Module III
2 Marks Questions
1. What is transit time effect?
2. When does transit time effect become appreciable?
3. What is a distributed element?
4. Why should high frequency circuits be analyzed with distributed element approach?
5. What is a transmission line?
6. What equations govern voltage and current on a transmission line?
7. What is a travelling wave?
8. What is a propagation constant, attenuation constant and phase constant?
9. What are the units of attenuation and phase constants?
10. What is characteristic impedance? What does it signify?
11. If the ratio of voltage and current for a travelling wave is negative. What does it signify?
12. What is a standing wave?
13. Why do we get standing waves on a transmission line?
14. Are standing waves desirable on a transmission line? Why?
15. What are full and partial standing waves?
16. What is voltage reflection coefficient?
17. How is reflection coefficient related to the local impedance?
18. What is impedance transformation?
19. If impedance at any point on a transmission line is known, can we find impedance uniquely
at any point on the line?
20. What are loss-less and low-loss transmission lines?
21. What is the characteristic impedance of a loss-less transmission line?
22. How does reflection coefficient vary along a lossy and loss-less transmission line?
23. Over what distance does the impedance repeat along a transmission line?
24. What is voltage standing wave ratio?
25. What is the range of VSWR?
26. How is VSWR related to the reflection coefficient?
27. What is normalized impedance and what is its importance?
28. What is the impedance at voltage maximum and voltage minimum?
29. What is the maximum and minimum impedance seen on a line which is terminated in a
particular load?
30. What is matched load?
31. Why is matching of load impedance important?
32. If impedance at some point on a line is Z₀, what will be the load impedance?
5 Marks Questions
1. Explain the difference between lumped parameters and distributed parameters in
transmission lines with examples.
2. Derive the transmission line equation using distributed parameters (R, L, G, C).
3. Write the general solution of the transmission line equation and explain the physical
significance of forward and backward waves.
4. Define propagation constant (γ). Write its expression and explain its real and
imaginary parts.
5. What is characteristic impedance (Z₀) of a transmission line? Derive its expression
in terms of R, L, G, and C.
6. Derive the relationship between wavelength (λ), velocity of propagation (v), and
frequency (f) on a transmission line.
7. A transmission line has Z₀ = 50 Ω and is terminated in a load of 100 Ω. Calculate
the reflection coefficient (Γ).
8. Derive the expression for the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) in terms of
reflection coefficient.
9. Define and derive the expression for transmittance coefficient (T) in terms of load
impedance and Z₀.
10. A 50 Ω lossless transmission line is terminated with a short circuit. Find the input
impedance at λ/4 distance from the load.
11. What is a waveguide? Explain why waveguides are preferred over transmission
lines at microwave frequencies.
12. Explain the general approach of analyzing a rectangular waveguide using
Maxwell’s equations.
13. Define TE and TM modes in a rectangular waveguide. Why is TEM mode not
possible in waveguides?
14. Derive the expression for the cut-off frequency of a TEₘₙ mode in a rectangular
waveguide.
15. For a rectangular waveguide of dimensions a=2.5cm, b=1cm, calculate the cut-off
frequency of TE₁₀ mode.
16. Define dominant mode in a rectangular waveguide. Which mode is dominant and
why?
17. Derive the expression for the phase velocity in a waveguide. Show that it is always
greater than the velocity of light.
18. Derive the expression for the guide wavelength (λg) and show its relation with free-
space wavelength (λ₀).
19. Explain the effect of operating frequency being (i) below cut-off, (ii) at cut-off, and
(iii) above cut-off in waveguides.
20. A waveguide operates in TE₁₀ mode at 10 GHz with a = 3 cm. Calculate the guide
wavelength (λg).
21. What is a waveguide?
22. What is a parallel plane waveguide?
23. What are TE and TM modes?
24. What is the cut-off frequency?
25. If frequency is less than the cut-off frequency, what kind of fields are excited inside
the waveguide?
26. What is the phase velocity if the frequency is equal to cut-off frequency?
27. What are the boundary conditions on the surface of a waveguide?
28. Can TEmn and TMmn modes exist inside a rectangular waveguide for any value of
m and n? Explain your answer.
29. Why does TEM mode not exist inside a rectangular waveguide?
30. What is the dominant mode of a rectangular waveguide?
31. What is the minimum dimension of a waveguide for propagation of a mode?
32. What is a guided wavelength? What are the bounds on guided wavelength?
33. What is group velocity of a mode?
34. In a rectangular waveguide the lowest order mode is TE10 mode. Why can we not
tell about the next higher order mode?
10 Marks Questions
Problem 2.1
Find the transit time over a parallel wire transmission line of length 50 cm. A sinusoidal
signal of 1.5 GHz is applied to one end of the line. What is the phase difference between
the signals at the two ends of the line?
Problem 2.2
For a transmission line the primary constants are R = 0.2 Ω/m, G = 0, L = 0.3 μH/m, C =
15 pF/m. Find the phase and attenuation constants of the line at 900 MHz. Also, find the
characteristic impedance of the line.
Problem 2.4
On a 50 Ω lossless line two waves travel in opposite directions. At some location on the
line and at some instant the voltage and current are respectively 25 V and 2 A. Find the
voltage and current at a distance of ±λ/3 from the point at the same instant.
Problem 2.5
A transmission line has complex propagation constant γ = 1 + j10 per meter at 1 GHz. Find
the distance over which the amplitude of a traveling wave will decrease by 20%. What
phase change will the wave undergo over that distance?
Problem 2.9
A transmission line with Z0 = 50 − j5 Ω and γ = 0.2 + j2.5 per meter is connected to a load
impedance of 100 + j50 Ω. Find the reflection coefficient at the load end.
Problem 2.10
On a 50 Ω line the reflection coefficient at the load is 0.7 ∠30°. If the propagation constant
of the line is γ = 20 ∠89° per meter, find the impedance at a distance of 4 m from the load.
Problem 2.12
A 300 Ω parallel wire line is connected to an antenna of 75 + j35 Ω input impedance. Find
the VSWR on the line. What is the maximum and minimum impedance seen on the line?
Problem 2.15
A 75 Ω loss-less coaxial cable is connected to an antenna of impedance 100 + j35 Ω at one
end and to a generator at the other end. The internal impedance of the generator is 50 Ω.
What should be the length of the cable so that maximum power is delivered to the antenna?