13]
Differentiating implicitly we have
 3x  n
 ; 4 yy   y '    3
2
6x  8yy '  0 and hence y '  
4y  
Differentiating again and substitute for y’ we have
9x 2
 3  4  y '  4yy ''  0   4yy ''  0
2
and hence 3
4y 2
9x 2 d2 y
multiplying by y2, 3y 2   4y3 2  0
4 dx
3y 2 9x 2
   y3 y '"  0
4 16

3
16
 
3x 2  4y2  y3 y"  0
9 p
 but 3x 2  4y2  12 and hence y3 y '"     at every point on the ellipse
4 q

Q.15 If f : R  R is a function such that f (x) = x3 + x2 f ’ (1) + xf ” (2) + f ’” (3) for all x  R, then find
the value of f (2) – f (1) + f (0).
Sol. [0]
Given that f{x) = x3 +x2 f '(1) = 1+ f '(1) + xf "(2) + f "'(3) ....(1)
Putting x = 0 and x = 1 in (1), we get
f (0) = f ’” (3) and f (1) = 1 + f ’ (1) + f ” (2) + f ’” (3)
 f (1) – f (0) = 1 + f ’ (1) + f ’” (2) ….(2)
Differentiating both sides of (1) w.r.t. x, we get
 f ’ (x) = 3x2 + 2x f ’ (1) + f ” (2) …..(3)
 and f ” (x) = 6x + 2f ’ (1) …..(4)
 also f ’” (x) = 6 …..(5)
Putting x = 1, 2, 3 in (3), (4), (5) respectively then
 f ' (1) = 3 + 2f ’ (1) + f ” (2)
or f ’ (1) = f ” (2) = – 3 ……(6)
 f ” (2) = 12 + 2 f ’ (1) or 2f ’ (1) – f ” (2) = – 12 ……(7)
 and f ’” (3) = 6 ……(8)
Solving (6) and (7), we get f ’ (1) = – 5 and f ” (2) = 2
Hence f (1) – f (0) = 1 – 5 + 2 = – 2
Also from (1), f (2) = 8 + 4f ’ (1) + 2 f ” (2) + f ” (3)
 8 – 20 + 4 + 6 = – 2 ……(10)
Hence from (9) and (10), we get f (2) = f (1) – f (0).
  f (2) – f (1) + f (0) = 0

Q.16 Let y = x sin kx. Find the sum of possible values of k for which the differential equation
d2 y
 y  2k cos kx holds true for all x  R
dx 2
Sol. [0]
y = x sin kx ....(1)
 y1= k x cos kx+sin kx
 y2 = k [cos kx – kx sin kx] + k cos kx
d2 y
 2  2k cos kx  k 2 x sin kx ……..(2)
dx
d2 y d2 y
 Now, given  y  2cos kx (substituting the values of y and )
dx 2 dx 2
 Hence, 2k cos hx – k2x sin kx + x sin kx = 2k cos kx
 x sin kx [1 – k2] = 0,
 hence k = 1, – 1 or 0

Q.17 The function f : R  R satisfies f (x2)  f ” (x) = f ’ (x)  f ’ (x2) for all real x. Given that f (1) = 1 and
f ’” (1) = 8, compute the value of f ’ (1) + f ” (1).
Sol. [6]
Given, f (x2)  f ” (x) = f ’(x)  f ’ (x2)
Put x = 1 in the given relation
 f (1)  f ” (1) = (f ’ (1))2
let f ’ (1) = a …..(1) (as f (1) = 1)
to find (a + b) = ?
differentiating the given relation
we get f (x2)  f ’” (x) + f ” (x)  2x + f ’ (x2)  f ” (x)
put x = 1
 8 + 2ba = 2ab + ab
 ab = 8 ……(2)
from (1) and (2)
 a3 = 8
 a = 2 and b = 4
a + b = 2 + 4 = 6

Q.18 A polynomial function f (x) is such that f (2x) = f ’ (x) f ” (x), then find the value of f (3)
Sol. [12]
Suppose degree of f (x) = n.
 Then deg f ’ = n – 1 and deg f ” = n – 2, so n = n – 1 + n – 2.
Hence n = 3.
 So put f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d. (a  0). Now using f (2x) = f ’ (x)  f ” (x)
Then we have 8ax3 + 4bx2 + 2cx + d = (3ax2 + 2bx + c) (6ax + 2b)
18a2x3 + 18 abx2 + (6ac + 4b2)x + 2bc.
4
 Comparing x3, 18a2 = 8a ….(1)  a=
9
 Comparing x , 2
18ab = 4b ….(2)  b=0
 Comparing x, 2c = 6ac + 4b2 ….(3)  c=0
 Comparing constant term, a = 2bc  d =0
3
4x
 f x  f  3  12 .
9
Q.19
Sol. [6]
  
f x  y n  f  x   f  y  ,  x, y  R
n

Differentiating [Link] x gives

 
f ' x  yn  f '  x 
Hence f '  x   cons tan t
 f  x   ax  b
for x  1, y  0
f 1  f 1  f  0   f  0   0
n

for x  0, y  1
f 1  f  0   f 1  f 1  0 or 1
n

But f 1  0  f  x   0 for all x.

Hence f  x   x
 f ' 10   f  5   6

Q.20
 1  a x  x a x ln a
 , x0
a x .x 2
f x   x x
 2 a  x ln 2  x ln a  1 , x0
 x2
1  a x  x a x ln a
  lim f  x   lim
x 0 x 0 a x x2

1  a 2x  2x a 2x ln a
Replace x with 2x to get  lim
x 0 4a 2x x 2

  lim
1  a x

 x a x ln a a x  x a x ln a  1  x 2 a 2x  ln a   2

x  0 4a 2x x 2

 
 ln a 
2

 lim
 a x  x a x ln a  1 
x
4 4 x 0 a
 ln a 
2

  
4 2
 ln a 
2

 
2
 2a 
x
 x ln 2a  1
Further r  lim f  x   lim
x 0 x 0 
x2
Replace x with 2x to get
  2a 
2x
 2x ln 2a  1
 r  lim
x 0  4x 2

 r  lim
 2a  x
  2a 
 x ln 2a  1
x

 x ln 2a  1  x 2  ln 2a 
2

x  0 4x 2

 ln 2a 
 
2
r
 r   lim  2a   x ln 2a  1 
x

4 x 0 4

 ln 2a 
2
r
r 
4 2

 ln 2a 
2

r
2

For f(x) to be continuous,

 r  f  0
 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
EXERCISE 3
ln cos x
if x  0

4
1 x 2 1
1 Let f(x) = 
 esin 4 x  1
if x  0
ln (1  tan 2x )
Is it possible to define f(0) to make the function continuous at x = 0. If yes what is the value of f(0), if not then
indicate the nature of discontinuity.

esin 4x  1
Sol. LHL|x= 0 = xlim
0 n(1  tan 2x)

put x = 0 – h
e sin 4x  1
= lim
x 0 n(1  tan 2h)

 
e sin 4h  1   sin 4h   1 
= lim
h 0  sin 4h
  . 4h  
 4h   n(1  tan 2h)   tan 2h  .2h 
 ( tan 2h)  2h  
   
f (0 )  2

 n cos x 
RHL|x = 0 = xlim  
0  4


 (1  x 2
)  1 

 
 cos x  1 
= xlim
0
 1 
 1 x2 1 
 4 

 1  cos x 
= xlim 
0  
 ( 4)
x2 

f (0 )  2

hence f(0) can not define.

and  f(0–) & f(0+) are finite hence there non-removable type disconti.

x2 x2 x2
2 Let yn(x) = + x2  ............ and y (x) = Lim y n ( x )
1  x 2 (1  x 2 )2 (1  x 2 ) n 1 n 
Discuss the continuity of yn(x) (n  N) and y(x) at x = 0

x2 x2 x2
Sol. yn(x) = x2 +   ... 
1  x 2 (1  x 2 ) 2 (1  x 2 ) n 1

1
   1 n 
1   2  
  1  x  
yn(x) = x2 1
1
1 x2

  1  
n

 
1  2  
2   1  x  
=x
1 x2 1
1 x2

yn(x) = (1 + x3) {1 – (1 + x2)–n}

1sin x
1 cos 2 x
, x  12
 p, x  12 . Determine the value of p, if possible, so that the function is continuous at x =
3 Let f(x) = 
 2 x 1
,x 1
2
4 2 x 1  2
1/2.

Sol. V.F. x  1  p ...(1)

2

LHL x  1  lim
1
f (x)
2 x
2

1  sin x
= xlim
 1  cos(2 x)
1
2

1
put x = h
2

 
1  sin   h 
2 
= lim
h 0 1  cos(   2h)

 
 1  cos h   1   2 h 2 
= h0 
lim    2 2
 (h)   1  cos(2h)   4 h 
2

 (2h) 2 
 

1
LHL x  1  ...(2)
2 4

2
 RHL x  1  lim  f (x)
2 1
x  
2

 2x  1 
lim   
=  1   4  2x  1  2 
x    
2

 2x  1 
= xlim 
1 
 ( 4  2x  1  2)

2 
4  2x  1  4 

RHL x  1  4
2

 LHL 1  RHL 1
x x
2 2

so the value of function cannot determine & the function is discontinuous.

4 Given the function g (x) = 6  2 x and h (x) = 2x2 – 3x + a. Then

g( x ), x  1
(a) evaluate h ( g(2) ) (b) If f (x) =  , find 'a' so that f is continuous.
h ( x ), x  1
Sol. (i) h(g(2)) =

g(2) = 6  4  2
h(x) = 2x2 – 3x + a

h( 2) = 4 – 3 2  a Ans

g(x) ; x  1
(ii) f(x) = 
h(x) ; x  1

 6  2x ; x 1
f(x) =  2
2x  3x  a ; x  1

V.F.|x=1 = 2 ...(1)

R.H.L.|x=1 = xlim
1
f (x)

= xlim(2x
2
 3x  a)
1

R.H.L.|x=1 = a – 1 ...(2)

L.H.L.|x=1 = xlim
1
f (x)

= xlim 6  2x
1

=2

3
 since function is conti
L.H.L.|x=1 = R.H.L.|x=1 = VF|x=1
2 =a–1=2

a–1=2 a 3

1  x , 0x2
5 Let f(x) =  . Determine the form of g(x) = f [f(x)] & hence find the point of discontinuity of g
3  x , 2  x  3
, if any.

