Kasegaon Education Society’s

Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale

(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

Chapter 1: Matrix

1.1 Introduction:

A matrix is rectangular arrangement of numbers in the form of rows (Horizontal lines) and
columns (vertical lines) on which we can apply elementary transformation. Matrices are used to
describe linear equations, keep track of the coefficients of linear transformation and to record
data that depends on multiple parameters. There are many applications of matrices in
mathematics, viz. graph theory, probability theory, statistics, computer graphics, geometrical
optics etc.

1.2 Definition: A set of mn numbers (real or complex) arranged in rectangular form of m rows
and n columns is called a matrix of order m by n , written as m  n .
Thus,
 a11 a12 .. a1n 
 a a 22  a 2n 
A   21
. .  .
 
 a m1 a m2 .. a mn  mn

We denote this matrix by A  aij 

m n

C1 C2 C3 R1 --First row R2 --second row R3 --third

5 3 4 R1
row  
e.g. A   3 2 2  R2 C1 -
 4 2 4  33 R3
-First column C2 --second column C3 --third column

1.3 Types Of matrix

1Rectangular Matrix: Number of rows ≠ Number of columns

1 2 
5 6 0 
E.g. A23   , A32  3 4  no. of row  3 & no. of column  2
1 8 9  5 6  32

1 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

2. Row and column matrix:

Row Matrix: Only one row and any number of columns.

E.g. A13   8 0 9 , A12  1 1

Column Matrix: Only one row and any number of columns.

 5
0
E.g. A31   0  , A21   
  9 
 9 

3. Square Matrices: Number of rows  Number of columns.

5 3 4
e.g. A33   3 2 2 
 4 2 4  33

4. Diagonal matrix: A square matrix in which all entries are zero except diagonal.

5 0 0 
e.g. D33  0 2 0 
0 0 4  33

5. Scalar matrix: In Diagonal matrix all diagonals are same.

5 0 0
e.g. K 33  0 5 0 
0 0 5  33

6. Singular matrix: If determinant of given matrix is equal zero then matrix is singular matrix.

i.e. A  0

7. Nonsingular matrix: if determinant is not equal to zero then matrix is non-singular matrix.

i.e. A  0

8. Zero (Null) Matrix: All entries are zero

2 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

0 0 0  0 0 
e.g. 0 0 0  , 0 0 
   
0 0 0  0 0 

9. Identity/Unit Matrix: Diagonal matrix whose all diagonals are are 1

Symmetric and Skew symmetric matrix:

Definition: A square matrix A   aij  is said to be symmetric if aij  a ji for all i & j.

a h g   5 3  i 4  i
1 2  
e.g.   , h b f  , 3  i 2 2i 
2 5  g c   4  i 2i 4 
 f

And A square matrix A   aij  is said to be skew symmetric if aij  a ji for all i & j.

If 𝐴 is a skew symmetric matrix then aii  aii i.e. 2aii  0 i.e. aii  0

I.e. diagonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix are 0.

0 h g   0 3  i 4  i
 0 2   
e.g.   ,  h 0  f  ,  3  i 0 2i 
 2 0   g 0   4  i 2i 0 
 f

Note:

1. A matrix A is symmetric if AT  A.

2. A matrix A is skew symmetric if AT   A.

Rank of a Matrix:

Definition: Let A be a non -zero matrix then the integer r is called the rank of the matrix A if

1) There exists at least one minor of order r

2) Every minor of order greater then r is zero.

3 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

Rank of matrix is denoted by   A .

In simple word, rank of a matrix is the largest order of the non-zero minor of the matrix.

Method 1 of finding rank: Minor method

1 2 3
Example 1) Find the rank of the matrix, 𝐴 = [ ].
3 6 9
1 2 2 3 1 3
Solution: Minor of order 2⇒ | | = 0, | | = 0, | |=0
3 6 6 9 3 9
All minors of order 2 are 0.

Minor of order 2⇒ |1| = 1 ≠ 0

∴ 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 2

1 2 1
Example 1) Find the rank of the matrix,𝐴 = [−1 0 2 ].
2 1 −3
1 2 1
Solution: Minor of order 3⇒ |−1 0 2 | ≠ 0, ∴ 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 3
2 1 −3
Note: If matrix is non- singular (|𝐴| ≠ 0) then rank of matrix is order of the matrix

2 4 1 
Example 3) Find the rank of the matrix, A   3 6 2  .
 4 8 3 

2 4 1
6 2 3 2 3 6
Now A  3 6 2   2    4  1
8 3 4 3 4 8
4 8 3

 2 18  16  4[9  8]  1 24  24  0

4 1
But  86  2  0  Rank  2
6 2

4 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

Note: If matrix is singular (|𝐴| = 0) then rank of matrix is less than order of the matrix

𝜇 −1 0
Example 4) The rank of matrix [ 0 𝜇 −1]is 2, for 𝜇 equals
−1 0 𝜇

a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) any value

Solution: Given rank of matrix is 2 ⇒ matrix is singular

𝜇 −1 0
∴| 0 𝜇 −1| = 0
−1 0 𝜇

𝜇 −1 0 −1 0 𝜇
∴ 𝜇| | − (−1) | | + 0| |=0
0 𝜇 −1 𝜇 −1 0

∴ 𝜇(𝜇 2 − 0) + 1(0 − 1) + 0 = 0

∴ 𝜇3 − 1 = 0 ∴ (𝜇 − 1)(𝜇 2 + 𝜇 + 1) = 0 ∴ 𝜇 = 1 (Remaining two roots are complex)

Note:

1) The rank of a null matrix is zero

2) The rank of a non-singular matrix of order n is n . ( A  0)

3) The rank of matrix remains unchanged by elementary transformations.

4) The rank of the transpose of a matrix is same as that of the original matrix.

𝑚 × 𝑛 then 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 (𝐴) ≤ min(𝑚, 𝑛)

5) If A is a matrix of order

Elementary transformation of a matrix

The following operations are known as elementary transformation.

1. The interchange of any two rows (columns) i.e. 𝑅𝑖𝑗 or 𝐶𝑖𝑗

2. The multiplication of any row (column) by a non-zero number
i.e. 𝑘. 𝑅𝑖 , 𝑘 ≠ 0 or 𝑘. 𝐶𝑗 , 𝑘 ≠ 0

5 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

3. The addition of constant multiple of the elements of any row (column) to the
corresponding elements of any other row (column)
i.e. 𝑅𝑖 + 𝑘. 𝑅𝑗 , 𝑘 ≠ 0, or 𝐶𝑖 + 𝑘. 𝐶𝑗 , 𝑘 ≠ 0

Elementary transformations do not change either the order or rank of a matrix. While the
value of the minors may get changed by the transformation 1 and 2, their zero or non-
zero character remains unaffected.

Method 2: Rank of Matrix by Reduction to Normal or Canonical Form:

Definition: Any non-zero matrix A can be reduced to following four forms,

I  I 0
 Ir , Ir
0 ,  r  ,  r
0 
where I r is the identity matrix of order r. These forms are called
0 0
Normal Form.

Note: Rank of matrix in normal form  r, since I r  1

Method 3: Rank in Echelon form:

Definition: A matrix A is said to be in row echelon form if

1. The number of zero elements before leading non-zero entry increases row by row
2. All zero rows must be at bottom

5 6 4 8 5 6 4 8
e.g.[0 4 6 7 ], [0 4 6 7]
0 0 7 2 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 −4 0 0 0 0

Rank of a matrix in Echelon form is equals to the number of rows containing non-zero element.

Problem (1): Reduce the following matrices to echelon form and find their ranks

 1 2 3 1 0 1 3 1  2 3 1 1

 2 1 3 1 1 3 4 3  1 0 1 1  1 1 2 4 
1.   2. 3 9 12 9  3.  4. 
1 0 1 1 3 1 0 2 3 1 3 2 
  1 3 4 0     
 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 0  6 3 0 7 

6 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 1
 2 1 3 1 0 3 3 3
Solution: 1. Let, A     
R2  2 R1, R3  R1

1 0 1 1 0 2 2 2 
   
 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

1 2 3 1 1 2 3 1
0 0 0 0  0 1 1 1
R2 3 R4, R3  2 R4
  
R24
 which is in echelon form.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
   
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

 Rank of a matrix  Number of non zero rows  2 .

1 3 4 3  1 3 4 3 
2. Let, A  3 9 12 9   0 0 0 0 
R2 3 R1, R3  R1

   
1 3 4 0  0 0 0 3

1 3 4 3 
 0 0 0 3 which is in echelon form.
R23
 
0 0 0 0 

 Rank of a matrix  Number of non zero rows  2 .

0 1 3 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 1  0 1 3 1
3. Let, A    
R12

3 1 0 2 3 1 0 2
   
1 1 2 0  1 1 2 0 

1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 3 1 0 1 3 1
 
R3 3 R1, R4  R1 R3  R2, R4  R2
 ,  which is in echelon
0 1 3 1 0 0 0 0
   
0 1 3 1 0 0 0 0
form.

 Rank of a matrix  Number of non-zero rows  2 .

7 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 4 
1 1 2 4   2 3 1 1
4. Let, A   
R12
 
3 1 3 2   3 1 3 2 
   
6 3 0 7  6 3 0 7 

1 1 2 4 1 1 2 4 
0 5 3 7  0 1 6 3
  
R2  2 R1, R3 3 R1, R4  6 R1 R3  R2
 
0 4 9 10  0 4 9 10 
   
0 9 12 17  0 9 12 17 

1 1 2 4  1 1 2 4 
0 1 6 3 0 1 6 3
   which is in echelon
R3  4 R2, R4 9 R2 R4  2 R3
 , 
0 0 33 22  0 0 33 22 
   
0 9 66 44  0 9 0 0 
form.

 Rank of a matrix  Number of non-zero rows  3 .

