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Unit 5
1- Microprocessor

2- Overview on intel 8085 microprocessor

3- Internal architecture of microprocessor

4- 40 pin diagram

5- Memory and I/O interfacing

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What is a Microprocessor?
A microprocessor incorporates all the functions of the central processing unit (CPU) of a
computer on a single integrated circuit (IC), otherwise known as a chip. It serves as the
fundamental building block of any computing device, ranging from supercomputers to
embedded systems. Simply put, a microprocessor is a programmable electronic device capable
of performing arithmetic and logic operations by manipulating numbers and symbols according
to instructions. It executes a sequence of stored instructions called a program. This program
takes inputs, processes them, and provides outputs. Essentially, the microprocessor is
responsible for performing arithmetic, logic, control, and input/output (I/O) operations
specified by the instructions.

o Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logical operations. The
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is responsible for performing arithmetic and logic
operations such as addition, subtraction, AND, OR, XOR, etc. on the data received from
registers or memory.
o Control Unit (CU): Directs the operation of the processor. The Control Unit
orchestrates the flow of instructions and data inside the microprocessor. It fetches
instructions from memory, decodes them, and then issues necessary control signals to
execute them in a sequential manner.
o Registers: Temporary storage areas for data and instructions. Registers temporarily
store data and act as a communication interface between the control unit, ALU,
memory, and input/output peripherals. Some common registers include the
accumulator, index registers, program counter, etc.
o Clock: Synchronizes the operations of the processor.
o Data Bus: Transfers data between components.
o Address Bus: Transfers information about where data should be sent or retrieved from.

Explanation of Each Part:

1. Small Chip:
o The microprocessor is a tiny integrated circuit (IC) made of millions or billions of
microscopic components.
o Its compact size allows it to fit in all kinds of devices, from computers to smartphones
and even appliances.
2. Processes Instructions:
o It reads commands (instructions) in binary language (0s and 1s).
o These instructions tell the microprocessor what to do, such as adding numbers or
turning on a device component.
3. Perform Tasks:
o The microprocessor performs tasks like arithmetic operations (e.g., addition,
subtraction), logical operations (e.g., comparing two values), and controlling
operations (e.g., moving data).
o It ensures the proper functioning of the entire system by managing these tasks quickly
and efficiently.
4. Controls Other Parts:
o It acts like the "brain" of the system, communicating with other components like
memory, input devices (e.g., keyboard), and output devices (e.g., display) to complete
a task.
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Overview of the Intel 8085 Microprocessor:

The Intel 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor introduced in 1976 by Intel. It is widely regarded
as a foundational microprocessor in the evolution of computing due to its simplicity and
effectiveness in handling basic processing tasks. It was designed primarily for embedded
systems and small-scale applications.

Key Features of the Intel 8085:

1. 8-bit Processor:
o The 8085 can handle 8-bit data at a time, meaning its data bus width is 8 bits.
2. 16-bit Address Bus:
o The processor can address up to 64 KB of memory (2^16 = 65,536 memory
locations).
3. Clock Speed:
o Operates at a clock frequency of 3 MHz.
4. Single 5V Power Supply:
o Unlike earlier processors that required multiple power supplies, the 8085 operates
on a single +5V DC power source, simplifying its use.
5. Instruction Set:
o It supports 246 instructions, including arithmetic, logical, branching, and machine
control instructions.
6. Registers:
o It has a small set of registers, including:
 Accumulator (A): Main register for processing data.
 General-Purpose Registers (B, C, D, E, H, L): Temporary storage or data
manipulation.
 Program Counter (PC): Tracks the address of the next instruction to execute.
 Stack Pointer (SP): Points to the top of the stack in memory.
7. Interrupts:
o It has 5 interrupts, allowing external devices to interrupt the microprocessor's
normal execution flow for higher-priority tasks.
8. ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit):
o Performs arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction) and logical operations (AND,
OR, XOR, etc.).
9. Simplified Pin Configuration:
o The 8085 has 40 pins, making it relatively simple to connect with external devices.
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Internal architecture of microprocessor

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

The ALU, or the arithmetic and logic unit, performs various operations.
The numerical and logical operations performed are listed below.
 Addition and Subtraction

 Logical operations like AND, OR, or XOR

 Complement (logical NOT)

 Increment, Decrement

 Left shift, Right Shift

 Clear, etc.