1  x ; 0  x  2
Sol. f (x)  
3  x ; 2  x  3

x
1+
1
3–
x

0 2 3
g(x) = f (f(x))

1  f (x) ; 0  f (x)  2
=
3  f (x) ; 2  f (x)  3

let f(x) = y

1  y ; 0  y  2
f(y) = 
3  y ; 2  y  3

3
x
1+
y=

1
y=
3–
x

1 2 3
1  (1  x) ; 0  x  1

= 1  (3  x) ; 2  x  3
3  (1  x) ; 1  x  2


4
 2  x ; 0  x 1

= 2  x ; 1 x  2
4  x 2x3
 ;

0 1 2 3
so the point of discontinuity
1, 2 Ans
Or
F.V.|x = LHL = RHL

6 Let [x] denote the greatest integer function & f(x) be defined in a neighbourhood of 2 by
[ x 1]

 exp {( x  2) n4}
4 16
, x 2
f (x) =  4 16
x
.
 1cos( x 2)
 A ( x 2) tan ( x 2) , x 2

Find the values of A & f(2) in order that f(x) may be continuous at x = 2.
h
42.4 2  16
Sol. RHL|x = 2 = xlim
 2
f (x) = lim
h 0 4 2.4 h  16

A(1  cos(x  2)) 4 n / 2  1

= xlim = lim
2 (x  2).tan(x  2) h 0 4 h  1

put x = 2 + h

 
A(1  cosh)  4 h / 2  1   h  1
= lim = lim   .    h
  2   4  1  (h)
h 0 h tan h h 0 h
 
 2   
 h 

1  cosh 
= lim A 
1 1 1 1
 tan h = n4. . 
h 0
 h
2
  2 n4 2
 
 h 

5
 A
RHL|x=2 = since the function is contin.
2

VF|x=2 = RHL|x=2 = LHL|x=2

A 1
LHL|x = 2  xlim f(x) V.F.|x=2 = 
2 2 2

[x 1]


 
e(x  2)  n 4  16 4
1
= xlim V.F. |x 2  Ans
2 4  16
x
2

(x  2) ([x ]1)
4 4
 16
= lim A  1 Ans
x 2 4  16
x

 x 2 
 
4  16
 2 
= lim
x 2 4  16
x

put x = 2 – h
4 h
4  16
2

= lim
x 0 4 2h  16


tan6x
 6 tan5x
5
if 0x 2
7 The function f(x) =  b2 if x 2
  a tan x 
1 cosx  b  if  x
2
Determine the values of 'a' & 'b' , if f is continuous at x = /2.

Sol. V.F. x   = b + 2 ...(1)

2

tan 6x
 6  tan 5x
LHL x   lim
= x   f (x)  lim  
x    5 

2 
2 2


put x = h
2

tan 6h

LHL x   = lim  6  tan(3  6h) = lim  6  cot 5h = 1
h 0 5 tan(5 / 2  5h)
   
2
 
h 0 5

RHL x    lim  f (x)

2 
x  
2
a
 tan x
lim  (1  cos x) b
= 
x  
2

6
 
put x = h
2
a
; 1 form
cot h
= lim(1  sinh) b
h 0
a
lim (sinh) cot h
= h 0 b
e a a
lim cos h
= e h0 b  eb
since the function is conti so

LHL x    RHL x    V.F. x  

2 2 2

1 = eab = b + 2

a  0, b  1

  1 2  1
  2  sin (1  {x} )  sin (1  {x})
 
8 Let f(x) =  ; x0
 2({x}  {x} 3
)
 
 ; x0
 2

where {x} is the fractional part of x. Consider another function g(x); such that
g(x) = f(x) ; x  0

= 2 2f (x) ; x < 0

Discuss the continuity of the function f(x) & g(x)at x = 0.

Sol. RHL|x = 0 = xlim

0 
f (x)

 1 2  1
  sin (1  (x  [x] )  sin (1  x  [x])
 2 
= xlim
0 2(x  [x]  (x  [x])3 )

 1 2  1
  sin (1  x )  sin (1  x)
2 
= xlim
0 2x(1  x 2 )

cos 1 (1  x 2 ).sin 1 (1  x)
= xlim
0 2x.(1  x 2 )

 cos 1 (1  x 2 )
= lim
2 2 x0 x

let cos–1 (1 – x2) = 

7
 1 – x2 = cos 
x2 = 1 – cos 

x = 1  cos 

when x  0+ then   0

 
= lim
2 2 0 1  cos 

   
= lim = lim
2 2 0 2  sin 2  / 2 4 0 | sin  / 2 |

  /2  
RHL|x = 0 = lim 2  
4  0  sin  / 2  2

LHL|x=0 = xlim
0 
f (x)

 1 2 1
  sin (1  x  [x])  sin (1  x  [x])
lim  2 
= x 0  2(x  [x]  (x  [x])3 )


 sin 1 (1  (x  1) 2 )sin 1 ( x)
2
= xlim
0 2(x  1  (x  1)3 )

  1  1
 sin ( x  2x)  sin ( x)
2

 2 
= lim
x 0 2(x  1) ( x 2  2x)

cos 1 ( x 2  2x)sin 1 (x)

= xlim
0 2(x  1) (x 2  2x)

  cos 1 (x 2  2x) sin 1 x

= xlim .
0  2(x  1) (x  2) x


LHL|x=0 =
4 2

for f(x) since LHL|x = 0  RHL|x=0 so the function is discontinuous at x = 0.

for g(x) 

RHL|x = 0 = xlim
0 
g(x)

8
 
= xlim
0 
f (x) =
2

LHL|x=0 = xlim
0
2 2f (x)

= 2 2 xlim
0
f (x)

 
= 2 2. 
4 2 2


g(0) = f(0) =
2

x2
  for x  0
9 If the function f (x) defined as f (x) =  2 is continuous but not derivable at x = 0 then find
 n 1
x sin for x  0
the range of n. x

 x2
  for x  0
Sol. f(x) =  2
 n 1
 x sin x for x  0

f(x) is continuous at x = 0
f(0) = 0

 x2 
lim lim
L1= x0 f(x) = x0  0
 2 

1
L2 = xlim
0 
f(x) = xlim
0 
xn sin
x
for continuous,
lim f (x)  lim f (x)  f (0)
x 0 x 0

 1
 xlim x n sin    0
0  x
limit is defined only when
n>0
since f(x) is non-differentiable at x = 0

h2
 0
f (h  0)  f (0) lim 2  h 
f '(0–) = hlim = h  0  lim  
0 2 h h 0  2 

9
 1
f (h  0)  f (0) h n sin
 lim h
f '(0+) = hlim
 0 h 0
h h
f '(0+)  f '(0–)

n 1  1
 hlim h sin    0
 0  h
only when n – 1  0
n1 .....(ii)
from equation (i) & (ii)
n  (0, 1]

10 L e t f (0) = 0 and f ' (0) = 1. For a positive integer k, show that

1 x x  1 1 1
Lim  f ( x )  f    ......f    = 1    ...... 
x 0 x  2 k  2 3 k

1  x  x 
Sol. lim  f (x)  f    ......  f   
x 0 x  2  k

 x  x
f  f 
= lim f (x)  2   k
x0   .... 
x x x

1  x 
f   0  f (0) f   0  f (0)
f (x  0)  f (0) x  1  k  1
= lim + lim . +....+ xlim
0 
x
.
x 0 x x 0 x 2 k
2 k

1 1
= f '(0) + f '(0)+.....+ f '(0)
2 k

1 1
= 1 + +....+
2 k

a x 2  b if x  1
11 If f(x) =  is derivable at x = 1. Find the values of a & b.
1
  x if x  1

ax 2  b if | x | 1
Sol. f(x) = 
  1 if | x |  1
 | x |

f(x) is differentiable at x = 1, hence it is also continuous at x = 1

10
 lim f(x) = f(1)
x 1

 a  b  1 ...(i)

f (h  1)  f (1) a(h  1) 2  b  1
f '(1) = hlim
0
= lim
h h 0 h

ah 2  2ah  a  b  1
= lim
h 0 h

ah 2  2ah
= lim = hlim (ah  2a)  2a
h 0 h 0

1
1
+
f (h  1)  f (1) | h  1|
f '(1 ) = hlim
0
= hlim
0 
h h

1  1  h
1
= lim 1  h = hlim 1
0 1  h

h 0 h

f '(1–) = f '(1+)
2a = 1
a = 1/ 2
b = 3/2

ax( x  1)  b when x  1

12 The function f ( x)   x  1 when 1  x  3
 px 2  qx  2 when x  3

Find the values of the constants a, b, p, q so that
(i) f(x) is continuous for all x (ii) f ' (1) does not exist (iii) f '(x) is continuous at x = 3

ax(x  1)  b when x  1

Sol. f(x) =  x 1 when 1  x  3
 px 2  qx  2 when x  3

f(x) is continous at x = 1

lim f(x) = f(1)

x 1

 xlim
1
ax (x – 1) + b = 0

 b  0 & a  R

11
  a(h  1)(h  1  1)  b
lim
f (h  1)  f (1) 
 h 0  h
lim
f '(1) = h0 =
h  lim h 11
 h0 h

 a(h  1)h  0
 hlim  lim a(h  1)
=   h 0
0  h =
h  1
 lim
 h0 h

a
=
1
 f '(1) = DNE  a  1
 a  R – {1} & b = 0
f(x) is cont. at x = 3

lim f(x) = f(3)

x 3

 lim
x 3
(px2 + 9x + 2) = 2

9p + 3q + 2 = 2
9p + 3q = 0 ....(i)
 f '(x) is cont. at x = 3, hence f(x) is diff. at x = 3

 3  h 1 2
 lim
f (h  3)  f (3)  h0 h
f '(3) = lim = 
 lim p(h  3)  q(h  3)  2  2
h 0 2
h
 h0 h

 h
 hlim 1

0 n 
= =  ph 2  6ph  qh
 lim ph 2
 6ph  qh  9p  3q  hlim
 h0  0 h
h
[from equation (i) 9p + 3q = 0]

1  1
=  lim (ph  6p  q) = 
 h0 6p  q

 f '(3+) = f '(3–)  6p + q = 0 ...(ii)

solving equation (i) & (ii) p = 1/3, q = – 1
a  R – {1}, b = 0, p = 1/3 , q = – 1

13 Discuss the continuity on 0  x  1 & differentiability at x = 0 for the function.

12
 1 1
f(x) = x .sin .sin 1
where x  0 , x  1/ r & f(0) = f (1/ r) = 0 ,
x x .sin x
r = 1, 2, 3,.........