Problem (2): Calculate rank of a matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] where 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 , 𝑖 = 1,2,3,4,5 and 𝑗 =
1,2,3,4

1+1 1+2 1+3 1+4 2 3 4 5

2+1 2+2 2+3 2+4 3 4 5 6
[𝑖
Solution: Given, 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] = + 𝑗] = 3 + 1 3+2 3+3 3+4 = 4 5 6 7
4+1 4+2 4+3 4+4 5 6 7 8
[5 + 1 5+2 5+3 5+4] [ 6 7 8 9]

2 3 4 5
𝑅2 −𝑅1, 𝑅3 −𝑅2 , 𝑅4 −𝑅3 ,𝑅5 −𝑅4 , 1 1 1 1
→ 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
[1 1 1 1]

2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5
𝑅3 −𝑅2 ,𝑅4 −𝑅3 ,𝑅5 −𝑅4 , 1 1 1 1 2𝑅2 −𝑅1 0 −1 −2 −3
→ 0 0 0 0 → 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[0 0 0 0] [0 0 0 0 ]
 Rank of a matrix  Number of non-zero rows= 2

8 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

Problem (2): Calculate rank of a matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] where 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑖𝑗 , 𝑖 = 1,2,3,4 and 𝑗 = 1,2,3

1.1 1.2 1.3 1 2 3

Solution: Given, 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] = [𝑖𝑗] = [2.1 2.2 2.3] = [2 4 6]
3.1 3.2 3.3 3 6 9
4.1 4.2 4.3 4 8 12
1 2 3
𝑅2 −2𝑅1, 𝑅3 −3𝑅1 , 𝑅4 −4𝑅1
→ [0 0 0]
0 0 0
0 0 0
 Rank of a matrix  Number of non-zero rows= 1

Example: Determine the rank of a matrices

1 2 3 0 5 6 7 8
3 −1 2 1 3 4 3
1. [−6 2 4] 2. [3 9 12 3] 3. [2 4 3 2] 4. [ 6 7 8 9 ]
3 2 1 3 11 12 13 14
−3 1 2 1 3 4 1 6 8 7 5 16 17 18 19

Consistency of Linear System of Equations:

Non homogeneous Linear Equation:

Consider the system of m equation in n unknowns

a11 x1  a12 x2  a1n xn  b1

a21 x1  a22 x2  a2n xn  b2



a m1x1  a m2 x 2  a mn x n  bn

In Matrix form AX  B

 a11 a12 .. a1n   x1   b1 

 a a22  a2 n   x2  b2 
 21 
. .  .  
    
 am1 am 2 .. amn   xn  bn 

9 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

 a11 a12 .. a1n 

 a a22  a2 n 
Where A   21
 Coefficient Matrix
. .  .
 
 am1 am 2 .. amn 

 x1 
x 
X   2   Column matrix of unknowns

 
 xn 

 b1 
b 
B   2   Column matrix of Constants

 
bn 

Non Homogeneous Linear System:

The system AX  B where B is not zero matrix is called system of non-homogeneous linear
equation.

Homogeneous Linear System:

The system AX  0 is called system of homogeneous linear equation.

i.e. Column Matrix B is zero matrix.

Augmented matrix: The matrix [ A : B] i.e. the matrix formed by Coefficient Matrix and
Constant Matrix is called Augmented matrix.

Consistency of equation:

Consistent Equation: A system of equations is said to be consistent if they have one or more
solution.

Inconsistent Equation: A system of equations is said to be inconsistent if they have no solution.

10 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

Rouché’s theorem: The system of equations 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 is consistent if and only if the coefficient
matrix A and Augmented matrix [ A : B] are of the same rank otherwise the system is
inconsistent.

Condition of Consistency: A system of equations AX  B is said to be consistent if it has at

least one solution.

1) If rank A   rank A : B  system is consistent.

A) If rank  A   rank  A : B  r  n  [Link] unkowns then system has unique solutions.

B) If rank  A   rank  A : B  r  n then system has infinite number of solutions.

In such case an arbitrary constants (Parameters), n  r can be assigned to variables.

2) If rank A   rank A : B  then system has no of solutions (Inconsistent )

Problem (1): Examine for consistency and solve if consistent,

x1  x2  x3  3, 2 x1  x2  3x3  1, 4 x1  x2  5x3  2,3x1  2 x2  x3  4. ,

Solution: In matrix form,

1 1 1 3 1 1 1   3 
 2 1   x1    0 3 1   x1   5 
 3    1   x   
 
R2  2 R1, R3  4 R1, R4 3 R1
x2  
4 1 5    2  0 3 1   2   10
   x3       x3   
 3 2 1    4 0 5 2  5 

1 1 1  3 1 1 1  3
0 3 1   x1   5    x1   
  x      54 0 3 1   x    5
R
R3  R2 g
 
0 0 0   2   5 0 0 0   2   5
   x3      x   
2  3
0 5 2   5 0 1 5  1

1 1 1  3 1 1 1  3
   x1    0 3 1   x1   5
3 R4  R2
 0 3 1   x    5 
R34
  x    
0 0 0   2   5 0 0 5   2   2 
11

  x   
11  3     x3   
0 0 5   2  0 0 0   5

11 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

1 1 1 3 
0 3 1 5 
Augmented matrix  A : B   
0 0 115 2 
 
0 0 0 5

 Rank of A  3 and Rank of  A : B  4 .

 Rank of A  Rank of  A : B

Given system of linear equation is inconsistent.

Problem (2): Is the following system of equations consistent. If so solve.

x1  x2  x3  6, x1  x2  2 x3  5,3x1  x2  x3  8, 2 x1  2 x2  3x3  7. ,

Solution: In matrix form,

1 1 1 6 1 1 1   6 
1 1   x1    0 2 1   x1   1 
 2   5  x   
 
R2  R1, R3 3 R1, R4  2 R1
x2  
3 1 1    8  0 2 2  2   10
   x3       x3   
 2 2 3    7   0 4 1   5 
1 1 1 6 1 1 1  6
0 2   x1    0 2 1   x1   1
1     1   x2    
 
R3  R2, R4  2 R2 R4 3 R3
 x2  
0 0 3    9  0 0 3    9 
   x3       x3   
0 0 1    3 0 0 0  0

1 1 1 6 
0 2 1 1
Augmented matrix  A : B   
0 0 3 9 
 
0 0 0 0 

 Rank of A  2  Rank of  A : B  number of unknowns  3 .

Given system of linear equation is consistent and have unique solution.

Writing matrix system in equation form,

x1  x2  x3  6

12 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

2 x2  x3  1

3x3  9  x3  3

2 x2  3  1  2 x2  4  x2  2 And x1  2  3  6  x1  1

Problem (3): Test the consistency and solve

5 x  3 y  7 z  4, 3x  26 y  2 z  9, 7 x  2 y  10 z  5.

Solution: In matrix form,

5 3 7   x  4 1 53 5   x
7
 34 
 3 26 2   y   9    3 26 2   y   9 
R1

      5

7 2 10   z   5  7 2 10   z  5 

1 53 5   x
7
 34  1 3
5
7
5  x   34 
 0 121  115   y    335   0    y    335  s
R2 3 R1, R3  7 R1 11R3  R2
5  121
5
11
5
0  115 1  
5  z
  53  0 0 0   z   0 

1 3
5
7
5  4
3
  : 
Augmented matrix  A : B  0 121
5
11
5
33
5
0 0 0 0 

 Rank of A  2  Rank of  A : B  number of unknowns  3 .

Given system of linear equation is consistent and have infinite number of solution.

Number of parameters  n  r  3  2  1 .

Consider parameter t .

Writing matrix system in equation form,

x  53 y  75 z  34

121
5 y  115 z  335 Put, z  t 121y  11t  33 121y  11t  33  y  311t

Also, x  53  311t   75 t 
7−16𝑡
4
3 ∴𝑥= 55

13 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

Problem (4): Is the following system of equations consistent. If so solve.

x1  x2  2 x3  x4  2, 3x1  2 x2  x4  1 , 4 x1  x2  2 x3  2 x4  3.

Solution: In matrix form,

 x1   x1 
1 1 2 1     2  1 1 2 1     2 
 3 2 0 1   x2   1  R2 3 R1, R3  4 R1
  0 5 6 2   2    5
x
  x    x 
 4 1 2 2   3   3  0 5 6 2   3   5
 x4   x4 
 x1 
1 1 2 1     2 
 0 5 6 2   2    5
R3  R2 x

x 
0 0 0 0   3   0 
 x4 

1 1 2 1 2 

Augmented matrix  A : B  0 5 6 2 5
0 0 0 0 0 

 Rank of A  2  Rank of  A : B  number of unknowns  4 .

Given system of linear equation is consistent and have infinite number of solution.

Number of parameters  n  r  4  2  2 .

Consider parameter t1 , t2 .

Writing matrix system in equation form,

x1  x2  2 x3  x4  2

5 x2  6 x3  2 x4  5 Put, x3  t1 and x4  t2
5x2  6t1  2t2  5  x2  5 6 t1  2 t2
5

Also, x1  x2  2 x3  x4  2  x1   5 6t1  2t2

5   2t  t
1 2  2  x1  5 4t51 3t2

Problem (5): For what values of k , the equations

14 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

x  y  z  1, 2x  y  4z  k, 4 x  y  10 z  k 2 has a solution ? Solve them completely in

each case.

Solution: In matrix form,

1 1 1   x   1  1 1 1   x   1 
2 1 4   y    k   0 1 2   y    k  2 
R2  2 R1, R3  4 R1
    
 4 1 10   z   k 2  0 3 6   z   k 2  4 
1 1 1   x   1 
R3 3 R2     
 0 1 2   y    k  2  -------- (1)
0 0 0   z   k 2  3k  2 

1 1 1 1 

Augmented matrix  A : B  0 1 2 k  2 
0 0 0 k  3k  2 
2

The given system has solution if Rank of A  Rank of  A : B .

But, Rank of A  2 .

 Rank of  A : B must be 2 .