The ALI comprises the Accumulator, temporary registers, logic circuits, and flags.
The result is always stored in an Accumulator.
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Registers
The registers are a set of flip-flops. The register is used to store the data.
The 8085 microprocessor uses the following registers.
 General Purpose Registers - 8085 microprocessor consists of 6 general purpose
registers. The registers are present inside the microprocessor. These registers stores
8-bit data to execute a program. The General purpose registers are denoted as B, C, D,
E, H, and L. The registers are used as combined pairs as - BC, DE, and HL for
performing 16-bit operations

 Temporary registers - These registers are used to store some temporary data. These
registers are used in the ALU and are not accessible by the programmer. It is further
subdivided into two categories. The temporary registers and W and Z register
Program Counter (PC)
Program Counters are registers that are used to store program counters. It stores
the memory location of the instruction to be performed. The microprocessor uses it
to reference an instruction from the memory.
The program counter is a 16-bit register to store addresses. The microprocessor
uses it to sequence the instructions to be executed.
The function it performs is done using the opcode from one memory location. After
that, increment the counter to the next instruction.
Stack Pointer (SP)
The stack pointer is also a 16-bit register. The data in the stack pointer is stored
sequentially. The stack pointer stores the address of the last element input of the
stack.
With the addition of new data, the stack pointer is incremented. The stack pointer
points to the removed memory location if an element is removed.
Accumulator
The Accumulator in the 8085 microprocessor is used to perform various operations.
The operations can be arithmetic, logical, or Input/Output operations. The
Accumulator is connected to the internal Data bus and the ALU. It is an 8-bit register
and stores the result of the operations. It is denoted as register A.
Timing & Control Unit
The Timing and Control units generate the signals. The generated signals are
necessary for the execution of the instructions. The work of the Time and Control
unit is listed below.
 Controlling the data flow between the CPU and the other devices. It can also be used to
control memory

 It provides the timing signals, control, and status requires to operate memory and I/O
devices

Some of the timing and control signals are the DMA signal, RESET signal, and
STATUS signal
Also read, microprogrammed control unit
Instruction Register and Decoder
The instruction register and decoder are temporary storage devices. It stores the
current instruction of a program. It is an 8-bit register. The instruction to be executed
is sent here before execution. The decoder takes the instruction and interprets the
instruction. The decoded instruction is then passed to the next stage.
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Interrupt Control
The interrupt control is a signal to control interruption during a process. Here, during
the execution of a main program, an interruption might occur. The microprocessor
shifts the program control from the main to interrupting the process.
After executing the interrupting process, the control returns to the main program. The
five main interrupt signals in the 8085 microprocessor are.
 INTR

 RST 7.5

 RST 6.5

 RST 5.5

 TRAP
Serial Input/Output Control
Serial Input and Output Control are used to control the data communication. The
communication is serial. The two instructions are:
 SID - Serial Input Data

 SOD - Serial Output Data.

The 8085 microprocessor uses a serial I/O port. The SID is used for serial input, and
SOD is used for serial output.
Address Bus and Data Bus
The address bus is a 16-bit bus. The address bus size determines the memory size
which can be used. The address bus is unidirectional. It can only send data from the
microprocessor to memory. The address bus transfers the memory address of the
data to be used.
The data bus is an 8-bit bus. The data bus size determines what arithmetic
operations can be done. The data bus also carries instructions from memory to the
microprocessor. The microprocessor then decodes the fetched instruction code from
memory.
Both address and data bus is used in 8085, facilitating communication in it. They
help to perform various operations and communications with external devices.
Flags
The Flag registers are used to define the status of the current result generated by
the ALU. It does not hold the result. Thus, the flags are used to test the data
conditions. The flag is an 8-bit register storing either 0 or 1.
The flag registers used in 8085 microprocessors are:
 Carry Flag (CY)

 Parity Flag (P)

 Auxiliary Carry Flag (AC)

 Zero Flag (Z)

 Sign Flag (S)

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4What is the 8085 Microprocessor 40 Pin

Diagram?
The 8085 pin diagram consists of 40 pins of the microprocessor. The pins can
be categorized into six groups-address and data bus, control signals, status
signals, power supply, and serial input/output ports.

8085 Pin Diagram in Microprocessor

X1 AND X2
This is the first pin in the 8085 Pin Diagram in Microprocessor. The x1 and x2
represent the crystal oscillator which will provide frequency for the
microprocessor.
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Address Bus (A8-A15)

This is the second pin in the 8085 Pin Diagram in Microprocessor. The
address bus pins range from A8 to A15 and these pins do the data transfer
only.

Address Bus (or) Data Bus (AD0-AD7)

This is the third pin in the 8085 Pin Diagram in Microprocessor. The address
bus pins or data bus pins range from AD0 to AD7, and these pins are called
multiplexing lines that can do both addresses as well as data transfer.

Address Latch Enable (ALE)

This is the 4th pin in the 8085 Pin Diagram in Microprocessor. It is an active
high signal. It represents the status of data lines (AD0-AD7). If the value is
positive then it indicates that the address is going in the lines and if the
value is negative then data is travelling in the lines.

Status Signal (IO/M)

This is the 5th pin in the 8085 Pin Diagram in Microprocessor. It tells us
whether the address is intended for memory or input/output. In the case
when we get a positive signal it represents that we have got i/o read or i/o
write and when we get a negative signal it represents memory activation.