1 1
Sol. f(x) = x . sin . sin x  0, 1/r
x 1
[Link]
x
 1
f(0) = 0 = f   , r = 1, 2, 3....
 r 

f (h  0)  f (0)
f '(0) = Lim
h0 h

 
 1  1 
h sin   .sin 
 h  0
 h sin  1  
  h 
= Lim
h 0 h

 
 1  1 
h sin   .sin  
 h  h sin  1  
  h  
= Lim
h 0 h

 
 1  1 
= Lim sin   .sin  
h 0  h  h sin  1  
  h  

 1  1 
= Lim sin   sin 
h 0


 h
   h sin(1/ h) 

1 1 1 1

= DNE
so f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0

 1  1 
Lim f (x)  Lim x sin   .sin 
x 0 x 0  x  x sin(1/ x) 

13
  1 
= Lim x .sin(1/ x) . sin 
x 0
0
    n sin(1/ x) 
1 1 
1 1

=0
= f(0)

 
 1  1 
Lim f (x)  Lim x sin   .sin  
x
1
x
1  x   1 
r r
 x sin  x  

 1 
  1 
 sin   
 1  x
= Lim [Link]   .sin  
x
1  x     
1
r
  x  
 
 

 
 
1  1 
= Lim [Link]   .sin  
x
1  x  x sin  1  
    x  
r
0

1 1

=0

 1
= f 
 r 

Hence function is continuous  x  [0, 1]

 1  x , ( 0  x  1)

14 f(x) =  x  2 , (1 x  2 ) Discuss the continuity & differentiability of y = f [f(x)] for 0  x  4.
 4  x , ( 2  x  4 )

 1  x , (0  x  1)
Sol. f(x) =  x  2 , (1  x  2)

 4  x , (2  x  4)

14
 1  f (x) ; 0  f (x)  1

f(f(x)) = f (x)  2 ; 1  f (x)  2
 4  f (x) ; 2  f (x)  4


 11 x ; 0  x  1  1  1 x  1  0  x  1
1  x  2 ; 1  x  2  0  x  2  1  2  x  1

1  4  x ; 2  x  4  0  4  x  13  x  4

1  x  2 ; 0  x  1  1  1  x  2  1  X  0
= x  2  2 ; 1  x  2  1  x  2  2  1  x  0
4  x  2 ; 2  x  4  1  4x  2  2  x  3

 4 1 x ; 0  x  1  2  1  x  4  3  x   1
4  x  2 ; 1 x  2  2  4  0  x  2

 4  4  x ; 2  x  4  2  4 x  4 0 x  2

 x ; 0  x 1
 x 3 3 x  4
 ;
=
 x  6 ; 2 x3
 x  2 ; 1 x  2

 x ; 0  x 1
 x  2 ; 1 x  2

f(f(x)) =  x ; x2
 x  6 ; 2 x3

 x  3 ; 3 x  4

(2,4)

y (3,3)
(2, 2)
(4, 1)
1

x
1 2 3 4

 f(x) is continuous at x = 1 & discunt.

at x = 2, 3 & non diff. at x = 1, 2, 3

15 Let f be a function that is differentiable every where and that has the following properties:
(i) f (x + h) = f (x) · f (h) (ii) f (x) > 0 for all real x. (iii) f ' (0) = – 1
15
 Use the definition of derivative to find f ' (x) in terms of f (x).

x0
Sol. f(x + h) = f(x) . f(h) f(0) (f(0) – 1) = 0 f(0) = 1
h0

f (x  h)  f (x)
f '(x) = lim
h0 h

(x).f (h)  f (x) f (h)  1

= lim
h0
= lim

f (x)
h h 0 h

f (h)  f (0)
f '(x) = lim
h 0
f(x)
h

= f '(0) f(x)
f '(x) = – f(x)
 f '(x) = – f(x)

16 Discuss the continuity & the derivability of 'f' where f (x) = degree of (ux² + u² + 2u  3) at x = 2.

f(x) = degree of (u  u  2u – 3) at x  2
2
x 2
Sol.
2 ; x 2

 x
2
; x 2

f (h  2)  f ( 2)
f ' ( 2 ) = Lim
h o h

 f (h  2)  f ( 2)
Lim
 h o 
h

Lim f (h  2)  f ( 2)
 ho h

 (h  2) 2  2
Lim
h o 
 h
Lim 2  2
 ho h

 2  2 2h  h 2  2
Lim
  h o h

 0

16
  h 2  2 2h
Lim
  h o h

 0

Lim(h  2 2)
  h o 
 0

 2 2

 0

 
 f '( 2 )  f '( 2 )

Hance f(x) is non differentiable at x  2

Lim f (x)  Lim x 2

x 2 x 2

=2

 f ( 2)

 f ( 2)  Lim f (x)
x 2

Hance f(x) is confinous at x  2

17 Let f (x) be a function defined on (–a, a) with a > 0. Assume that f (x) is continuous at x = 0 and
f ( x )  f ( kx )
Lim =  , where k  (0, 1) then compute f ' (0+) and f ' (0–), and comment upon the
x 0 x
differentiability of f at x = 0.

f (x)  f (k )
Sol.  Lim 
x 0 x

f (x)  f (0)  f (0) – (kx)

 Lim 
x o x

f (x)  f (0)  f (kx)  f (0)

 Lim 
x o x

 f (x)  f (0) f (kx)  f (0) 

 Lim     
x o  x x

 f (x)  f (0)   f (kx)  f (0) 

  Lim    Lim  k  
 x 0 x   x 0 kx

17
  f (x)  f (0) f (kx)  f (0)
Lim  Lim .k  
x  0 x x  0 kx
 
Lim f (x)  f (0)  Lim f (kx)  f (0) .k  
 x 0 x x  0 kx

f '(0 )  kf '(0 )  
=  
f '(0 )  kf '(0 )  

(1  k)f '(0 )  

= 
(1  k)f '(0 )  

  
f '(0 )  1  k
=
f '(0 )  
 1 k


 f '(0) = f '(0–) = f '(0+) =
1 k

18 A derivable function f : R+  R satisfies the condition f (x) – f (y)  ln x y  + x – y for every

x, y  R+. If g denotes the derivative of f then compute the value of the sum  g  .
100
1
n 1  n 
Sol. f(x) – f(x)  n(x/y) + x – y
f(x) – f(y)  nx – ny + x – y

f (x)  f (y)  n x  my
  1 [for x  y]
xy xy

f (x)  t(y) n x  ny

 lim  lim 1
x y xy x y xy
 y  h
m 
f (h  y)  f (y) lim  y   1
 lim
h 0
 h 0
h h

1/ h
 h
f '(y)  lim  n 1   1
h 0  y

x2 1
19 If y =  x x 2  1  ln x  x 2  1 prove that 2y = xy' + ln y'. where ' denotes the derivative.
2 2
x2 1
[Sol. y=  x x 2  1  ln x  x 2  1
2 2

18
 1  x2  1
y' = x + 2  2  x 2  1 +
 x  1  2 x  1
2

1  2x 2  1  1
=x+ 2 2  +
 x  1  2 x2 1
1
=x+ [2 (x2 + 1) ]
2 x2 1
y' = x + x2 1
Also 2y = x2 + x x 2  1 + ln (x + x2 1 )
= x (x + x 2  1 ) + ln (x + x 2  1 ) = xy' + ln y' Hence proved ]
dy 16 t (1  t 4 )
20 If y = sec 4 x and x = tan–1(t), prove that = .
dt (1  6 t 2  t 4 ) 2

1 1  tan 2 2x
[Sol. y= = ....(1)
cos 4 x 1  tan 2 2x
using tan x = t (given)
2t
tan 2x =
1 t2
substituting in (1)

4t 2
1
(1  t 2 ) 2 (1  t 2 ) 2 (1  t 2 ) 2
y= = =
4t 2 (1  t 2 ) 2  4 t 2 1  6t 2  t 4
1
(1  t 2 ) 2

dy (1  6 t 2  t 4 ) · 2(1  t 2 ) · 2 t  (1  t 2 )(4 t 3  12 t )
=
dt (1  6 t 2  t 4 ) 2

4 t (1  t 2 )[(1  6 t 2  t 4 )  (1  t 2 )( t 2  3)] 4 t (1  t 2 )(1  t 2 ) 4 t (1  t 4 )

=
 1  (t 2  t 4 )2 =
(1  6 t 2  t 4 ) 2
=
(1  6 t 2  t 4 ) 2
]

1  lnt 3  2lnt dy  dy 
2
21 If x = and y = . Show that y  2 x   1 .
t2 t dx  dx 
dx t  (1  lnt ) 2t t (1  2  lnt ) (1  2lnt )
[Sol. = = = –
dt t4 t 4
t3

2
t    (3  2lnt )
dy t (1  2lnt)
= 2 =–
dt t t2

dy 1  2 ln t t3
= . =t
dx t2 1  2 ln t
3  2lnt
Now L.H.S. = . t = 3 + 2 lnt
t
19
 2 (1  lnt ) 2
R.H.S. = . t + 1= 3 + 2 ln2
t2
 L.H.S. = R.H.S. ]
x1 x2 . x x3 . x 2
22 If y = 1+ x  x + ( x  x )( x  x ) + +..... upto (n+1) terms then prove that
1 1 2 ( x  x1 )( x  x 2 )( x  x 3 )

dy y  x1 x2 x3 xn 
=     ...  
dx x  x1  x x 2  x x 3  x xn  x 
[Sol. adding term by term
xn
y=
( x  x1 ) ( x  x 2 ) ( x  x 3 ) ....( x  x n )

x x x x
y= . . .......
( x  x1 ) ( x  x 2 ) ( x  x 3 ) (x  x n )
x x x x
ln y = ln  ln  ln  ........  ln
( x  x1 ) (x  x 2 ) (x  x 3 ) (x  x n )

 x  x  xn  (x  x n )  x  1  xn 
now D   =    
 (x  x )2  = x  x  x 
 x  xn  x  n   n 

1 dy 1  x1 x2 xn 
Hence =    ....  
y dx x  x1  x x 2  x xn  x 

dy y  x1 x2 xn 
    ....   ]
dx x  x1  x x 2  x xn  x 

23 
Suppose f (x) = tan sin 1 (2 x ) 
(a) Find the domain and range of f.
(b) Express f (x) as an algebaric function of x.
 1 1 2x 16 3
(c) Find f ' 1 4 . [Ans. (a)   ,  , (–  , ) ; (b) f (x) = ; (c) ]
 2 2 1  4x 2 9
[Sol. 
f (x) = tan sin 1 (2 x ) 
(a) for f to be well defined
1 1 1 
– 1 < 2x < 1  – <x< [ for x = ± , tan is not defined]
2 2 2 2
 1 1
Hence domain is   , 
 2 2
 1 1      
for x    ,  , sin–12x    ,  hence for   ,  can take all real values.
 2 2  2 2  2 2
Hence range of f is x  R
(b) f (x) = tan  where sin–1(2x) =   sin = 2x
2x
f (x) =
1  4x 2