This requires, k 2  3k  2  0  k  1, 2.

1 1 1 1 
Case (1): If k  1 then Augmented matrix  A : B  0 1 2 1
0 0 0 0 

 Rank of A  2  Rank of  A : B  number of unknowns  3 .

Given system of linear equation is consistent and have infinite number of solution.

Number of parameters = n − r = 3 − 2 = 1.

Consider parameter 𝑡.

Writing matrix system in equation form,

15 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =1

−𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −1 Put. 𝑧 = 𝑡 ∴ −𝑦 + 2𝑡 = −1 ∴ 𝑦 = 2𝑡 + 1

Also, 𝑥 + 2𝑡 + 1 + 𝑡 = 1 ∴ 𝑥 = −3𝑡

1 1 1 1
Case (2): If 𝑘 = 2 then Augmented matrix [A: B] = [0 −1 2 0]
0 0 0 0
∴ Rank of A = 2 = Rank of [A: B] < number of unknowns = 3 .

Given system of linear equation is consistent and have infinite number of solution.

Number of parameters = n − r = 3 − 2 = 1.

Consider parameter 𝑡.

Writing matrix system in equation form,

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =1

−𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0 Put. 𝑧 = 𝑡 ∴ −𝑦 + 2𝑡 = 0 ∴ 𝑦 = 2𝑡

Also, 𝑥 + 2𝑡 + 𝑡 = 1 ∴ 𝑥 = 1 − 3𝑡

Problem (6): Investigate the values of 𝜏 & 𝜇 so that the equatios:

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 9, 7𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 8, 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝜏 𝑧 = 𝜇 have

(1) No solution (2) a unique solution (3) an infinite number of solution.

Solution: In matrix form,

2 3 5   x   9  2 3 5   x  9 
7 3 2   y    8   1 6 17   y    19 

R2 3 R1, R3  R1
     
 2 3    z      0 0   5  z     9 

1 6 17   x   19  1 6 17   x   19 


R12
  2 3 5   y    9  R2  2 R1
 0 15 39   y    47 
    
 0 0   5  z     9 0 0   5  z     9 

16 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

1 6 17 19 
Augmented matrix  A : B  0 15 39 47 
0 0   5   9 

(1) No solution: Rank of A  Rank of  A : B . i.e. Rank of A < Rank of  A : B

  5  0 and 𝜇 − 9 ≠ 0   5 and   9

(2) A unique solution: Rank of A= Rank of  A : B  number of unknowns  3

  5  0 and  takes any value.

(3) An infinite number of solution: Rank of A= Rank of  A : B  number of unknowns  3

  5  0 and   9  0   5 and   9  0

Problem (7): Determine for what values  &  the following equations have

(1) No solution (2) a unique solution (3) an infinite number of solution.

x  y  z  6, x  2 y  3z  10, x  2 y  z  

Solution: In matrix form,

1 1 1   x   6  1 1 1   x   6 
1 2 3  y   10   0 1 2   y    4 
R2  R1, R3  R1

    
1 2    z     0 1   1  z     6 

1 1 1   x  6 

R3  R2
 0 1 2   y    4 
0 0   3  z     10

1 1 1 6 
Augmented matrix  A : B  0 1 2 4 
0 0   3   10 

(1) No solution: Rank of A  Rank of  A : B . i.e. Rank of A  Rank of  A : B

17 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

  3  0 and   10  0   3 and   10

(2) A unique solution: Rank of A  Rank of  A : B  number of unknowns  3

  3  0 i.e.   3 and  takes any value.

(3) An infinite number of solution: Rank of A  Rank of  A : B  number of unknowns  3

  3  0 and   10  0   3 and   10 .

Problem (8): Show that the equations

2 x  y  z  a, x  2 y  z  b, x  y  2z  c

have no solution unless a  b  c  0. In which case they have infinitely many solutions? Find
these solutions when a  1, b  2 and c  2 .

Solution: In matrix form,

 2 1 1   x   a   1 2 1   x   b 
 1 2 1   y    b    2 1 1   y    a 
R12
    
 1 1 2   z   c   1 1 2   z   c 

1 2 1   x   b 
 0 3 3   y    a  2b 
R2  2 R1, R3  R1,

0 3 3  z   c  b 

1 2 1   x   b 
 0 3 3  y    a  2b 
R3  R2

0 0 0   z   a  b  c 

1 2 1 b 
Augmented matrix  A : B  0 3 3 a  2b 
0 0 0 a  b  c 

(1) No solution: Rank of A  Rank of  A : B .

But, Rank of A  2  Rank of  A : B must be 3.  a  b  c  0.

18 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

(2) An infinite number of solutions: Rank of A  Rank of  A : B  number of unknowns  3

But, Rank of A  2  Rank of  A : B must be 2.  a  b  c  0.

1 2 1 1 
If a  1, b  1 and c  2 then Augmented matrix  A : B  0 3 3 3
0 0 0 0 

 Rank of A  2  Rank of  A : B  number of unknowns  3 .

Given system of linear equation is consistent and have infinite number of solution.

Number of parameters  n  r  3  2  1 .

Consider parameter 𝑡.

Writing matrix system in equation form,

x  2y  z 1

3 y  3z  3 Put, z  t 3 y  3t  3  y  t 1

Also, x  2  t  1  t  1  x  2t  2  t  1  x  t 1

Problem (9): Show that the equations

3x1  4 x2  5x3  a, 4 x1  5x2  6 x3  b, 5x1  6 x2  7 x3  c,

Is consistent only if a, b and c are in arithmetic progression (AP).

Solution: In matrix form,

 3 4 5   x1   a  3 4 5  x1   a 
4 5 6  x   b   1 1 1  x2   b  a 
R2  R1, R3  R1
  2   
 5 6 7   x2   c  1 1 1  x2   c  b 

 3 4 5   x1   a   3 4 5   x1   a 
 1 1 1   x2    b  a 
      0 1 2   x2    3b  4a 
    
R3  R2, 3 R2  R1

0 0 0   x2  c  2b  a  0 0 0   x2   c  2b  a 

19 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

3 4 5 b 

Augmented matrix  A : B  0 1 2 3b  4a 
0 0 0 c  2b  a 

We know that system is consistent if Rank of A  Rank of  A : B .

But, Rank of A  2  Rank of  A : B must be 2.  c  2b  a  0.  b  a 2 c

3 4 5 2
If a  1, b  2 and c  3 then Augmented matrix  A : B  0 1 2 2 
0 0 0 0 

 Rank of A  2  Rank of  A : B  number of unknowns  3 .

Given system of linear equation is consistent and have infinite number of solution.

Number of parameters  n  r  3  2  1 .

Consider parameter t .

Writing matrix system in equation form,

3x  4 y  5 z  2

 y  2z  2 Put, z  t 3 y  3t  3  y  t 1

Also, x  2  t  1  t  1  x  2t  2  t  1  x  t 1

Problem (10): Solve the following system of nonlinear equations for the unknown angles 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾
where 0 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 2𝜋, 0 ≤ 𝛽 ≤ 2𝜋 and 0 ≤ 𝛾 ≤ 𝜋

2 sin 𝛼 − cos 𝛽 + 3 tan 𝛾 = 3

4 sin 𝛼 + 2 cos 𝛽 − 2 tan 𝛾 = 2

6 sin 𝛼 − 3 cos 𝛽 + tan 𝛾 = 9

20 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

2 −1 3 sin 𝛼 3
Solution: In matrix form, [4 2 −2] [ cos 𝛽 ] = [2]
6 −3 1 tan 𝛾 9
𝑅2 −2𝑅1 ,𝑅3 −3𝑅1 2 −1 3 sin 𝛼 3
→ [0 4 −8] [cos 𝛽 ] = [−4]
0 0 −8 tan 𝛾 0
2 −1 3 3
Augmented matrix [𝐴: 𝐵] = [0 4 −8 ⋮ −4]
0 0 −8 0

 Rank of 𝐴 = 3 =Rank of  A : B  number of unknowns  3 .

Given system of linear equation is consistent and have unique solution.

Writing matrix system in equation form,

2 sin 𝛼 − cos 𝛽 + 3 tan 𝛾 = 3

4 cos 𝛽 − 8 tan 𝛾 = −4

−8 tan 𝛾 = 0 ⇒ tan 𝛾 = 0 ⇒𝛾 = 0

∴ 4 cos 𝛽 = −4 ⇒ cos 𝛽 = −1 ⇒ 𝛽 = 𝜋

𝜋
And 2 sin 𝛼 − cos 𝜋 = 3 ⇒ 2 sin 𝛼 = 2 ⇒ sin 𝛼 = 1 ⇒ 𝛼 = 2

Problem (11): Using the loop current method on a circuit, the following equations were
obtained: 7𝑖1 − 4𝑖2 = 12, − 4𝑖1 + 12𝑖2 − 6𝑖3 = 0, − 6𝑖2 + 14𝑖3 = 0

By matrix method, solve for 𝑖1 , 𝑖2 , 𝑖3

Homogeneous Linear Equation:

Consider the system of m equation in n unknowns

𝑎11 𝑥1 + 𝑎12 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 0

𝑎21 𝑥1 + 𝑎22 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 0

… … … … … … … … … … … … … … ….

21 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

am1 x1 + am2 x2 + ⋯ + amn xn = 0 is called as system of homogeneous linear equation.

In Matrix form AX  0

 a11 a12 .. a1n   x1   0 

 a a 22  a 2n   x 2   0 
 21 
. .  .    
    
 a m1 a m2 .. a mn   x n   0 

Note: Homogeneous linear equation is always consistent.

Condition of Consistency:

1) If rank  A   number of unknowns then system has unique or trivial solution.

2) If rank  A   number of unknowns then system has infinite non-trivial solution.

Procedure to find solution of Homogeneous linear equation:

1) Write the linear equation in matrix form AX  0 .

2) Apply row transformation on matrix 𝐴 and to echelon form.