Status Signals (S0-S1)

This is the 6th pin in the 8085 Pin Diagram in Microprocessor. The status
signals S0, and S1 give different functions as well as status based on their
status.

 01 then the operation will be HALT.

 10 then the operation will be WRITE
 10 then the operation will be READ
 11 then the operation will be FETCH

RD
This is the 7th pin in the 8085 Pin Diagram in Microprocessor. The RD is an
energetic low signal and it is used for controlling the microprocessor READ
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operation. When the RD pin goes small then the 8085

microprocessor understands the information from the I/O device or memory.

WR
This is the 8th pin in the 8085 Pin Diagram in Microprocessor. It has the
power to control the microprocessor’s write operations. When the WR pin
goes small the data will be written to the I/O device or memory.

READY
This is the 9th pin in the 8085 Pin Diagram in Microprocessor. The READY pin
is for ensuring whether a device is set for accepting or transferring data.
When the pin is high the device is ready for transfer, if it is not then the
microprocessor stays until this pin goes high.

HOLD
This is the 10th pin in the 8085 Pin Diagram in Microprocessor. The HOLD pin
specifies when any device is demanding the use of an address as well as a
data bus.

HLDA
This is the 11th pin in the 8085 Pin Diagram in Microprocessor. It is the
response signal of HOLD and is used to specify whether this signal is
obtained or not. This signal will go low after the implementation of HOLD
demand.

INTR
This is the 12th pin in the 8085 Pin Diagram in Microprocessor. This is an
interrupt signal, and the priority of this among the interrupts is low. This
signal can be allowed or not allowed by the software. The
8085 microprocessor completes the instruction which is being executed when
the INTR pin goes high and recognizes the INTR signal and progresses it.

INTA
This is the 13th pin in the 8085 Pin Diagram in Microprocessor. INTA stands
for interrupt acknowledgement. Whenever an interrupt signal comes, then it
should be recognized by INTA. It is an active-low signal that is for zero it will
process and for one it won’t.
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RST 5.5, RST 6.5, RST 7.5

This is the 14th pin in the 8085 Pin Diagram in Microprocessor. These are the
restart maskable interrupts or Vectored Interrupts which are used for the
insertion of an inner restart function repeatedly. All these interrupts are
maskable.

TRAP
This is the 15th pin in the 8085 Pin Diagram in Microprocessor. TRAP is a
non-maskable interrupt, and it doesn’t allow or stop a program. TRAP has
maximum precedence between interrupts. The priority order is TRAP, RST
5.5, RST 6.5, RST 7.5, and INTR.

RESET IN
This is the 16th pin in the 8085 Pin Diagram in Microprocessor. It is used to
reset the program counter toward zero. It also rearranges interrupt enable as
well as HLDA flip-flops (FFs).

RST (RESET) OUT

This is the 17th pin in the 8085 Pin Diagram in Microprocessor. It will reset
all the devices connected to the microprocessor.

X1 X2
This is the 18th pin in the 8085 Pin Diagram in Microprocessor. X1, and X2
terminals that are associated with the exterior oscillator for generating the
required as well as appropriate operation of a clock.

CLK
This is the 19th pin in the 8085 Pin Diagram in Microprocessor. Sometimes
CLK signal has to be generated from microprocessors that can be used in
favour of other peripherals or else other digital integrated circuits. This is
offered with a CLK pin.
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SID and SOD

This is the 30th pin in the 8085 Pin Diagram in Microprocessor. These two
pins are used for serial data communication. In the serial input data, the
information is uploaded into the 7th bit of the accumulator while RIM
instruction is performed. RIM(Read interrupt mask) verifies whether the
interrupt is covered or not covered. In the serial o/p data the output of the
data is sent toward the 7th bit of the accumulator whenever an instruction of
SIM is performed.

VSS and VCC

This is the 31st pin in the 8085 Pin Diagram in Microprocessor. VSS is a
ground pin whereas Vcc is a +5v pin.

Interface is the path for communication between two components. Interfacing

is of two types, memory interfacing and I/O interfacing.
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Memory Interfacing
When we are executing any instruction, we need the microprocessor to
access the memory for reading instruction codes and the data stored in the
memory. For this, both the memory and the microprocessor requires some
signals to read from and write to registers.

The interfacing process includes some key factors to match with the memory
requirements and microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore
should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal
requirements with the signals of the microprocessor.

IO Interfacing
There are various communication devices like the keyboard, mouse, printer,
etc. So, we need to interface the keyboard and other devices with the
microprocessor by using latches and buffers. This type of interfacing is
known as I/O interfacing.

Block Diagram of Memory and I/O Interfacing

8085 Interfacing Pins

Following is the list of 8085 pins used for interfacing with other devices −

 A15 - A8 (Higher Address Bus)

 AD7 - AD0(Lower Address/Data Bus)
 ALE
 RD
 WR
 READY