20
 
sec 2 sin 1 (2 x ) · 2
(c) f ' (x) =
1  4x 2

  1 
2 sec 2  sin 1   
1   2  2 2 4 16 16 3
f'   = = · = = ]
4 1 3 3 3 3 9
1
4

 y 
2
 1  tan  
 2  dy 1
If x = tan  ln 
y
24 . Show that = sin y(1 + sin y + cos y).
2  y  dx 2
 tan 
 2 

y 2t 1 t2
Sol Put tan t  sin y  , cos y 
2 1 t2 1 t2
2  2t
 1  sin y  cos y 
1 t2
and y  2 tan 1 t ...(1)
dy 2
  ...(2)
dt 1  t 2
Now x  t  2 log 1  t   log t

dx 2 1 t2 1
  1  
dt 1  t t t  t  1

dy dy dx 2 t2  t
     , by (2) & (3)
dx dt dt 1  t 2 1  t 2
dy 2t 1 2t  2
or  
dx 1  t 2 2 1  t 2
1
 sin y 1  sin y  cos y  , by (1)
2

cos 3x dy 6
25 If y = arc cos then show that = , sinx > 0.
3
cos x dx cos2x  cos4x
Sol We have,
cos 3x
y  cos 1
cos3 x

cos 3x
 cos y 
cos3 x

4 cos3 x  3cos x
 cos y 
cos3 x

 cos y  4  3sec 2 x

21
  cos 2 y  4  3 1  tan 2 x  
 1  cos 2 y  3 tan 2 x
 sin 2 y  3 tan 2 x
 sin y  3 tan x
dy
Differentiating both side with respect to x, we get, cos y  3 sec 2 x
dx

dy 3
 
dx cos y cos 2 x

dy 3 cos3 x 3
  
dx cos 2 x cos 3x cos x cos 3x

dy 6
Hence Proved = , sinx > 0.
dx cos2x  cos4x

26 P r o v e

1 sin x + a2sin 2x + .......+ ansin nx |  | sin x | for x  R,

t h a t i f | a

then |a1+2a1+3a3+......+ nan |  1

[Sol. Let f (x) = a1sin x + a2sin 2x + ..........+an sin nx
f ' (x) = a1 cos x + 2a2 cos 2x + ..... + nan cos nx
f ' (0) = a1 + 2a2 + .......+ nan
Hence TPT | f ' (0) |  1
Given | f (x) |  | sin x | for x  R
f ( h )  f ( 0)
f ' (0) = Lim
h 0 h
f (h )
f ' (0) = Lim
h 0
(as f (0) = 0)
h
f (h ) sin h
| f ' (0) | = Lim  Lim =1 [as | f (x) |  | sin x | ]
h0 h h 0 h
Hence | f ' (0) |  1 ]

 x d2y dy
27 Show that the substitution z = ln  tan  changes the equation 2  cot x  4 y cos ec2 x  0
 2 dx dx
to (d2y/dz2) + 4 y = 0.
x
Sol Since x  l n tan  
2
dz dx
  cos ecx or  sin x ...(1)
dx dz
dy dy dz dy
Now,    cos ec x  [From (1)] ...(2)
dx dz dx dz
d 2 y d  dy  d  dy 
      cos ec x 
dx 2
dx  dx  dx  dz 

22
 d  dy  dy
 cos ec x      cos ec x cot x 
dx  dz  dz
d  dy  dz dy
 cos ec x      cos ec x cot x
dz  dz  dx dz

d2y dy
 cos ec 2 x  cos ec x cot x [ From (1)] ....(3)
dz 2 dz
d2y dy
But given 2
 cot x  4 y cos ec 2 x  0
dx dx
d2y dy dy
cos ec 2 x 2
 cos ec x cot x  cot x cos ec x  4 y cos ec 2 x  0 [ From (2) and (3) ]
dz dz dz
d2y d2y
 cos ec 2 x  4 y cos ec 2 x  0 or  4y  0
dz 2 dz 2
xe x x0
28 Let f (x) =  then prove that

x  x2  x3 x  0
(a) f is continuous and differentiable for all x. (b) f ' is continuous and differentiable for all x.
xe  e  e ( x  1), x  0
x x x

[Sol. f ' (x) = 


1  2 x  3x 2 x0
Lim f '( x ) = 1; Lim f ' ( x ) = 1
x 0  
x 0
hence f (x) is continuous hence f is continuous and differentiable at x = 0
e x  ( x  1)e x  e x ( x  2), x  0
Again f ''(x) = 

2  6x x0
Lim f ''( x )  Lim f ''( x ) = 2  f ' (x) is also continuous and differentiable ]
x 0  
x 0

a x bx c x
29 Let f(x) =   x m  x n  x . Show that f  (x) = 0 and that f(x) = f(0) + k x where k denotes the sum
px qx rx
of all the co-factors of the elements in f(0).
1 1 1 a  x b  x c x a x bx c x

[Hint: f  (x) =   x m  x n  x + 1 1 1
+ x mx nx
px qx rx px qx rx 1 1 1
f  (x) = 0 (obviously  two identical rows)
f  (x) = k  f(x) = kx + x , f(0) = c
 f(x) = f(0) + kx . Note that f  (x) = k
1 1 1 a b c a b c
 f  (0) = k =  m n + 1 1 1 +  m n
p q r p q r 1 1 1
= ( + c12 + c13) + (c21 + c22 + c23) + (c31 + c32 + c33)
c

11
= sum of co-factors of elements f(0) ]

23
30 If Y = sX and Z = tX, where all the letters denotes the functions of x and suffixes denotes the differentiation

X Y Z s t1
X
w.r.t. x then prove that 1 Y1 Z1 = X3 1
s2 t2
X2 Y2 Z2
Sol Since Y  sX and Z  tX ...(1)
 Y1  sX 1  Xs1 and Z1  tX 1  Xt1 ...(2)
 Y2  sX 2  Xs2  2 s1 X 1 and Z 2  tX 2  Xt2  2t1 X 1 ...(3)

X Y Z
L.H .S  X 1 Y1 Z1
X 2 Y2 Z2

X sX tX
X1 sX 1  Xs1 tX 1  Xt1
[ From (1),(2) and (3) ]
X2 sX 2  Xs2  2s1 X 1 tX 2  Xt2  2t1 X 1

Applying C2  C2  sC1 and C3  C3  tC1

X 0 0
 X1 Xs1 Xt1
X2 Xs2  2s1 X 1 Xt2  2t1 X 1
Expand w.r.t. first row, then
Xs1 Xt1
X
Xs2  2s1 X 1 Xt2  2t1 X 1

s1 t1
 X3
Xs2  2s1 X 1 Xt2  2t1 X 1

s1 t1 s t1
Applying R2  R2  2 X 1 R1  X Xs  X3 1  R.H .S .
2

2 Xt2 s2 t2

ax 2  bx  c  e nx
28 A function f : R  R is defined as f(x) = lim where f is continuous on R. Find the value
n  1  c.e nx
of a, band c.

ax 2  bx  c  e nx
Sol. f(x) = lim
n  1  c.e nx

 ax 2  bx  c  e nx
 lim ;x  0

n  1  c.e nx
 ax 2  bx  c  e nx
=  lim ;x  0

n  1  c.e xn
 ax 2  bx  c  e nx
 lim ;x  0
 n  1  c.e xn

24
 




ax 2  bx  c  0
1  c.0

; x  0 lim e nx  0
n 

 c 1
=  ; x0
 c 1
 ax 2 bx c
 nx
 nx  nx  1
e e e x0
 lim ;
 n  1  c
 e nx

lim e
h 
hx
 


ax 2  bx  c ; x  0

=  1 ; x0
 1
 ; x0
 c

since f(x) is continuous function  x  R

 xlim f (x)  lim f (x)  f (0)

0 x 0

 1 1
   xlim (ax 2  bx  c)  1  1 & lim (ax  bx  c)  1
2
 xlim
0  c  0
 xlim
0 
c x 0

1
  1  a – 0 + 3.0 + c = 1
c

c=1 c = 1
 c = 1, a, b  R
 4 x  5 [x] for x  1
29 Discuss the continuity of f in [0,2] where f(x) =  ; where [x] is the greatest integer not
 cos  x for x  1
greater than x.
Sol. f(x) = cos x


1 ; x0 
 /()
 1
[cos x] =  0 ; x  x   /2()
 2
 1
1 ; 2  x  1

25
  5
(4x  5) ; 1  x  4

| 4x  5 | ; 1  x  2  5
|4x – 5| [x] =  =  4x  5 ; xz
 6 ; x  2  4
 6 ; x2



3
 1 ; x  0
 1
 0 ; 0  x 
 2 1
 1
 1 ;  x 1
 2
f(x) = 
  ( 4 x  5) 5
; 1 x  2
 4 1 5
 5
 4x  5 ;  x  2 2 4
 4
 6 ; x  2

1
function dis at 0, 0, ,1, 2
2

30 If f(x) = x + {-x} + [x] , where [x] is the integral part & {x} is the fractional part of x. Discuss the continuity of
f in [ – 2, 2 ].
Sol. f(x) = x + {–x} + [x]
 {x} = x – [x]
{–x} = – x – [–x]
f(x) = x + (– x – [– x] + [x])

x – (–x) = 2x; x  I
f(x) = [x] – [–x] [x] – (– [x] – 1) = 1 – 2[x]; x  I

 2x ; xI
f(x) = 
1  2[x] ; x  I

26
 4 ; x  2
 5 ; 2  x  1

2 ; x  1

 3 ; 1  x  0

f(x) =  0 ; x 0
 1 ; 0  x 1

 2 ; x 1

 1 ; 1 x  2
 4 ; x 2

so the function is discontinuous at all integers in [–2, 2].

 ax  b for x 1
31 Find the locus of (a, b) for which the function f (x) =  3x for 1  x  2
 2
is continuous at x = 1 but discontinuous at x = 2. bx  a for x2

Sol. conti at x = 1
a–b=3 ...(1)
dis at x = 2 3

6  4b – a
6  4b – 3 – b 6
6  3b – 3
(a, b)  (6, 3)
b3 (x, y) (6, 3) Ans

a6

a sin x  a tan x
32 f (x) = for x > 0
tan x  sin x
ln (1  x  x 2 )  ln (1  x  x 2 )
= for x < 0, if f is continuous at x = 0, find 'a'
sec x  cos x
 x
now if g (x) = ln  2   · cot (x – a) for x  a, a  0, a > 0. If g is continuous at x = a then show that
 a
–1
g(e ) = – e.
Sol. Since the function is conti at x = 0 then
V.F.|x = 0 = RHL|x=0 = LHL|x = 0 since the function is conti then

RHL|x = 0 = xlim
0 
f (x) f(0) = LHL|x=0 = RHL|x=0

a sin x  a tan x
= lim – na = 1
x 0 tan x  sin x

27
 a tan x (a sin x tan x  1) 1
= xlim a
0  1(sin x  tan x) e

since g(x) conti at x = a

RHL |x 0  na g(a) = lim

x a
g(x)

 x
LHL|x=0 = xlim f (x) = lim n  2   cot(x  a)
0  x a
 a
 x
n  2  
n(1  x  x )  n(1  x  x )
2 2
 a
= lim = lim
x a tan(x  a)
x 0 sec x  cos x

n((1  x  x 2 ) (1  x  x 2 )).cos x
= lim put x = a + h
x 0 1  cos 2x

 h
n  1  
a  h  1
lim  
= h0  h  tan  a 
.
put x = 0 – h
 
 a

n(1  h 2  h 4 ) cosh 1
= lim g(a) = –
h 0 sin 2 h a

cosh
= lim(h
2
 h4)
h 0 sin 2 h

1
2
 h  g    e
 (1  h ) cosh
2
= lim  e

h 0 sinh


x x 
x
1
33 Find the value of xLim
0 
. [Ans. 1]
x
(x 1)
[Sol. l = Lim x (00 form)
x 0

ln l = Lim ( x  1).lnx = Limit

x e 1
x ln x

Limit x ln x . ln x
x 0 x 0 x ln x x 0

= Limit x (ln x ) 2 ( as x 0 x lnx 0)

x 0

(ln x ) 2 2 ln x 2
= Limit = Limit  . x (use Lopital’s rule)
x0 1/ x x 0 x
= Limit  2 ln x . x  0  l = e0 = 1
x 0