3) Find the rank of matrix.

Problem (1): Solve the following system of linear equations.

4 x1  x2  x3  0, x1  2 x2  x3  0 , 3x1  x2  5x3  0

Solution: linear equation in matrix form 𝐴𝑋 = 0

 4 1 1   x1  0  1 2 1  x1  0 
1 2 1  x   0    4 1 1   x 2   0 
R12
  2  
 3 1 5   x 3  0   3 1 5   x 3  0 

1 2 1  x1  0  1 2 1   x1  0 
 0 9 5   x 2   0   0 1  95   x 2   0 
R2  4 R1, R3 3 R1 
R2
9

0 5 8   x 3  0  0 5 8   x 3  0 

22 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

1 2 1   x1  0 
 0 1  95   x 2   0 
R3  5 R2

0 0 479   x 3  0 

 Rank of A  3  number of unknowns .

 Given system of linear homogeneous equation has trivial solution.

 x1  0, x 2  0, x 3  0

Problem (2): Solve the following system equations.

2 x1  x2  3x3  0,3x1  2 x2  x3  0, x1  4 x2  5x3  0

Solution: linear equation in matrix form AX  0

 2 1 3  x1  0  1 4 5  x1  0 
 3 2 1  x   0    3 2 1  x 2   0 
R13
  2  
1 4 5  x 3  0   2 1 3  x 3  0 

1 4 5   x1  0  1 4 5   x1  0 
 0 14 14   x 2   0  0 14 14   x   0 
R2 3 R1, R3  2 R1 2 R3  R2
   2  
0 7 7   x 3  0  0 0 0   x 3  0 

 Rank of A  2  number of unknowns  3 .

 Given system of linear equation have infinite nontrivial solution.

Number of parameters  n  r  3  2  1 .

Consider parameter t .

Writing matrix system in equation form,

x1  4 x2  5x3  0,

14 x2  14 x3  0 Put, x3  t 14 x2  14t  0 14 x2  14t  x2  t

Also, x1  4t  5t  0,  x1  t  0,  x1  t

23 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

Problem (3): Solve the following system equations.

x1  2 x2  3x3  x4  0, x1  x2  x3  x4  0,3x1  x2  2x3  3x4  0

Solution: linear equation in matrix form 𝐴𝑋 = 0

x 
1 2 3 1   1  0 
1 1 1 1  x2   0 
  x   
3 1 2 3   3  0 
 x4 

x  x 
1 2 3 1   1  0  1 2 3 1   1  0 
 0 1 4 2   2   0  0 1 4 2   x2   0 
R2  R1, R3 3 R1 x  R2
    x   
x 
0 7 7 0   3  0  0 7 7 0   3  0 
 x4   x4 

 x1 
1 2 3 1     0 
R3  7 R2
 0 1 4 2   x2   0 
  x   
0 0 21 14   3  0 
 x4 

 Rank of A  3  number of unknowns  4 .

 Given system of linear homogeneous equation have infinite nontrivial solution.

Number of parameters  n  r  4  3  1 .

Consider parameter t .

Writing matrix system in equation form,

x1  2 x2  3x3  x4  0,

x2  4 x3  2 x4  0

21x3  14 x4  0 Put , x4  t  21x3  14t  0  21x3  14t

 x3   23t

Also, x2  4 x3  2 x4  0  x2  4   23t   2t  0,  x2  23t

24 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

and x1  2 x2  3x3  x4  0,
 x1  2  23t   3   23t   t  0 .  x1   3t

Problem (4): Solve the following system equations.

4 x1  x2  2 x3  x4  0, 2 x1  3x2  x3  2 x4  0,

7 x2  4 x3  5x4  0, 2 x1  11x2  7 x3  8x4  0

Solution: linear equation in matrix form AX  0

 4 1 2 1   x1  0   4 1 2 1   x1  0
 2 3 1 2   x  0   0 7 4 5  x  0
  2     
2 R2  R1, 2 R4  R1  2   
 0 7 4 5  x3  0   0 7 4 5  x3  0
         
 2 11 7 8   x4  0   0 21 12 15   x4  0

 4 1 2 1   x1  0
 0 7 4 5  x  0
R3  R2, R4  3 R1
   2   
 0 0 0 0   x3  0
    
 0 0 0 0   x4  0

 Rank of A = 2 < number of unknowns= 4 .

 Given system of linear homogeneous equation have infinite nontrivial solution.

Number of parameters  n  r  4  2  2 .

Consider parameter t1 , t2 .

Writing matrix system in equation form,

4 x1  x2  2 x3  x4  0,

7 x2  4 x3  5x4  0

Put , x3  t1 , x4  t2  7 x2  4t1  5t2  0  7 x2  4t1  5t2  x2  4 t1  5t2

7

Also, 4 x1  x2  2 x3  x4  0  4 x1  4t1 75t2  2t1  t2  0,

25 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

 4 x1  4t1 5t2 714t1 7t2  0,  4 x1  10t17 2t2  0,

10 t1  2 t2 5t1 t2

 4 x1  7 ,  x1  14

Problem (5): Solve the following system of nonlinear equations for the unknown angles 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾
where 0 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 2𝜋, 0 ≤ 𝛽 ≤ 2𝜋 and 0 ≤ 𝛾 ≤ 2𝜋

sin 𝛼 + 2 cos 𝛽 + 3 tan 𝛾 = 0

2 sin 𝛼 + 5 cos 𝛽 + 3 tan 𝛾 = 0

− sin 𝛼 − 5 cos 𝛽 + 5 tan 𝛾 = 0

1 2 3 sin 𝛼 0
Solution: In matrix form, [ 2 5 3] [cos 𝛽 ] = [0]
−1 −5 5 tan 𝛾 0

𝑅2 −2𝑅1 ,𝑅3 +𝑅1 1 2 3 sin 𝛼 0 𝑅3+3𝑅2 1 2 3 sin 𝛼 0

→ [0 1 −3] [cos 𝛽 ] = [0] → [0 1 −3] [cos 𝛽 ] = [0]
0 −3 8 tan 𝛾 0 0 0 −1 tan 𝛾 0

 Rank of 𝐴 = 3 = number of unknowns  3 .

Given system of homogeneous linear equation has trivial solution.

Writing matrix system in equation form,

sin 𝛼 = 0 ⇒ 𝛼 = 0

𝜋
cos 𝛽 = 0 ⇒ 𝛽 = 2

tan 𝛾 = 0 ⇒𝛾 = 0

Problem (6): Discuss for all values of k, the system of equations

2𝑥 + 3𝑘𝑦 + (3𝑘 + 4)𝑧 = 0

𝑥 + (𝑘 + 4)𝑦 + (4𝑘 + 2)𝑧 = 0

𝑥 + 2(𝑘 + 1)𝑦 + (3𝑘 + 4)𝑧 = 0

Solution:

26 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

2 3𝑘 3𝑘 + 4
𝑘+4 4𝑘 + 2 1 4𝑘 + 2 1 𝑘+4
|1 𝑘 + 4 4𝑘 + 2| = 2 | | − 3𝑘 | | + (3𝑘 + 4) | |
2𝑘 + 2 3𝑘 + 4 1 3𝑘 + 4 1 2𝑘 + 2
1 2𝑘 + 2 3𝑘 + 4

= −4𝑘 2 + 16

1. When 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴) ≠ 0 i.e.−4𝑘 2 + 16 ≠ 0 i.e.𝑘 ≠ ±2 then Rank of 𝐴 = 3 = number of

unknowns  3 and system has trivial solution

i.e. 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0

2. When 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴) = 0 i.e.−4𝑘 2 + 16 = 0 i.e.𝑘 = ±2 then Rank of 𝐴 < 3 = number of

unknowns  3 and system has non-trivial solution

Case 1: When 𝑘 = 2

2 6 10 𝑅3−𝑅2, 2𝑅2−𝑅1 2 6 10
𝐴 = [1 6 10] → [0 6 10]
1 6 10 0 0 0
 Rank of A = 2 <number of unknowns= 3.

 Given system of linear homogeneous equation have infinite nontrivial solution.

Number of parameters= n − r = 3 − 2 = 1.

Consider parameter t .

Writing matrix system in equation form,

2x + 6y + 10z = 0,

6𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 0
5
Put, 𝑧 = 𝑡, ∴ 6y + 10t = 0 ∴ 6y = −10t ∴𝑦=− 𝑡
3

Also, 2x − 10t + 10t = 0, ∴𝑥=0

5
Hence, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = − 3 𝑡, 𝑧 = 𝑡 is solution

Case 2: When 𝑘 = −2

2 −6 −2 𝑅3−𝑅2, 2𝑅2−𝑅1 2 −6 −2 10𝑅3 +4𝑅2 2 −6 −2

𝐴 = [1 2 −6] → [0 10 −10] → [0 10 −10]
1 −2 −2 0 −4 4 0 0 0
27 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar
 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

 Rank of A = 2 <number of unknowns= 3.

 Given system of linear homogeneous equation have infinite nontrivial solution.

Number of parameters= n − r = 3 − 2 = 1.

Consider parameter t .

Writing matrix system in equation form,

2x − 6y − 2z = 0,

10𝑦 − 10𝑧 = 0

Put, 𝑧 = 𝑡, ∴ 10y − 10t = 0 ∴ 10y = 10t ∴𝑦=𝑡

Also, 2x − 6t − 2t = 0, ∴ 2𝑥 = 8𝑡 ∴ 𝑥 = 4𝑡

Hence, 𝑥 = 4𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑧 = 𝑡 is solution.

Problem (7): For what values of 𝜏 does the following system of equations possess a non-trivial
solution? Obtain the solution for real values of 𝜏.