28
 n
x  x 
34 (x) =  tan  r  sec  r  1

; r, n  N
2  2
G i v e n f

r1

      
n
 n f (x)  tan xn  f (x)  tan xn . sin tan x
Limit 2 2 2
g (x) = n  
 
n
1  f (x)  tan xn
2

= k for x = and the domain of g(x) is (0 , /2).
4
where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function.
Find the value of k, if possible, so that g(x) is continuous at x = /4. Also state the points of discontinuity of g
(x) in (0 , /4) , if any.

 x
sin  x   sin x cos x  cos x sin x
Sol.
x
tan sec x =
sin x / 2
  2
 2 2 = tan x  tan x
2 x x x 2
cos .cos x cos .cos x cos .cos x
2 2 2

x x
tan sec x = tanx – tan
2 2

x x x x
tan 2 .
sec = tan  tan 2
2 2 2 2

x x x x
tan 
.sec 2  tan 2  tan 3
2 2 2 2
.
.
.

x x x x
tan n
.sec n 1  tan n 1  tan n
2 2 2 2

 x 
f(x) = tan x – tan  n 
2 

 x 
f(x) + tan  n  = tan x ...(1)
2 

using (1)

   x 
 n(tan x)  (tan x) n sin  tan  
lim   2  
; x
g(x) =  n  1  (tan x) n
4

 
k ; x
 4

29
  n(tan x) 
lim ; x
h  1  (tan x)n 4
g(x) = 
 
k ; x
 4

k=0

0 ; x 1

lim x   1 ; x  1
n
n 
 ; x  1


 
0 ; x  4

 
lim(tan x)   1 ; x 
n
n  4

 
 ; x  4


 1
35 Let f be continuous on the interval [0, 1] to R such that f (0) = f (1). Prove that there exists a point c in 0, 
 2
 1
such that f (c) = f  c  
 2
Sol. Consider a conti function

 1  1
g(x) = f  x    f (x) ; g is conti  x   0, 
 2  2

Now

1 1
g(0) = f   – f(0)  g(0) = f   – f(1)
2 2

1 1 1

g   g(1) – f    g(0) = f(1) – f  
2 2 2

1
since g is continuous and g(0) and g   are of opposite sign hence the equation g(x) = 0 must have at least
2

 1
one root in  0,  .
 2

 1
 for some c   0,  ;g(c)  0
 2

30
  1
 f  c   = f(c)
 2
 1  a x  xa x na
 x 2
; x0
36 Consider the function g(x) =  x x a x
 2 a  xn 2  xn a  1
 ; x0
x2
where a > 0, find the value of 'a' & 'g(0)' so that the function g(x) is continuous at x = 0.
(n2a) 2
Sol. LHL|x= 0 = xlim g(x) RHL x 0 
0  2
 1  a x  xa x na 
= x0 
lim
a xa 2
 since the function is conti
 
put x = a – h g(0) = LHL|x=0 = RHL|x=0
 1  a  h  ha  h na  (n(2a))  (na) 2
= x0 
lim  
 a hh 2  2 2
 a h  1  h  na  0
= x0 
lim  ; form (n 2a + na) (n 2a – na) = 0
 2h  0

 a h na  0  na  0
= lim
h0
  ; Ans n(2a2). n2 = 0
 2h  0

 a h (na) 2 
= lim
h 0
  n2a2 = 0
 2 

(na) 2 1
LHL |x 0  2a2 = 1, a = ±
2
;a>0
2

1
RHL|x=0 = xlim g(x) a
0  2

 2x a x  xn2  xna  1  (n2a) 

= xlim    g(0) =
0
 x2  2

2
1 1 
put x = 0 + h =  n2. 
2 2

 (2a) h  hn2  hna  1  0 1

= h0 
lim  ; form = (n 2) 2
 h2  0 2

31
 (2a) h n2a  na2 0 11 2
= lim ; form =  (n2) 
h 0 2h 0 2 4 

(2a) h (n2a) 2 1
= lim = (n2) 2
h 0 2 8

37 A function f : R  R satisfies the equation f  x  y   f  x  . f  y  for all x,y in R and

f  x   0 for any x in R. Let the function the differentiable at x  0 and f'  0   2.

Show that f'  x   2f  x  for all x in R. Hence determine f  x  .

Sol Given that f  x  y   f  x  .f  y  for all x  R ...(1)

Putting x  y  0 in 1  , we get

f  0  f  0   1  0  f  0   0 or f  0   1

If f  0   0, then f  x   f  x  0   f  x  .f  0   0 for all x  R

Which is not true (given f  x   0 )

So, f  0   1

fx  h   fx
 f'  x   lim
h 0 h
f x  f h   f x 
 lim
h 0 h
f h   1
 f  x  lim
h 0 h
f x   f 0 
 f  x  lim
h 0 h 0
 f  0   1 
 f  x  f'  0   2f  x   f'  0   2 
f'  x 
 2
fx
Integrating both sides w.r.t.x and taking limit 0 to x
x f'  x  x
 f  x  dx  
0 0
2 dx

 ln f  x   ln f  0   2x  ln f  x   ln 1  2x

 ln f  x   0  2x  f  x   e 2x .

38 Let f be a function such that f  x  f  y    f  f  x    f  y   x, y  R and f  h   h for

0  h   where   0, then determine f'  x  and f  x  .

Sol Given f  x  f  y    f  f  x   f  y   ....(1)

32
 Putting x  y  0 in (1), then
f 0  f 0   f  f 0   f 0   f  f 0   f  f 0   f 0 

 f 0   0 ....(2)

fx  h   fx
Now f'  x   lim  for 0  h   
h 0 h
f h  x   f x 
 lim
h 0 h
f  f  h 
 lim
h 0 h
 form 1  
f h 
 lim
h 0 h
 f  h   h 
h
 lim
h 0 h
1  f  h   h 
Integrating both sides with limites 0 to x then f  x   x
 f'  x   1.

 2 , 3  x  0
39 Let f  x    , where g  x   f  x   f  x  . Test the differentiability of
x  2 , 0  x  3
g  x  in the interval  3, 3  .
Sol From the given function

 2 for 3  x  0
x  2 for 3  x  0 
f x    and   
f x  x  2 for 0  x  2
 x  2 for 0  x  3  x  2 for 2  x  3


 g x  f x   fx

 x for 3  x  0

 0 for 0x2
 2x  4 for 2x3

Check the differentiability
At
g 0  h   g 0 
x0: Lg '  0   lim
h 0 h
 0  h   0
 lim  1
h 0 h
g 0  h   g 0 
Rg '  0   lim
h 0 h

 lim
0  0   0
h 0 h

33
 Lg '  0   Rg '  0 

 g  x  is not differentiable at x  0
Check at
g 2  h   g 2
x 2: Lg '  2   lim
h 0 h
0 0
 lim 0
h 0 h
g 2  h   g 2
and Rg '  2   lim
h 0 h
22  h  4  0
 lim 2
h 0 h
 Lg '  2   Rg '  2 

Hence g  x  is not differentiable at x  2.

Graphical method :
 2 ; 3  x  0
 fx  
x  2 ; 0  x  3
Graph of f(x) :

x
3 2 1 1 2 3
1

2

Graph of f  x  :

x
3 2 1 1 2 3
1

2

Graph of f  x  :

34
 Y
2

x
3 2 1 1 2 3
1

Graph of g  x   f  x   f  x  :

Y
3

x
3 2 1 1 2 3

It is clear from the graph that g(x) is not differentiable at x  0 and 2.

Let f : R  R is a real valued function  x, y  R such that f  x   f  y   x  y .

3
40

Prove that h  x    f  x  dx is continuous function of x  x  R .

Since f  x   f  y   x  y
3
Sol xy

fx  fy 2
  xy
xy
Taking lim as y  x, we get
fx  fy 2
lim  lim x  y
y x xy y x

fx  fy
 lim  x  y 
2
 lim
y x xy y x

 f'  x   0  f'  x   0  f'  x   0 

 f'  x   0  f  x   c  constant 

 h  x    f  x  dx   c dx  cx  d where d is constant of integration.

 h  x  is a linear function of x which is continuous for all x  R.

x  y  fx  fy
41 Let f   for all real x and y. If f'  0  exists and equals 1 and f  0   1,
 2  2

35
 then find f  2  .

 x  y  fx  fy
Sol Since f   ....(1)
 2  2

 2x  2h   2x  0 
f   f 
fx  h   fx  2   2 
 f'  x   lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h

f  2x   f  2h  f  2x   f  0 

 lim 2 2 [ from (1) ]
h 0 h
f  2h   f  0 
 lim
h 0 2h  0
 f'  0 
 1  x  R ( given )
Integrating, we get f  x   x  c

Putting x  0, then f  0   0  c  1 ( given )

 c 1 then fx   1  x  f  2   1  2  1
Graphical method :
Suppose A  x, f  x   and B  y, f  y   be any two points on the curve y  f  x  .

B
Y P

M
A

X
O M1 L M2

 x  y fx  fy 
If M is the mid-point of AB then co-ordinates of M are  , 
 2 2 
 x  y  x  y 
According to the graph, co-ordinates of P are  , f   and PL  ML
 2  2 

 x  y  fx  fy
 f 
 2  2

 x  y  fx  fy
But given f   which is possible when P  M
 2  2

36
 i.e. P lies on AB. Hence y  f  x  must be a linear function.