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 𝜏𝑥

3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 𝜏𝑦

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝜏𝑧

Solution: The system of equation is,(1 − 𝜏)𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0

3𝑥 + (1 − 𝜏)𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + (1 − 𝜏)𝑧 = 0

The system will possess a non-trivial solution if 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴) = 0

1−𝜏 2 3
∴| 3 1−𝜏 2 |=0
2 3 1−𝜏
∴ −𝜏 3 + 3𝜏 2 + 15𝜏 + 18 = 0

∴ 𝜏 = 6, −1.5 ± 0.866𝑖

When 𝜏 = 6
28 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar
 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

−5 2 3 𝑅2 −𝑅3 𝑡hen 𝑅12 1 −8 7 𝑅2 +5𝑅1 ,𝑅3−2𝑅1 1 −8 7

𝐴 = [ 3 −5 2 ] → [−5 2 3 ]→ [0 −38 38 ]
2 3 −5 2 3 −5 0 19 −19
2𝑅3 +𝑅2 1 −8 7
→ [0 −38 38]
0 0 0
 Rank of A = 2 <number of unknowns= 3.

 Given system of linear homogeneous equation have infinite nontrivial solution.

Number of parameters= n − r = 3 − 2 = 1.

Consider parameter t .

Writing matrix system in equation form,

x − 8y + 7z = 0,

−38𝑦 + 38𝑧 = 0

Put, 𝑧 = 𝑡, ∴ −38y + 38t = 0 ∴ 38y = 38t ∴𝑦=𝑡

Also, x − 8t + 7t = 0, ∴𝑥=𝑡

Hence, 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑧 = 𝑡 is solution.

Problem (7): Boron sulfide (𝐵2 𝑆3) reacts violently with water (𝐻2 𝑂) to form boric acid (𝐻3 𝐵𝑂3 )
and hydrogen sulfide gas (𝐻2 S). The unbalanced chemical equation for this reaction is:

𝐵2 𝑆3 + 𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐻3 𝐵𝑂3 + 𝐻2 S)

Balance this chemical equation by setting up and solving a system of linear equations.

Solution: We balance 𝑎𝐵2 𝑆3 + 𝑏𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝑐𝐻3 𝐵𝑂3 + 𝑑𝐻2 S by writing one equation per element.

From element counts:

Boron: 2𝑎 − 𝑐 = 0 Sulfur: 3𝑎 − 𝑑 = 0

Oxygen:𝑏 − 3𝑐 = 0 Hydrogen: 2𝑏 − 3𝑐 − 2𝑑 = 0

Write this in matrix form 𝐴𝑥 = 0

29 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

2 0 −1 0 𝑎 0 1 0 1 −1 𝑎 0
𝑅2 −𝑅1,𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑅12 2 0
[3 0 0 −1 ] [𝑏 ] = [0] → [ −1 0 ] [ ] = [ 0]
𝑏
0 1 −3 0 𝑐 0 0 1 −3 0 𝑐 0
0 2 −3 −2 𝑑 0 0 2 −3 −2 𝑑 0
1 0 1 −1 𝑎 0 1 0 1 −1 𝑎 0
𝑅2 −2𝑅1, 𝑅4 −2𝑅3, 0 0 𝑅4 +𝑅2,𝑅23
→ [ −3 2 𝑏
][ ] = [ ]0 → [0 1 −3 0 ] [ ] = [0]
𝑏
0 1 −3 0 𝑐 0 0 0 −3 2 𝑐 0
0 0 3 −2 𝑑 0 0 0 0 0 𝑑 0

 Rank of A = 3 <number of unknowns= 4.

 Given system of linear homogeneous equation have infinite nontrivial solution.

Number of parameters= n − r = 4 − 3 = 1.

Consider parameter t .

Writing matrix system in equation form,

a + c − d = 0,

𝑏 − 3𝑐 = 0

−3𝑐 + 2𝑑 = 0
2
Put, 𝑑 = 𝑡, ∴ −3𝑐 + 2𝑡 = 0 ∴ 3c = 2t ∴ 𝑐 = 3𝑡

2
Also, 𝑏 − 3. 3 𝑡 = 0 ∴ 𝑏 = 2𝑡

2 1
And a + 3 𝑡 − t = 0, ∴ 𝑎 = 3𝑡

Substitute back to get the balanced equation:

𝑡 2
𝐵2 𝑆3 + 2𝑡𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝑡𝐻3 𝐵𝑂3 + 𝑡𝐻2
3 3

Put 𝑡 = 3(any number)

𝐵2 𝑆3 + 6𝐻2 𝑂 → 2𝐻3 𝐵𝑂3 + 3𝐻2 .

Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors:

Characteristic Equation:

Let, 𝐴 be a square matrix, 𝒯 is a scalar then

30 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

Characteristic matrix is 𝐴 − 𝒯𝐼

Characteristic polynomial is |𝐴 − 𝒯𝐼|

Characteristic equation is |𝐴 − 𝒯𝐼| = 0.

The roots of Characteristic equation are called Eigen values.

For each Eigen value 𝒯 there corresponds one eigen vector 𝑋 such that, [𝐴 − 𝒯𝐼]𝑋 = 0 where 𝑋
is the column matrix of same order of 𝐴.

Note:

(1)If 𝐴 is a square matrix of order 3, then |𝐴 − 𝒯𝐼| = 0 gives,

𝒯 3 − 𝑆1 𝒯 2 + 𝑆2 𝒯 − |𝐴| = 0

Whwere 𝑆1 =Sum of diagonal elements

𝑆2 = Sum of minor of diagonal elements

|𝐴| = detA

(2) Sum of Eigen values=Sum of diagonal elements.

(3) Product of Eigen values= |𝐴|.

Type (1): Distinct Eigen Values:

4 6 6
Problem (1): Find the Eigen value and Eigen vector of the matrix A   1 3 2  .
 1 4 3

Solution: The characteristic equation is,

4 6 6
 1 3 2 0
1 4 3 

∴ 𝒯 3 − 𝑆1 𝒯 2 + 𝑆2 𝒯 − |𝐴| = 0

31 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

 3 2 4 6 4 6  3 2 1 2 1 3 
 3
  4  3  3 2
     4 6 6 0
 4 3 1 3 1 3  4 3 1 3 1 4 

 3
4 2
 40 A  4

  1, 1, 4

Case (1): For  1, let X be the column matrix such that,

 A  I  X  0 i.e.  A  I  X  0
 3 6 6   x1 
  1 2 2   x2   0
 1 4 4   x3 

Solving by using Cramer’s Rule,

 x2
x1
2 2
 1 2
 x3
1 2
4 4 1 4 1 4

 x2
 x01  2  x3
2

 x01  x2
1  x3
1

0
 X 1   1  is the required eigen vector.
 1

Case (2): For  1,let X be the column matrix such that,

 A  I  X  0 i.e.  A  I  X  0
 5 6 6   x1 
  1 4 2   x2   0
 1 4 2   x3 

32 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

Solving by using Cramer’s Rule,

 x2
x1
6 6
 5 6
 x3
5 6
4 2 1 2 1 4

 x2
 x121  4  14x3  x16  x2
2  x3
7

 6 
 X 2   2  is the required eigen vector.
 7 

Case (3): For  4 , let X be the column matrix such that,

 A  I  X  0 i.e.  A  4I  X  0
 0 6 6   x1 
  1 1 2   x2   0
 1 4 7   x3 

Solving by using Cramer’s Rule,

 x2
x1
1 2
 1 2
 x3
1 1
4 7 1 7 1 4

 x2
 15x1  5  x3
5  x31  x2
1  x3
1

3
 X 3   1  is the required eigen vector.
 1

 2 1 1 
Problem (2): Find the Eigen value and eigen vector of the matrix A  1 2 1 .Also verify
1 1 2 
that the eigen vectors are linearly independent

Solution: The characteristic equation is,

A  I  0

33 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

2 1 1
 1 2 1  0
1 1 2

∴ 𝒯 3 − 𝑆1 𝒯 2 + 𝑆2 𝒯 − |𝐴| = 0

 2 1 2 1 2 1   2 1 1 1 1 2 
 3
  2  2  2 2
     2   1 1 0
 1 2 1 2 1 2   1 2 1 2 1 1 

 3
6 2
 11  6  0   1, 2,3

Case (1): For  1,let X be the column matrix such that,

 A  I  X  0 i.e.  A  I  X  0
1 1 1   x1 
 1 1 1  x2   0
1 1 1   x3 

Solving by using Cramer’s Rule,

 x2
x1
1 1
 1 1
 x3
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1

 x2
 x01  2  x3
2  x01  x2
1  x3
1

0
 X 1  1  is the required eigen vector.
1 

Case (2): For  2 ,let X be the column matrix such that,

 A  I  X  0 i.e.  A  2I  X  0

34 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

0 1 1   x1 
 1 0 1  x2   0
1 1 0   x3 

Solving by using Cramer’s Rule,

 x2
x1
0 1
 1 1
 x3
1 0
1 0 1 0 1 1

 x2 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
 x11  1  x3
1 ∴ 1
= 1
= 1

1
 X 2  1 is the required eigen vector.
1

Case (3): For  3 ,let X be the column matrix such that,

If rows are identical or multiples
 A  I  X  0 i.e.  A  3I  X  0 of each other then by
elementary row transformation
 1 1 1   x1  make row zero. And then apply
  1 1 1  x2   0 Cramer’s Rule to zero row.
 1 1 1  x3 

 1 1 1   x1 
  1 1 1  x2   0
R3  R2

 0 0 0   x3 

Solving by using Cramer’s Rule,

 x2
x1
1 1
 1 1
 x3
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1

 x2
 x21  0  x3
2  x11  x2
0  x3
1

1 
 X 3   0  is the required eigen vector.
1 

35 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

To verify the linear independence of vectors, consider

K1 X1  K2 X 2  K3 X 3  0

0 1 1 
   
 K1 1   K 2 1  K 3 0   0
1  1 1 

0 1 1   K1  0 
 1 1 0   K 2   0 
1 1 1   K3  0 

1 1 1   K1  0 
 1 1 0   K 2   0 
R13

0 1 1   K3  0 

1 1 1   K1  0 
 0 0 1  K 2   0 
  R2  R1

0 1 1   K 3  0 

Since, Rank of A  3  Number of unknowns, system has only trivial solution.

i.e. K1  K2  K3  0

 The vectors are linearly independent.

 8 6 2 
Problem (3): Find the Eigen value and Eigen vector of the matrix A   6 7 4  .
 2 4 3 

Solution: The characteristic equation is, A  I  0

8 6 2
 6 7 4  0
2 4 3

∴ 𝒯 3 − 𝑆1 𝒯 2 + 𝑆2 𝒯 − |𝐴| = 0

36 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

 7 4 8 2 8 6   7 4 6 4 6 7 
 3
  8  7  3 2
     8   6  2 0
 4 3 2 3 6 7   4 3 2 3 2 4 
 3
 18 2
 45 0   0,3,15

Case (1): For  0 ,let X be the column matrix such that,

 A  I  X  0 i.e. AX  0
 8 6 2   x1 
  6 7 4   x2   0
 2 4 3   x3 

Solving by using Cramer’s Rule,

 x2
x1
7 4
 6 4
 x3
6 7
4 3 2 3 2 4

 x2
 x51  10  10x3  x11  x2
2  x3
2

1 
 X 1   2  is the required eigen vector.
 2 

Case (2): For 𝒯 = 3,let X be the column matrix such that,

 A  I  X  0 i.e.  A  3I  X  0
 5 6 2   x1 
  6 4 4   x2   0
 2 4 0   x3 

Solving by using Cramer’s Rule,

x1  x2 x3
 
4 4 6 4 6 4
4 0 2 0 2 4

37 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

 x2
 x161  8  16x3  x12  x2
1  x3
2

 2 
 X 2   1 is the required eigen vector.
 2 

Case (3): For  15 ,let X be the column matrix such that,

 A  I  X  0 i.e.  A  15I  X  0
 7 6 2   x1 
  6 8 4   x2   0
 2 4 12   x3 

Solving by using Cramer’s Rule,

 x2
x1
8 4
 6 4
 x3
6 8
4 12 2 12 2 4

 x2
 80x1  80  x3
40  x21  x2
2  x3
1

2
 X 3   2  is the required eigen vector.
 1 

 3 1 1 
Problem (4): Find the Eigen value and Eigen vector of the matrix A   1 5 1 .
 
 1 1 3 

Solution: The characteristic equation is, A  I  0

3 1 1
 1 5 1  0
1 1 3

∴ 𝒯 3 − 𝑆1 𝒯 2 + 𝑆2 𝒯 − |𝐴| = 0

38 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

 5 1 3 1 3 1   5 1 1 1 1 5 
 3
  3  5  3 2
     3   1 1 0
 1 3 1 3 1 5   1 3 1 3 1 1 
 3
 11 2
 36  36  0   2,3, 6

Case (1): For  2 , let X be the column matrix such that,

 A  I  X  0 i.e.  A  2I  X  0
 1 1 1   x1 
  1 3 1  x2   0
 1 1 1   x3 

Solving by using Cramer’s Rule,

 x2
x1
3 1
 1 1
 x3
1 3
1 1 1 1 1 1

 x2
 x21  0  x3
2  x11  x2
0  x3
1

1
 X 1   0  is the required eigen vector.
 1

Case (2): For  3 , let X be the column matrix such that,

 A  I  X  0 i.e.  A  3I  X  0
 0 1 1   x1 
  1 2 1  x2   0
 1 1 0   x3 

Solving by using Cramer’s Rule,

 x2
x1
2 1
 1 1
 x3
1 2
1 0 1 0 1 1

 x2
 x11  1  x3
1  x11  x2
1  x3
1

39 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

1
 X 2  1 is the required eigen vector.
1

Case (3): For  6 , let X be the column matrix such that,

 A  I  X  0 i.e.  A  6I  X  0
 3 1 1   x1 
  1 1 1  x2   0
 1 1 3  x3 

Solving by using Cramer’s Rule,

 x2
x1
1 1
 1 1
 x3
1 1
1 3 1 3 1 1

 x11  x22  x3
1

1
 X 3   2  is the required eigen vector.
 1 

Determine Eigen Values and Eigen functions of the square matrix

Type (2): Repeated Eigen Values:

 6 2 2 
Problem (1): Find the Eigen value and Eigen vector of the matrix A   2 3 1 .
 
 2 1 3 

Solution: The characteristic equation is A  I  0

6 2 2
 2 3 1  0
2 1 3

∴ 𝒯 3 − 𝑆1 𝒯 2 + 𝑆2 𝒯 − |𝐴| = 0

40 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

 3 1 6 2 6 2   3 1 2 1 2 3 
 3
  6  3  3 2
     6   2  2 0
 1 3 2 3 2 3   1 3 2 3 2 1 
 3
 12 2
 36 0   2, 2,8

Case (1): For  2 , let X be the column matrix such that,

 A  I  X  0 i.e.  A  2I  X  0 Since, Eigen value 2 repeats twice & we

get two zero rows and only one
 4 2 2   x1  equation. Therefore to get 2 Eigen
  2 1 1  x2   0 vector put 𝑥3 = 0 first & then put 𝑥2 =
 2 1 1   x3  0.

 4 2 2   x1 
  0 0 0   x2   0
2 R2  R1 &2 R3  R1

 0 0 0   x3 

 4 x1  2 x2  2 x3  0

Put , x3  0 then 4 x1  2 x2 i.e. 2x1  x2

 If x1  1 then x2  2

1 
 X 1   2  is the required eigen vector.
 0 

Now, Put , x2  0 then 2x1   x3

 If x1  1 then x3  2

1
 X 2   0  is the required eigen vector.
 2 

Case (2): For  8 , let X be the column matrix such that,

41 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

 A  I  X  0 i.e.  A  8I  X  0
 2 2 2   x1 
  2 5 1  x2   0
 2 1 5  x3 

Solving by using Cramer’s Rule,

 x2
x1
5 1
 2 1
 x3
2 5
1 5 2 5 2 1

 x2
 24
x1
 12  12
x3
 x21  x2
1  x3
1

2
 X 3   1 is the required eigen vector.
 1 

 3 1 1 
Problem (2): Find the Eigen value and Eigen vector of the matrix A   1 3 1 .
 
 1 1 3 

Solution: The characteristic equation is, A  I  0

3 1 1
 1 3 1  0
1 1 3

∴ 𝒯 3 − 𝑆1 𝒯 2 + 𝑆2 𝒯 − |𝐴| = 0
 3 1 3 1 3 1   3 1 1 1 1 3 
 3
  3  3  3 2
     3   1 1 0
 1 3 1 3 1 3   1 3 1 3 1 1 
 3
9 2
 24  20  0   2, 2,5

Case (1): For  2 , let X be the column matrix such that, If rows are identical & if we get
zero solution then by
 A  I  X  0 i.e.  A  2I  X  0 elementary row transformation
make whole row zero.

42 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

 1 1 1   x1 
  1 1 1  x2   0
 1 1 1   x3 

1 1 1   x1 
 0 0 0   x2   0
R2  R1 &R3  R1

0 0 0   x3 

 x1  x2  x3  0

Put , x3  0 then x1  x2

 If x2  1 then x1  1

1 
 X 1  1  is the required eigen vector.
 0 

Now, Put , x2  0 then x1   x3

 If x1  1 then x3  1

1
 X 2   0  is the required eigen vector.
 1

Case (2): For  5 , let X be the column matrix such that,

 A  I  X  0 i.e.  A  3I  X  0
 2 1 1   x1 
  1 2 1  x2   0
 1 1 2   x3 

Solving by using Cramer’s Rule,

43 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

 x2
x1
2 1
 1 1
 x3
1 2
1 2 1 2 1 1

 x2
x1
3  3  x3
3
x1
1  x2
1  x3
1

1
 X 3   1 is the required eigen vector.
 1 

−2 2 −3
Problem (3): Find the Eigen value and Eigen vector of the matrix 𝐴 = [ 2 1 −6].
−1 −2 0

Solution: The characteristic equation is A  I  0

−2 − 𝒯 2 −3
∴| 2 1−𝒯 −6 | = 0
−1 −2 −𝒯
∴ 𝒯 3 − 𝑆1 𝒯 2 + 𝑆2 𝒯 − |𝐴| = 0

1 −6 −2 −3 −2 2
∴ 𝒯 3 − (−2 + 1 + 0) 𝒯 2 + {| |+| |+| |} 𝒯
−2 0 −1 0 2 1
1 −6 2 −6 2 1
− {(−2) | | − 2| | + (−3) | |} = 0
−2 0 −1 0 −1 −2
∴ 𝒯 3 + 𝒯 2 − 21𝒯 − 45 = 0 ∴ 𝒯 = −3, −3,5

Case (1): For 𝒯 = −3,let X be the column matrix such that,

 A  I  X  0 i.e. [𝐴 + 3𝐼]𝑋 = 0
If rows are identical & if we get
1 2 −3 𝑥1 zero solution then by
∴[ 2 4 −6] [𝑥2 ] = 0 elementary row transformation
−1 −2 3 𝑥3 make whole row zero.
By 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 & 𝑅3 + 𝑅1

1 2 −3 𝑥1
[0 0 0 ] [𝑥2 ] = 0
0 0 0 𝑥3
∴ 𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 − 3𝑥3 = 0

44 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

Put, 𝑥3 = 0 then 𝑥1 = −2𝑥2

∴If 𝑥2 = 1 then 𝑥1 = −2

−2
∴ 𝑋1 = [ 1 ] is the required eigen vector.
0
Now, Put, 𝑥2 = 0 then 𝑥1 = 3𝑥3

∴If 𝑥3 = 1 then 𝑥1 = 3

3
∴ 𝑋2 = [0] is the required eigen vector.
1
Case (2): For 𝒯 = 5,let X be the column matrix such that,

 A  I  X  0 i.e. [𝐴 − 5𝐼]𝑋 = 0
−7 2 −3 𝑥1
∴ [ 2 −4 −6] [𝑥2 ] = 0
−1 −2 −5 𝑥3
Solving by using Cramer’s Rule,
𝑥1 −𝑥2 𝑥3
−4 −6 = 2 −6 = 2 −4
| | | | | |
−2 −5 −1 −5 −1 −2

𝑥1 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥
∴ 8
= −162 = −83 ∴ 1
= 2
= −13

1
∴ 𝑋3 = [ 2 ] is the required eigen vector.
−1
2 1 1
Problem (4): Find the Eigen value and Eigen vector of the matrix 𝐴 = [2 3 2].
3 3 4

Solution: The characteristic equation is A  I  0

2 1 1
 2 3 2 0
3 3 4

45 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

∴ 𝒯 3 − 𝑆1 𝒯 2 + 𝑆2 𝒯 − |𝐴| = 0

3 2 2 1 2 1  3 2 2 2 1 2
 3
  2  3  4 2
     2 1 1 0
3 4 3 4 2 3  3 4 1 2 3 4

 3
9 2
 15 7  0   1,1, 7.