Let f  x   ax  b  f  0   0  b  1 ( given )

and f'  x   a  f'  0   a  1 ( given )

 f  x   x  1  f  2   2  1  1.

x  y  fx  fy
42 Let f    x, y  R;n  0, 2 and if f'  0   k (A finite quantity) then
 n  n
prove that f  x   k x  x  R.

 x  y  fx  fy
Sol Given f   ...(1)
 n  n
Putting x  y  0, we get  n  2  f  0   0
 f 0   0  n  2  0

 nx  nh   nx  0 
f   f 
fx  h   fx  n   n 
 f'  x   lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h

f  nx   f  nh  f  nx   f  0 

 lim n n [ from (1) ]
h 0 h
f  nh   f  0 
 lim
h 0 nh  0
 f'  x   k

On integrating we get f  x   k x  c

Putting x  0, then f  0   0  c  0  f  0   0 
 c  0 then f  x   kx.

 x  y  2  fx  fy
43 If f   for all real x and y and f'  2   2 then determine y  f  x  .
 3  3

 x  y  2  fx  fy
Sol  f  ...(1)
 3  3
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x treating y as constant,
 x  y  1  2  f'  x   0
then f'    
 3  3  3
Now replacing x by 0 and y by 3x, then
f'  x   f'  0   c ( say )

At x  2, f'  2   c  2 ( given )

 f'  x   2
37
 On integrating we get f  x   2x  d

Putting x  0, then f  0   0  d  2 [ from (1) ]

 f  x   2x  2
Hence y  2x  2.

 x  2y  f  x   2f  y 
44 If f    x, y  R and f'  0   1 ; prove that f  x  is continuous for
 3  3
all x  R.
 x  2y  f  x   2f  y 
Sol  f 
 3  3
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x treating y as constant
 x  2y  1 f'  x   0
f'   
 3  3 3
3x
and replacing x by 0 and y by
2
then f'  x   f'  0   1 ( given )
On integrating, we get
f  x   x  d, d is constant of integration which is linear function in x and hence it is
always continuous function for all x.
fx
45
 xy 
If f  x   f  y   f   for all x, y  R and xy  1 and lim
x
 2, find f  3  and
 1  xy 
x 0

f'  2  .

 xy 
Sol Given f  x   f  y   f  
 1  xy 
Putting x  0, y  0, we get f 0   0 ...(1)

And putting y   x, we get f  x   f  x   f  0   0

 f  x   f  x  ...(2)

fx  h   fx
Now f'  x   lim
h 0 h
f  x  h   f  x 
 lim
h 0 h

 h 
f  
 1  x  x  h   1
 lim 
h 0 h 1  x x  h 
1  x x  h 

38
 1  fx 
 2  lim  2
1  x2 
x 0 x 
2

1  x2
 f  x   2 tan 1 x  c or f  0   2 tan 1 0  c  0
 0 0c  c0
then f  x   2 tan x 1

2 2
 f  3   2 tan  3   23
1
and f'  2  
1   2 
2

5


46 Let f  x  y   f  x   f  y   2xy  1 for all x, y  R. If f  x  is differentiable and f'  0   sin 

then prove that f  x   0  x  R.

Sol Given f  x  y   f  x   f  y   2xy  1  x, y  R ...(1)

Putting x  y  0 in (1), we get
f 0   1 ...(2)

fx  h   fx
 f'  x   lim
h 0 h
f  x   f  h   2xh  1  f  x 
 lim
h 0 h
f  h   2xh  1
 lim
h 0 h
f h   1  2xh 
 lim  lim  
h 0 h h 0
 h 
f h   f 0 
 lim  lim  2x 
h 0 h h 0

 f'  0   2x

 sin   2x  f  0   sin  
Integrating both sides w.r.t. x and taking limit 0 to x, then
x x
 f'  x  dx    sin   2x  dx
0 0

 f  x   f  0   x sin   x 2

 f  x   x 2  x sin   1  f  0   1 
Here coefficient of x 2 is 1  0 and Discriminant
D  sin 2   4  0 .
Hence it is clear from graph f  x   0  x  R .

39
47 Let f be a one-one function such that f  x  f  y   2  f  x   f  y   f  xy   x, y  R ~ 0

and f  0   1, f' 1   2 then prove that 3  f  x  dx  x  f  x   2  is constant.

Sol We have f  x  f  y   2  f  x   f  y   f  xy  ...(1)

Putting x  1 and y  1, we get

 f 1  
2
 2  3f 1 

 f 1   1, 2  f 1   2 ...(2)

f 1   1 ( f  0   1 and f is one-one function)

1
In (1), replacing y by
x
1 1
 f  x  f    2  f  x   f    f 1 
x x
1 1
 fx f   fx  f   f 1   2 
x x
 fx   1  xn x  N 

 f'  x    nx n 1  f' 1    n  2

Taking positive sign  n  2 then fx  1  x2

Now, 3  f  x  dx  x  f  x   2 

  
 3  1  x 2 dx  x 1  x 2  2 
 x3  3
 3x    c  3x  x
 3 
 c  constant.

48 If e  xy f  xy   e  x f  x   e  y f  y   x, y  R  , and f' 1   e, determine f  x  .

Sol Given e  xy f  xy   e  x f  x   e  y f  y  ...(1)

Putting x  y  1 in (1) we get f 1   0 ...(2)

fx  h   fx
Now, f'  x   lim
h 0 h

  h 
f  x 1     f  x  1
 x 
 lim 
h 0 h

 h
 h 
 
1 
e x  h  e  x f  x   e x f  1     e x e  x f  x   e 1 f 1 
  x 
 lim
h 0 h

40
 h
x  h 1   h
ehfx   e x
f  1    f  x   e x 1 f 1 
 x
 lim
h 0 h
h
h  h
e x
f 1  
 e  1   x 1 
h
 x
 f  x  lim  e lim
h
 f 1   0 
h 0
 h  h 0
x
x

f' 1 
 f  x  .1  e x 1 
x
e x 1 .e
 fx 
x
 f' 1   e 
ex 1
f'  x   f  x    e  x f'  x   e  x f  x  
x x
d x 1

dx

e fx 
x

On integrating we have e  x f  x   ln x  c at x  1, c  0

 f  x   e x ln x.

49 Let f : R  R , such that f'  0   1

and f  x  y   f  x   f  y   e x  y  x  y   xe x  ye y  2xy  x, y  R then determine f  x  .

Sol Given f  x  y   f  x   f  y   e x  y  x  y   xe x  ye y  2xy ...(1)

Putting x  y  0 , we get f 0   0 ...(2)

fx  h   fx
Now, f'  x   lim
h 0 h
f  x   f  h   e x  h  x  h   xe x  he h  2xh  f  x 
 lim
h 0 h

 lim
 
f  h   xe x e h  1  he x  h  he h  2xh
h 0 h

 lim 
 f  h 
 xe x

eh  1  
 e x  h  e h  2x 
 h h
h 0


 f'  0   xe x .1  e x  1  2x
 1  xe x  e x  2x  1
 xe x  e x  2x
Integrating both sides w.r.t. x with limit 0 to x
 f  x   f  0   xe x  e x  e x  x 2

f  x   0  xe x  x 2

41
 Hence f  x   x 2  xe x

50 Let f  xy   x f  y   y f  x  for all x, y  R  and f  x  be differentiable in  0,   then

determine f  x  .

Sol Given f  xy   xf  y   yf  x 
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x treating y as constant,
f'  xy  .y  f  y   yf'  x 

Putting y  x and x  1 , then f'  x  .x  f  x   xf' 1 

xf'  x   f  x  f' 1  d  f  x   f' 1 

 2
   
x x dx  x  x
Integrating both sides w.r.t. x taking limit 1 to x,
fx f 1 
  f' 1 ln x  ln 1
x 1
fx

x
 0  f' 1  ln x  f 1   0 
Hence, f  x   f' 1  x ln x  .

51 Let f  xy   f  x  f  y   x, y  R and f is differentiable at x  1 such that f' 1   1 also

f 1   0 then show that f is differentiable for all x  0. Hence, determine f  x  .

Sol Given f  xy   f  x  f  y 

Putting x  y  1 then we get f 1   1.

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x treating y as constant,
f'  xy  .y  f'  x  f  y 
Replacing y by x and x by 1, then
f'  x  .x  f' 1  f  x 

f  x  f' 1  fx
 f'  x  
x

x
 f' 1   1 
f'  x  1
 
fx x
Integrating both sides w.r.t. x and taking limit 1 to x, then
x f'  x  x 1
 fx
1
dx  
1 x
dx

 ln f  x   ln f 1   ln x  ln 1  f 1   1 
 ln f  x   0  ln x  0  f  x   x.

x
52 If 2f  x   f  xy   f   for all x, y  R  , f 1   0 and f' 1   1, then find f  e  and f'  2  .
y

42
 x
Sol Given 2f  x   f  xy   f   ...(1)
y
Replacing x by y and y by x in (1), then
y
2f  y   f  xy   f   ...(2)
x
Subtract (2) from (1), we get
x y
2 f  x   f  y   f    f   ...(3)
y x
1
Putting x  1 in (1) then 2f 1   f  y   f    0  f 1   0 
y
1 y x
 f  y   f    f    f   ...(4)
y x y
Now from (3) and (4), we get
x
2 f  x   f  y   2f  
y
x
or fx  fy  f  ...(5)
y
fx  h   fx
Now, f'  x   lim
h 0 h

 h
f 1  
x
 lim  [ From (5) ]
h 0 h

 h
f 1  
x 1 1
 lim   f' 1    f' 1   1
h 0 h x x
x
x
1 1
 f'  x    f'  2  
x 2
and f  x   ln x  ln c for x  1, and f 1   ln 1  ln c
 0  0  ln c  ln c  0
then f  x   ln x  f  e   ln e  1 .

5 3 S u p p o s e p  x   a 0  a 1 x  a 2 x 2  ...  a n x n . If p  x   e x 1  1 for all x  0, prove that

a 1  2a 2  ...  na n  1.

Sol Given p  x   a 0  a 1 x  a 2 x 2  ...  a n x n

 p '  x   0  a 1  2a 2 x  ...  na n x n 1

 p ' 1   a 1  2a 2  ...  na n ...(1)

43
 Now, p 1   e 11  1

 e0  1  1  1  0

 p 1   0  p 1   0  p 1   0 
As p  x   e x 1  1

we get p 1  h   e h  1  h  1, h  0

 p 1  h   p 1   e h  1  p 1   0 
p 1  h   p 1  eh  1
 
h h
Taking limit as h  0 , then
p  1  h   p 1  eh  1
 lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h

p  1  h   p 1  eh  1
 lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h

 p ' 1   1

 a 1  2a 2  ...  na n  1 [ from (1) ]

 xy  f  x  f  y 
54 Let f    for all real x and y. If f 1   f' 1  , show that f  x   f 1  x  
 2  2
constant, for all non-zero real x.
 xy  f  x  f  y 
Sol Given f   
 2  2
Replacing x by 2x and y by 1, we get
2f  x   f  2x  f 1  ...(1)
and,

  y  y
 x 1    f  x  f 1  
xy   x  x
f f  ,x  0
 2   2  2 ...(2)
 
 
now,
fx  h   fx
f'  x   lim
h 0 h

 2x  2h 
f   fx
2
 lim  
h 0 h

44
  h
f  2x  f  1  
 x
 fx
 lim 2 [ from (2) ]
h 0 h

 h
f  2x  f  1    2f  x 
 x
 lim
h 0 2h

 h
f  2x  f  1    f  2x  f 1 
 x
 lim [ from (1) ]
h 0 2h

 h
f  1    f 1 
f  2x  x
 lim 
2 h  0 h
x
x

f  2x 
  f' 1 
2x
2f  x  fx
  f' 1    f' 1   f 1  
f 1  .2x x

f'  x  1
 
fx x
Integrating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
ln f  x   ln x  ln c

 f  x   cx ( c is constant > 0 )
 f  x   f 1  x   cx  c 1  x   cx  c  cx  c  constant.

55 Let f  x   x 3  x 2  x  1 and g  x   max f  t  : 0  t  x , 0  x  1  3  x,1  x  2.

Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the function g  x  in the interval  0, 2  .

Sol Given f  x   x 3  x 2  x  1

 f'  x   3x 2  2x  1

 2x 1 
 3 x 2   
 3 3

 1
2
2 
 3  x      0
 3  9 

 f  x  is strictly increasing in (0,2)

 maximum value of f  t  in 0  t  x is f  x 

45
  fx , 0  x  1
 g x  
3  x , 1  x  2

x 3  x 2  x  1 , 0  x  1

 3x , 1x2

Graph of g  x  :

X
0 1 2

Clearly, g  x  is continuous for all x   0, 2  and differentiable at all points in this

interval except x  1.
min f  t  : 0  t  x , 0  x  6
56 Let f  x   x 3  9x 2  15x  6 , and g  x    , then draw the
 x  18 , x6

graph of g  x  and discuss the continuity and differentiability of g  x  .

Sol  f  x   x 3  9x 2  15x  6,

  
f'  x   3x 2  18 x  15  3 x 2  6x  5  3  x  1  x  5 

If f'  x   0 then x   ,1    5,  

and if f'  x   0 then x  1, 5 

Hence f  x  is increasing in

 ,1    5,   and decreasing in (1,5).

Now, f  x   6  x 3  9x 2  15x  6  6

 x 3  9x 2  15x  0  
x x 2  9x  15  0
9  21
 x  0,
2

9  21  9  21 9  21 
 x  0,  x  ,  6 
2  2 2 

46
  9  21
 6 , 0x
 2
 9  21
 g  x   x 3  9x 2  15x  6 , x6
 2
 x  18 , x6



Graph of g  x  :

Clearly g(x) is continuous in  0,   and differentiable at all points in this interval

9  21
other than and 6.
2

 1  x  c  1
 b sin  2  ,  2  x  0
  
 1
57 Let f  x    , x0 , If f  x  is differentiable at x  0. Find the
 2
 e ax / 2  1 1
 , 0x
 x 2

value of a also prove that 64 b 2  4  c 2 .

ah
e 2 1 1
f 0  h   f 0  
Rf'  0   lim  lim h 2
Sol
h 0 h h  0 h

 ah 
a  e 2 1  1
 
2  ah  2
 lim  2 
h 0 h

a 1
at h  0 numerator must be = 0, then .1   0
2 2
47
 a 1
h
e2 1 1  h2 
 2e 1  h
 Rf'  0   lim h 2  lim    P  say 
...(1)
h 0 h h 0 2h 2

 h 
2e 2 1  h
 P  lim  2

h 0 2h

 h 
2e 2 1  h
Replacing h by h then P  lim   ...(2)
2
h 0 2h
h h h

h
e e 2
2
e  2e  1
2 2

Adding (1) and (2) then 2P  lim

h 0 h2
 lim
h 0 h
h 2e 2
2
 h 
 e2 1  1 1
 lim    h 
h
 4e 2 4
h 0

 2 

1 1
 P  Rf'  0   ...(3)
8 8

 h  c  1
b sin 1  
f 0  h   f 0   2  2
Lf'  0   lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h
Now, at h  0 numerator must be  0
c 1
 b sin 1     0
2 2
then,
ch  1  c 
sin 1    sin  
 2  2
Lf'  0   b lim
h 0 h

 2 
 c  h   c2  c   c  h  
sin 1    1     1    
 2   4  2   2   
 b lim 
h 0 h

  2 
1 c  h   c2  c  c  h  
sin   1     1    
 2   4  2   2   
 b lim 
h 0
ch  c2  c  ch  
2

  1     1    
 2   4  2   2  

48
  c  h  c2  c
2 
  ch  
   1    1    
 2   4  2  2  


h

 c  h  c2  c
2  2 
   c  h    c  h   c2  c c h  
  1    1     1    1  
 2   4  2  2    2   4  2  2  
  b lim   
h 0  c  h  c2  c
2 
  ch 
h    1   1  
 2   4  2  2  

c2  c2   c  h  
2 2
ch  
   1     1    
 2   4  4   2  
  b lim
h 0  c  h  c2  c
2 
  ch  
h   1    1  
 2   4  2  2  
 

  b lim
 2c  h  h 
h 0   c   c  h   
2
 c  h   c2
4h    1     1    
 2   4  2   2   

2bc b
 
  c2    c2 
4 c  1   2 1   ...(5)
  4    4 

From (3) and (5),

1 b

8  c2 
2 1  
 4 

 64 b 2  4  c 2

58 Let   R. Prove that a function f : R  R is differentiable at x   if and only if there

is a function g : R  R which is continuous at  and satisfies f  x   f     g  x  x   
for all   R.
Sol Let f : R  R be differentiable at x    R , then
f x   f 
lim  f'    exists and finite.
x  x  
i.e. Lf'     Rf'     f'   

f x   f  f x   f 
 lim  lim  f'   
x  x   x  x  
lim g  x   lim g  x   f'   
x  x 
 f  x   f     g  x  x    ...(1)

49
 f x   f 
Again f'     lim
x  x  
 lim g  x   g   
x 

From (1) and (2), we get xlim g  x   lim g  x   g   

 x 

L.H.L  R.H.L  V.F.

 g  x  is continuous function at x    R.

59 Let g  x   0 if  e  x  1

 1 

 1  sin ln x 2   if 1  x  e.
 3 

where {} denotes the fractional part function and
1
f  x   x g  x  for g  x   1 
3

sin ln x 2  
 x  g  x   1  otherwise

Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f  x  over its domain.

 1 2 
Sol Given g  x   1  sin  ln x   for 1  x  e
 3 
 0 for  e  x  1
1  1 
i.e., g x  1 
3
 
sin ln x 2   1  sin ln x 2  
 3 
 
1 1 

3
  
sin ln x 2    sin ln x 2   ,1  x  e
3 

 0, e  x  1
where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
consider : 1xe
 1 
2
 x 2  e 2     
ln 1   ln x 2   ln e 2 

  
0  ln x 2   2 

Case I : If 0  ln  x 2     i.e. 1  x  e then 0  sin ln  x   1

2
 
1
 0
1
3
     13
sin ln x 2     
 3 sin ln x
2 
  0

1
 g x 
3

sin ln x 2   for 1x e

Case II : If   ln  x 2    2  i.e.,
2

e  x  e then 1  sin ln  x   0 
1
 
1 1
 sin ln x 2 
3 3
    0    
 3 sin ln x
2 
  1

1
 g x  1 
3
  
sin ln x 2  for e xe
50
Case III : If ln  x 2    2   xe  g  x   1  0
Combining all cases, we get
1

 3
  

f  x   x  1  sin ln x 2  

for e  x  e

1

 3
  

 x  1  sin ln x 2  

for1  x  e

 x 1  0  for  e  x  1

 x 1  0  for x  e

1


 3
  

f  x   x  1  sin ln x 2  

for 1  x  e

x
 f is differentiable in  e,1  and 1, e 

Check the differentiable of f  x  at x  1.

f  1  h   f 1 
Lf' 1   lim
h 0 h

 lim
1  h   1  1
h 0 h
f  1  h   f 1 
and Rf' 1   lim
h 0 h

1  h    1 

1
3
 2 
sin ln 1  h    1


 lim
h 0 h

1  h  sin
 lim
h
3
 ln 1  h  2

h 0 h



 lim 1 
 1  h  sin ln 1  h 2
 
h 0  3 h 

 

 1  lim
1  h  lim

sin ln 1  h 
2

h 0 3 h 0 h

 1  lim
1  h  lim sin 2  ln 1  h   2  ln 1  h 
h 0 3 h 0 2  ln 1  h  h

1  0 
1  .1. 2  .1
 3 
2
1 
3
Thus f is not differentiable at x  1.

51
 Hence f is continuous and differentiable for all x  domain of except not
differentiable at x  1.

60 Suppose that f and g are non-constant differentiable real valued functions on R.

If for every x, y  R, f  x  y   f  x  f  y   g  x  g  y  , g  x  y   g  x  f  y   f  x  g  y  and

f'  0   0 then prove that f  x   g  x   1  x  R.

2 2

fx  h   fx fx  h   fx  0 

Sol We have f'  x   lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h

 lim
f  x  f  h   g  x  g  h   f  x  f  0   g  x  g  0 
h 0 h
f  x   f h   f 0  g  x  g h   g 0 
 lim  lim
h 0 h  0  h 0 h  0 
 f  x  f'  0   g  x  g '  0 

 0  g x  g ' 0   f'  0   0 
 f'  x   g  x  g '  0  ....(1)

g x  h   g x g x  h   g x  0 
and g '  x   lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h

 lim
g  x  f  h   f  x  g  h   g  x  f  0   f  x  g  0 
h 0 h
f h   f 0  g h   g 0 
 g  x  lim  f  x  lim
h 0 h 0 h 0 h 0
 g  x  f'  0   f  x  g '  0 

 0  f x  g ' 0   f'  0   0 
 f x  g ' 0  ....(2)
Multiplying (1) by f(x) and (2) by g(x) and adding we get
f  x  f'  x   g  x  g '  x   0

or 2f  x  f'  x   2g  x  g '  x   0 on integrating we get

f  x   g  x 
2 2
c .....(3)
Putting x  0, y  0 in the given equation then

f  0   f  0   g  0 
2 2
and g  0   2f  0  g  0 

1
or g  0  2f  0   1  0 or g  0   0 or f  0  
2

If g  0   0, then f  0    f  0    0 or f  0   1
2

2
1 1 1
,     g 0 
2
and for f  0  
2 2 2

52
 1
g 0 
2
   Impossible 
4

Hence f  0   1 and g  0   0 from (3), f  0   g  0   c

2 2

 10  c  c 1
Hence f  x   g  x   1.
2 2

61 Let f  x  be a real valued function not identically zero such that

 
f x  y n  f  x   f  y  ;  x, y  R (where n is odd natural number > 1) and f'  0   0.
n

Find out the values of f' 10  and f  5  .