Case (1): For  1, let X be the column matrix such that,

 A  I  X  0 i.e.  A  I  X  0 If rows are identical or if we get

zero solution then by
1 1 1   x1  elementary row transformation
  2 2 2   x2   0 make whole row zero.
 3 3 3   x3 

1 1 1   x1 
 0 0 0   x2   0
R2  2 R1 &R3 3 R1

0 0 0   x3 

 x1  x2  x3  0

Put , x3  0 then x2   x1

 If x2  1 then x1  1

 1
 X 1   1  is the required eigen vector.
 0 

Now, Put , x2  0 then x1   x3

 If x1  1 then x3  1

1
 X 2   0  is the required eigen vector.
 1

Case (2): For  7 ,let X be the column matrix such that,

46 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar
 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

 A  I  X  0 i.e.  A  7 I  X  0
 5 1 1   x1 
  2 4 2   x2   0
 3 3 3  x3 

Solving by using Cramer’s Rule,

 x2
x1
4 2
 2 2
 x3
2 4
3 3 3 3 3 3

 x2
 x61  12  18x3  x11  x2
2  x3
3

1
∴ 𝑋3 = [2] is the required eigen vector.
3

4 6 6
Problem (5): Find the Eigen value and Eigen vector of the matrix A   1 3 2  .
 1 5 2 

Solution: The characteristic equation is, A  I  0

4 6 6
 1 3 2 0
1 5 2 

∴ 𝒯 3 − 𝑆1 𝒯 2 + 𝑆2 𝒯 − |𝐴| = 0

 3 2 4 6 4 6  3 2 1 2 1 3 
 3
  4  3  2 2
     4 6 6 0
 5 2 1 2 1 3  5 2 1 2 1 5 

 3
5 2
8 4  0   2, 2,1.

Case (1): For  2 , let X be the column matrix such that,

 A  I  X  0 i.e.  A  2I  X  0

47 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)
If rows are identical or if we get
zero solution then by
elementary row transformation
 2 6 6   x1 
make whole row zero.
  1 1 2   x2   0
 1 5 4   x3 

0 4 2   x1 
 1 1 2   x2   0
R1  2 R2 , R3  R2

0 4 2  x3 

1 1 2   x1 
 0 4 2   x2   0
 R3  R1 , R12

0 0 0   x3 

Solving by using Cramer’s Rule,

 x2
x1
1 2
 1 2
 x3
1 1
4 2 0 2 0 4

 x2
 x16  2  x3
4  x13  x2
1  x3
2

 3 
 X 1   1 is the required eigen vector.
 2 

Corresponding to Eigen value 2 we get only one zero row so we get only one Eigen vector. Thus
3rd Eigen vector does not exists.

Case (2): For  1,let X be the column matrix such that,

 A  I  X  0 i.e.  A  I  X  0
 3 6 6   x1 
  1 2 2   x2   0
 1 5 3  x3 

Solving by using Cramer’s Rule,

 x2
x1
2 2
 1 2
 x3
1 2
5 3 1 3 1 5

48 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

 x2
 x41  1  x3
3  x41  x2
1  x3
3

4
 X 2   1  is the required eigen vector.
 3

Properties of Eigen Values and Eigen vector

Properties of Eigen Value and Eigen Vector:

1
1. If 𝒯 is the Eigen value of 𝐴 then is the Eigen value of 𝐴−1.
𝒯

Proof: Since 𝒯 is the Eigen value of 𝐴 therefore

A I X  0
∴ 𝐴𝑋 − 𝒯𝑋 = 0

∴ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝒯𝑋

∴ 𝐴−1 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝒯𝑋 (Premultiplying by𝐴−1 )

∴ 𝐼𝑋 = 𝒯𝐴−1 𝑋 Since,𝒯 is scalar.

1
∴ 𝐴−1 𝑋 = 𝒯 𝑋

1
∴ [𝐴−1 − 𝒯 ] 𝑋 = 0

1
∴By definition, 𝒯 is the Eigen value of𝐴−1 .

2) If 𝒯 is the Eigen value of 𝐴 then 𝒯 𝑛 is the Eigen value of 𝐴𝑛 .

|𝐴|
3) If 𝒯 is the Eigen value of 𝐴 then is the Eigen value of 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 with same Eigen vector.
𝒯

4) If 𝒯 is the Eigen value of 𝐴 then 𝑓(𝒯) is the Eigen value of 𝑓(𝐴) with same Eigen vector.

1 2 3
Problem (1): Find the Eigen value of 3𝐴3 + 5𝐴2 + 6𝐴 + 𝐼 for the matrix 𝐴 = [0 −2 6 ].
0 0 −3

Solution: The characteristic equation is A  I  0

49 Matrix For upper

Prof. M. D. or lower triangular
Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar
matrix, Eigen values are
diagonal elements.
 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

1 2 3
 0 2  6 0
0 0 3 

  1, 2, 3.

We know that, If is the Eigen value of A then f ( ) is the Eigen value of f ( A) with same
eigen vector.

Therefore, the Eigen values of 3𝐴3 + 5𝐴2 + 6𝐴 + 𝐼 are,3(13 ) + 5(12 ) + 6.1 + 1,3(−23 ) +
5(−22 ) + 6(−2) + 1,3(−33 ) + 5(−32 ) + 6(−3) + 1 i.e.115, −15,145.

 1 2 3 
Problem (2): If A   0 3 5  ,find the eigen values of A3  5 A  8I .
 
 0 0 2 

2 3 4
Problem (3): Find the eigen values of 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 and of 𝐴2 − 2𝐴 + 𝐼 where 𝐴 = [0 4 2].
0 0 3
Solution: We know that,
|𝐴|
If 𝒯 is the Eigen value of 𝐴 then Eigen value of 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = with same Eigen vector.
𝒯

4 2 0 2 0 4
 A 2 3 4  2 12   0  0  24
0 3 0 3 0 0

Now, characteristic equation is A  I  0

2 3 4
 0 4 2 0
0 0 3

  2, 4,3.
24 24 24
∴ Eigen values of 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 are , , i.e.12,6,8.
2 4 3

Also, If 𝒯 is the Eigen value of 𝐴 then 𝑓(𝒯) is the Eigen value of 𝑓(𝐴) with same eigen vector.

50 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

∴ Eigen values of 𝐴2 − 2𝐴 + 𝐼 are 122 − 2.12 + 1, 62 − 2.6 + 1, 82 − 2.8 + 1 i.e.121,25,49.

−2 −9 5
Problem (4): If 𝒯1 , 𝒯2 , 𝒯3 are the Eigen values of the matrix [−5 −10 7 ]then find 𝒯1 + 𝒯2 +
−9 −21 14
𝒯3 & 𝒯1 𝒯2 𝒯3 .

Solution: We know that,

Sum of Eigen value=Sum of diagonal elements

∴ 𝒯1 + 𝒯2 + 𝒯3 = −2 − 10 + 14 = 2

−10 7 −5 7 −5 −10
Also, Product of Eigen value= |𝐴| = (−2) | | − (−9) | | + 5| |
−21 14 −9 14 −9 −21
∴ 𝒯1 𝒯2 𝒯3 = −2(−140 + 147) + 9(−70 + 63) + 5(105 − 90) = −14 − 63 + 75 = −2.

 6 2 2 
Problem (5): If the product of two Eigen values of  2 3 1 is 16 , find the third eigen
 
 2 1 3 
value.

Solution: Let, 1 , 2 , 3 be the Eigen values of the matrix.