 
Given that f x  y n  f  x    f  y  
n
Sol

Putting x  y  0  f 0   0

f 0  h   f 0 
 f'  0   lim
h 0 h
f h   0
 lim
h 0 h
f h 
 lim    say  ...(1)
h 0 h
Also,
f 0  h   f 0 
f'  0   lim
h 0 h

 lim

f 0  h1 / n  
n
  f 0 
h 0 h

  
n
f  0   f h1 / n  f 0 
 lim
h 0 h

  
n
 f h 1 /n
 lim  1 / n 
h 0 h
 
 n [ from (1) ]
From (1) and (2),   n
   1, 0,1  n is odd and   R 
 f'  0   0    1 
 f'  0   0,1

fx  h   fx
Again f'  x   lim
h 0 h

53
  lim
 
f x  h1 / n 
n
  fx
h 0 h

  
n
f  x   f h1 / n  fx
 lim
h 0 h

  
n
 f h1 / n
 lim  1 / n
h 0  h   n
 

For   0, f'  x   0

On intergrating we get f  x   c

At x  0, f  0   c  0  f  0   0 
 fx  0

which is impossible as f(x) is not identically zero, i.e., f  x   0

and for   1 f'  x   1

On intergrating w.r.t. x and taking limit 0 to x,
x x
then  f'  x  dx  
0 0
[Link]

 f x   f 0   x  f x   0   x  f  0   0 
Hence f  x   x and f'  x   1  f' 10   1 and f  5   5.

62 Let a1 > a2 > a3 ............ an > 1; p1 > p2 > p3......... > pn > 0 ; such that p1 + p2 + p3 + ...... + pn = 1


Also F (x) = p1a1x  p 2a 2x  .......  p n a nx 
1x
. Compute

(a) Lim F( x ) (b) Lim F( x ) (c) Lim F( x ) [Ans. (a) a1p1 · a p2 2 .....a pn n ; (b) a1 ; (c) an]
x 0 x  x  
[Sol.
(1) 
x 0 x 0 

Lim F( x ) = Lim p1a1x  p 2a 2x  .......  p n a nx 
1x
(1 form)

p1a1x  p 2a 2x  .......  p n a nx  1 0

1= el where l = Lim  
0
L

x 0 x
using L'Hospital's Rule
l = Lim
x 0

p1 ln a1 a1x  p 2 ln a 2 a 2x  .......  p n ln a n a nx 
= p1 ln a1 + p2 ln a2 + ....... + pn ln an

= ln a1p1 · a p2 2 .....a pn n 
 L1 = el = a1p1 · a p2 2 .....a pn n Ans.

(2)
x 

Lim F( x ) = L2 = Lim p1a1x  p 2a 2x  .......  p n a nx
x 
 1x
(0 form) [only when a1 a2 etc. > 1]

ln p a x
 p 2a 2x  .......  p a 
x
 ln L2 = Lim 1 1 n n
x  x

54
 using L'Hospital's Rule

Lim
p ln a a
1
x
1 1  p 2 ln a 2 a 2x  .......  p n ln a n a nx 
L

2 = x  p1a1x  p 2a 2x  .......  p n a nx
....(1)

dividing by a1x and taking limit, we get

x x
a  a 
Lim ,  2  ,  3  , etc all vanishes as x  
x   a   
 1   a2 
p1 ln a1
= p1 = ln a1

hence ln L2 = ln a1  L2 = a1 Ans.
(3) Lim F( x ) = L3 (say)
x  

p ln a a
1
x
1 1  p 2 ln a 2 a 2x  .......  p n ln a n a nx 
 ln L3 = xLim
  p1a1x  p 2 a 2x  .......  p n a nx
x x
 a1   a2 
dividing by (an)x and taking xLim   ,   etc vanishes
  a
,  a 
 n   n

p n ln a n
 ln L3 =  L3 = an
pn

63 Let f : R   R be a differentiable function with f 1   3 and satisfying :

xy x y
 f  t  dt  y  f  t  dt  x  f  t  dt ;
1 1 1
 x, y  R 

then find f  x  .
xy x y
Sol We have  f  t  dt  y  f  t  dt  x  f  t  dt
1 1 1

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x treating y as constant; we get

y
f  xy  .y  yf  x    f  t  dt
1

y
Putting x  1 , we get yf  y   yf 1    1 f  t  dt

 f 1   3 
y
 yf  y   3y   f  t  dt
1

Again differentiating both sides w.r.t. y, we get

yf'  y   f  y  .1  3  f  y 
3
 f'  y  
y
Integrating both sides w.r.t. y with limit 1 to x then
yf' 1   3 ln x  3 ln 1

f  x   f 1   3 ln x  3 ln 1

 f  x   3  3 ln x  0  f 1   3 
55
  f  x   3  3 ln x

 3 ln e  3 ln x  3 ln  ex 

Hence f  x   3 ln  ex  .

64 Let f  x m y n   mf  x   nf  y   x, y  R  and  m, n  R. If f'  x  exists and has the value

e f 1  x 
, then find lim .
x x  0 x
Sol   
f x m y n  mf  x   nf  y  ....(1)

Putting x  y  m  n  1, then f 1   f 1   f 1 

 f 1   0

  h 
f  x 1     f  x  1
fx  h   fx  x 
 f'  x   lim  lim 
h 0 h h  0 h

 
 n

 h  
1/n

  
   1  1/n n
m m
f  x1 / m  1    f x
1/m

  x   
 lim 
h 0 h

 h  
1/n


mf x 1/m
  
 nf  1     mf x 1 / m  nf 1 
x  
 lim 
h 0 h

 h  
1/n

nf  1   
 x  
 lim
h 0 h

 h
f 1  
 lim 
h 0
x
h
 Putting y  1 in (1) then f  x   mf  x 
m

x 
x

 h  h
f 1   f 1  
e 1 x x
  lim   lim  e
x x h  0 h h 0 h
   
x x

f 1  x 
Hence lim e
h 0 x

Let f be a continuous and differentiable function in  x1 , x 2  . If f  x  .f'  x   x 1   f  x  

4
65

56
 1 
 f  x    1 and xlim  f  x  
2 2
and xlim for x   x1 , x 2  , then prove that x1  x 2 
2 2
x  1 x  2 2 3

(assume that lim

x a x a

f  g  x    f lim g  x  holds everywhere). 
Given f  x   f'  x   x 1   f  x  
4
Sol

f  x  f'  x  2f  x  f'  x 
 x 0 or  2x  0
1   f  x  1   f  x 
4 4

or
d
dx

sin 1  f  x    x 2  0
2

F  x   sin 1  f  x    x 2 is a non decreasing function.
2


 lim F  x   lim F  x 
x  x1 x x 2


x  x1
 2

lim sin 1  f  x    x 2  lim sin 1  f  x    x 2
x x 2
 2

  
  x12   x 22  x12  x 22  
2 6 3

66 Are there any non-constant differentiable functions f : R  R such that

 
f f  f  x   f  x   0  x  R ?

Sol  
Given f f  f  x    f  x  ....(1)
Applying f to both sides of the equation (1), then

 
f f  f  x    f f  x  ....(2)

If g  x   f  f  x    x  R then equation (2) can be written as g  g  x    g  x  ; g is also

a differentiable function on R and g  x   0  x  R.

Then the range T  g  R  of g is an interval in 0,   . Let a be the infimum of T.

Since g  t   t for all t  T and g is continuous.

 g a   a

Assume T has more than one element. Choose   0 such that  a, a    T  .

Then x   a  , a 

g x   g a 
 g x   g a   a  0
xa
g x   g a 
 Lg '  a   lim 0
x a  xa
g a  h   g a 
 lim 0 ....(3)
h 0 h

57
 g x   g a 
For x   a, a    we have 1
xa
g x   g a 
Hence Rg '  a   lim 1 ....(4)
xa
x a 

As g is differentiable at a, therefore (3) and (4) are contradictory. This concludes that
T is a single point i.e., g is a constant function,
g  x   c  x  R, (c is constant)

from (1), f c   f x   x  R
This shows that f is a constant function. Thus there is no non-constant differentiable
function satisfying (1).

67 Let f  x   x 3  3x 2  6  x  R and

max f  t  : x  1  t  x  2, 3  x  0
g x  
 1  x, for x0

Test continuity of g  x  for x   3,1.

Sol Since f  x   x 3  3x 2  6

 f'  x   3x 2  6x

 3x  x  2 

for maximum and minima f'  x   0

 x  0, 2
f" x   6x  6

f" 0   6  0 (local maxima at x  0 )

f" 2   6  0 (local minima at x  2 )

Cut off x-axis x 3  3x 2  6  0 has maximum 2 positive and 1 negative real roots.
Cut off y-axis. F  0   6.

Now graph of f  x  is :

y  fx

fx  2
2

X
1 0 1 2 3

Clearly f(x) is increasing in  , 0    2,   and decreasing in (0,2)

58
  x20  x  2  3  x  2
 2  x  1  1 and 1  x  2  0
in both cases f(x) increases (maximum) of g  x   f  x  2 

 g  x   f  x  2  ;  3  x  2 ...(1)
and if x  1  0 and 0  x  2  2  2  x  1
then g  x   f  0 

Now for x  1  0 and x  2  2  1  x  0, g  x   f  x  1 

f  x  2  ; 3  x  2

 f 0  ; 2  x  1
g x  
Hence  f  x  1 ; 1  x   0
1  x ; x0


Hence g(x) is continuous in the interval  3,1.

 1 
 x (1  x ) sin  x 2  if 0  x  1
3

68 f : [0, 1]  R is defined as f (x) =    , then prove that

 0 if x  0
(a) f is differentiable in [0, 1] (b) f is bounded in [0, 1] (c) f ' is bounded in [0, 1]
 1 
 x (1  x ) sin  x 2  if 0  x  1
3

Sol. f (x) =   
 0 if x  0

1
h 3 (1  h ) sin 0
f' (0+) = Lim h2 =0
h 0 h
1
(1  h )3 ( h ) sin 0 1
(1  h ) 2  (1  h )3 sin
f ' (1–) = Lim = Lim = – sin 1
h 0 h h 0 (1  h ) 2
Hence f is derivable in [0, 1], obviously f is continuous in [0, 1] hence f is bounded
 1  2  1
 ( x  x ) cos 2   3   sin 2 (3x  4 x ) x  0
3 4 2 3

hence f ' (x) =   

x x  x
 0 if x  0

Lim  (0)  sin 1(3  4) , hence f ' is also bounded.

x 1

59
  4 x  5 [x] for x  1
69 Discuss the continuity of f in [0,2] where f(x) =  ; where [x] is the greatest integer not
 cos  x for x  1
greater than x.

 1 if x  0
 1
0 if 0  x 
 2
 1
 1 if  x 1
 4 x  5 [x] for 1  x  2 
f x  
2
Sol. 
 cos  x  for 0  x  1  5

 5  4x  if 1  x 
4
 5
 4x  5  if x 2
 4
 6 if x  2

Clearly f(x) is discont. for x = 0, 1/2, 1 & 2.

70 If f(x) = x + {-x} + [x] , where [x] is the integral part & {x} is the fractional part of x. Discuss the continuity of
f in [ – 2, 2 ].
Sol. f  x   x   x   x 

if n  x  n  1, then f  x   2n  1
as for nonintegral values  x  1  x   x  and  x   n
if x  n, then f  x   2n
 2n if xn

Hence f  x    2n  1 if n  x  n 1
2n  2 if x  n 1


60