Given, 𝒯1 𝒯2 = 16

We know that,

3 −1 −2 −1 −2 3
Product of Eigen value= |𝐴| = 6 | | − (−2) | | + 2| |
−1 3 2 3 2 −1
∴ 𝒯1 𝒯2 𝒯3 = 6(9 − 1) + 2(−6 + 2) + 2(2 − 6)

∴ 16𝒯3 = 48 − 8 − 8 ∴ 16𝒯3 = 32

∴ 𝒯3 = 2

2 2 1
Problem (6): If 𝐴 = [1 3 1],find the characteristic roots and characteristic vectors of 𝐴3 + 𝐼.
1 2 2
Solution: The characteristic equation is,

51 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

|𝐴 − 𝒯𝐼| = 0

2−𝒯 2 1
∴| 1 3−𝒯 1 |=0
1 2 2−𝒯
∴ 𝒯 3 − 𝑆1 𝒯 2 + 𝑆2 𝒯 − |𝐴| = 0

3 1 2 1 2 2
∴ 𝒯 3 − (2 + 3 + 2) 𝒯 2 + {| |+| |+| |} 𝒯
2 2 1 2 1 3
3 1 1 1 1 3
− {2 | | − 2| | + 1| |} = 0
2 2 1 2 1 2
∴ 𝒯 3 − 7𝒯 2 + 11𝒯 − 5 = 0 ∴ 𝒯 = 1,1,5.
If rows are identical or if we get
Case (1): For 𝒯 = 1,let X be the column matrix such that,
zero solution then by
 A  I  X  0 i.e. [𝐴 − 𝐼]𝑋 = 0 elementary row transformation
make whole row zero.
1 2 1 𝑥1
∴ [1 2 1] [𝑥2 ] = 0
1 2 1 𝑥3
By𝑅2 − 𝑅1 & 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1

1 2 1 𝑥1
Since, we get two zero rows
[0 0 0] [𝑥2 ] = 0
0 0 0 𝑥3 and only one equation.
Therefore to get 2 Eigen vector
∴ 𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0 put 𝑥1 = 0 first & then put
𝑥2 = 0
Put, 𝑥3 = 0 then 𝑥1 = −2𝑥2

∴If 𝑥2 = 1 then 𝑥1 = −2

−2
∴ 𝑋1 = [ 1 ] is the required eigen vector.
0
Now, Put, 𝑥2 = 0 then 𝑥1 = −𝑥3

∴If 𝑥1 = 1 then 𝑥3 = −1

52 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

1
∴ 𝑋2 = [ 0 ] is the required eigen vector.
−1
Case (2): For 𝒯 = 5,let X be the column matrix such that,

 A  I  X  0 i.e. [𝐴 − 5𝐼]𝑋 = 0
−3 2 1 𝑥1
∴ [ 1 −2 1 ] [𝑥2 ] = 0
1 2 −3 𝑥3
Solving by using Cramer’s Rule,
𝑥1 −𝑥2 𝑥3
−2 1 = 1 1 = 1 −2
| | | | | |
2 −3 1 −3 1 2

𝑥1 −𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
∴ = = ∴ = =
4 −4 4 1 1 1

1
∴ 𝑋3 = [1] is the required eigen vector.
1
Now, we know that, If 𝒯 is the Eigen value of 𝐴 then 𝑓(𝒯) is the Eigen value of 𝑓(𝐴) with
same Eigen vector.

Therefore, the Eigen values of 𝐴3 + 𝐼 are,13 + 1, 13 + 1, 53 + 1 i.e.2,2,126 with Eigen vector

−2 1 1
𝑋1 = [ 1 ] , 𝑋2 = [ 0 ] , 𝑋3 = [1].
0 −1 1
−2 2 −3
Problem (7): If 𝐴 = [ 2 1 −6].Find the Eigen values of 4𝐴−1 and Eigen vectors of 𝐴2 −
−1 −2 0
4𝐼.

Solution: As proved earlier,

0 3 1
Eigen values are, 𝒯 = −3, −3,5 and Eigen vectors are𝑋1 = [3] , 𝑋2 = [0] , 𝑋3 = [ 2 ].
2 1 −1
We know that, If 𝒯 is the Eigen value of 𝐴 then 𝑓(𝒯) is the Eigen value of 𝑓(𝐴) with same
eigen vector.

53 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

1 1 1 4 4 4
∴ The Eigen values of 4𝐴−1 are 4 −3 , 4 −3 , 4 5 i.e.− 3 , − 3 , 5 and Eigen vectors of 𝐴2 − 4𝐼 are

0 3 1
𝑋1 = [3] , 𝑋2 = [0] , 𝑋3 = [ 2 ].
2 1 −1
8 −8 −2
Problem (8): If 𝐴 = [4 −3 −2],find eigen values and eigen vectors of 𝐴3 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴,
3 −4 1
𝐴3 − 3𝐴−1 + 5𝐴2 − 2𝐼.

Solution: The characteristic equation is,

|𝐴 − 𝒯𝐼| = 0

8−𝒯 −8 −2
∴| 4 −3 − 𝒯 −2 | = 0
3 −4 1−𝒯
∴ 𝒯 3 − 𝑆1 𝒯 2 + 𝑆2 𝒯 − |𝐴| = 0
 3 2 8 2 8 8   3 2 4 2 4 3 
 3
  8  3  1 2
     8   8    2  0
 4 1 3 1 4 3   4 1 3 1 3 4 

 3
6 2
 11  6  0 A 6   1, 2,3

Case (1): For  1, let X be the column matrix such that,

 A  I  X  0 i.e.  A  I  X  0
7 8 2   x1 
  4 4 2   x2   0
 3 4 0   x3 

Solving by using Cramer’s Rule,

 x2
x1
4 2
 4 2
 x3
4 4
4 0 3 0 3 4

 x2
 x18  6  x3
4  x41  x2
3  x3
2

54 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

4
 X 1   3  is the required eigen vector.
 2 

Case (2): For 𝒯 = 2, let X be the column matrix such that,

 A  I  X  0 i.e. [𝐴 − 𝐼]𝑋 = 0
6 −8 −2 𝑥1
∴ [4 −5 −2] [𝑥2 ] = 0
3 −4 −1 𝑥3
Solving by using Cramer’s Rule,
𝑥1 −𝑥2 𝑥3
−5 −2 = 4 −2 = 4 −5
| | | | | |
−4 −1 3 −1 3 −4

𝑥 −𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
∴ −31 = = −13 ∴ = =
2 3 2 1

3
∴ 𝑋2 = [2] is the required eigen vector.
1
Case (2): For 𝒯 = 3,let X be the column matrix such that,

 A  I  X  0 i.e. [𝐴 − 𝐼]𝑋 = 0
5 −8 −2 𝑥1
∴ [4 −6 −2] [𝑥2 ] = 0
3 −4 −2 𝑥3
Solving by using Cramer’s Rule,
𝑥1 −𝑥2 𝑥3
−6 −2 = 4 −2 = 4 −6
| | | | | |
−4 −2 3 −2 3 −4

𝑥1 −𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
∴ = = ∴ = =
4 −2 2 2 1 1

2
∴ 𝑋3 = [1] is the required eigen vector.
1

55 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

1
We know that, If 𝒯 is the eigen value of 𝐴 then is the eigen value of 𝐴−1 ,𝒯 𝑛 is the eigen value
𝒯
|𝐴|
of 𝐴𝑛 , 𝒯 is the eigen value of 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 with same eigen vector& 𝑓(𝒯) is the eigen value of 𝑓(𝐴)
with same eigen vector.

∴Eigen values of 𝐴3 are 13 , 23 &33 i.e. 1,8,27 & Eigen vectors are

4 3 2
𝑋1 = [3] , 𝑋2 = [2] , 𝑋3 = [1] .
2 1 1
6 6 6
& Eigen values of 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 are , , i.e. 6,3,2 & Eigen vectors are
1 2 3

4 3 2
𝑋1 = [3] , 𝑋2 = [2] , 𝑋3 = [1] .
2 1 1
3 3
& Eigen values of 𝐴3 − 3𝐴−1 + 5𝐴2 − 2𝐼 are 13 − 1 + 5. 12 − 2.1, 23 − 2 + 5. 22 − 2.1, 33 −
3 49
+ 5. 32 − 2.1 i.e. 1, , 69 & Eigen vectors are
3 3

4 3 2
𝑋1 = [3] , 𝑋2 = [2] , 𝑋3 = [1] .
2 1 1

1 0 3
Problem (2): The matrix A is given by A  0 3 2  . Find the Eigen value and Eigen vector
 
0 0 2 
of B  I  6 A1 .

Solution: The characteristic equation is, A  I  0

1 0 3
 0 3 2 0
0 0 2 

  1,3, 2

Case (1): For  1, let X be the column matrix such that,

 A  I  X  0 i.e. [𝐴 − 𝐼]𝑋 = 0

56 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

0 0 −3 𝑥1
∴ [0 2 2 ] [𝑥2 ] = 0
0 0 −3 𝑥3
𝑥1 −𝑥2 𝑥3
Solving by using Cramer’s Rule, 2 2 = 0 2 = 0 2
| | | | | |
0 −3 0 −3 0 0

𝑥 −𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
∴ −61 = = ∴ −61 = =
0 0 0 0

−6
∴ 𝑋1 = [ 0 ] is the required eigen vector.
0
Case (2): For 𝒯 = 3,let X be the column matrix such that,

[𝐴 − 𝒯𝐼]𝑋 = 0 i.e. [𝐴 − 3𝐼]𝑋 = 0

−2 0 −3 𝑥1
∴ [ 0 0 2 ] [𝑥2 ] = 0
0 0 −5 𝑥3
Solving by using Cramer’s Rule,
𝑥1 −𝑥2 𝑥3
0 −3 = −2 −3 = −2 0
| | | | | |
0 2 0 2 0 0

𝑥1 −𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
∴ = = ∴ = =
0 −4 0 0 4 0

0
∴ 𝑋2 = [4] is the required eigen vector.
0
Case (3): For 𝒯 = −2,let X be the column matrix such that,

 A  I  X  0 i.e. [𝐴 + 2𝐼]𝑋 = 0
3 0 −3 𝑥1
∴ [0 5 2 ] [𝑥2 ] = 0
0 0 0 𝑥3
Solving by using Cramer’s Rule,
𝑥1 −𝑥2 𝑥3
0 −3 = 3 −3 = 3 0
| | | | | |
5 2 0 2 0 5

57 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar

 Kasegaon Education Society’s
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale
(An Empowered Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Shivaji University,
Kolhapur)

𝑥 −𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥1 𝑥 𝑥3
∴ 151 = = 153 ∴ = −22 =
6 5 5

5
 X 3   2  is the required eigen vector.
 5 

We know that, If is the eigen value of A then f ( ) is the eigen value of f ( A) with same
eigen vector.
1 1 1
∴Eigen values of 𝐵 = 𝐼 − 6𝐴−1are 1 − 6 1 = −5,1 − 6 3 = −1,1 − 6 −2 = 4, & Eigen vectors
 6  0 5
   
are X 1  0 , X 2  4 , X 3   2  .
     
 0   0   5 

58 Matrix Prof. M. D. Khedekar/ Prof. S. M. Khedekar