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Light Ray
-​ Light ordinarily travels in a straight line path
called ray—used to represent light.

-​ lines with an arrowhead which tells the direction

where the light ray is going. Law of Reflection
-​ Incident and reflected rays lie in the same place
with the normal.
-​ Angle of reflection = Angle of incidence
-​ Angle of Incidence: the angle which an incident
ray makes with an imaginary line perpendicular
A ray travels in a straight line until it hits a mirror.
to the surface (normal)
-​ Angle of Reflection: the angle which the reflected
THE RAY MODEL OF
ray makes with the normal.
LIGHT
1. Reflection
●​ Image: what is seen beyond the mirror
-​ Light bounces off a
●​ Object: the one that produces the image; the
surface
source of incident light
2. Absorption
-​ Materials take in light,
Plane Mirrors
often converting to
-​ A smooth, flat reflecting surface
heat.
images created are:
➔​ Located on the same distance as the object from
3. Transmission
the mirror
-​ Light passes through a
➔​ With the same height
transparent material, like
➔​ Inverted from left to right
glass or water.
Diffuse Reflection
-​ When light hits a
FERMAT’S PRINCIPLE OF LEAST TIME (Pierre Fermat,
rough surface, light
1650)
is reflected into
-​ For light to go from one point to another, it takes
multiple directions.
the shortest and most efficient path available to
it.

➔​ Mirrors that form a section of a sphere and has

numerous parts:
GEOMETRIC OPTICS ★​ Convex Mirror
-​ Study dealing with the path of light as it strikes a -​ The reflecting surface is on the outer surface of
medium which involves straight-line rays at the sphere so that the center of the mirror bulges
various angles. towards the viewer.
-​ If light needs to strike a medium to get from one -​ Focuses light away from the focal point.
point to another, the photon must strike the -​ Diverging mirror
surface in such a way that the travel time ★​ Concave Mirror
between the two points will be the least. -​ The reflecting surface is on the inner surface of
the sphere so that the center of the mirror sinks
away from the viewer
MIRRORS AND REFLECTION -​ It focuses light rays towards its focal point
-​ Reflection: Bouncing of light -​ Converging mirror
-​ When light rays from an object hit the surface of a
plane mirror, they reflect off the mirror at the PARTS OF A CURVED MIRROR
same angle at which they arrive but in a
different direction.
★​ Incident Ray: ray of light that strikes a surface \
★​ Reflected Ray: ray of light that bounces off a
surface /
1. Principal Axis Concave Mirror:
-​ Imaginary line passing through the center of the 1.) Principal Ray
sphere at the exact center of the mirror. ●​ object >> parallel to principal axis >> reflected to
2. Vertex focal point
-​ The point on the mirror’s surface where the
principal axis meets the mirror.
3. Center of the Curvature (C)
-​ The point in the center of the sphere from which
the inner was sliced.
4. Focal point (F)
-​ Halfway between the center of curvature and 2.) Focal Ray
vertex ●​ Object >> focal point >> reflected parallel to the
5. Focal Length (f) principal axis
-​ Distance between the vertex and the focal point.

RAY DIAGRAMMING
-​ Used to find where an image will be located if an
object is placed in front of a mirror.
-​ 3 reference rays: principal ray, focal ray, &
central ray
3.) Central Ray
Convex Mirror: ●​ Object >> through central point >> reflected
1. ) Principal Ray along itself
●​ A reference ray starting from the object going
parallel to principal axis
●​ It reflects through the focal point (F) after it hits
the mirror

The intersection of two or more rays locates the image.

(Concave mirror) Attitude–inverted; Type–real

2.) Focal Ray
●​ goes through F and then goes parallel to principal
axis after hitting the mirror

FORMULA: p or do = the distance of

object

q or di = distance of image
3.) Central Ray
f = focal length
●​ Ray goes through C then goes back along itself
through C
“One funny dolphin buys one diamond”

SIGN CONVENTIONS

The intersection of two or more rays locates the image.

(Convex mirror) The images created are:

S (size) - diminished (smaller than the object)
A (attitude) - upright
L (location) - behind the mirror
T (type) - virtual
 2. Central Ray
●​ Draw a light ray passing through the optical
center of the lenses, it emerges without any
deviation

*Please check PPT for sample word problems.* 3. Focal Ray

●​ Draw a light ray through the principal focus from
the object to the lens
●​ Refracted ray parallel to the principal axis

Refraction
➔​ Bending of light due to the differences in density
between two media
➔​ When light travels through a different material, it
travels at a different speed.

Lenses
➔​ Transparent materials that bend light through CONCAVE LENS
refraction 1. Principal Ray
◆​ Convex lens: converging ●​ Light ray parallel to the principal axis and will be
◆​ Concave lens: diverging refracted away from the principal focus of the
other side of the lens but travelling in line with
Types of Lenses the focal point of the other side of the lens.
1.​ Converging Lens (convex)
-​ Bulge at the middle and thins at the edges.
-​ Focuses parallel light rays to a single converging
point.
2.​ Diverging Lens (Concave)
-​ Thin at the middle and bulk at the edges.
-​ Deflect parallel rays away from each other,
making it appear as if they diverge from the focal
point. 2. Focal Ray
●​ Passes towards the focus at the opposite side and
Parts of a Lens will refract through the lens and travel parallel to
1. Principal Axis: imaginary line passing through the the principal axis
center of the lens.
2. Vertical Axis: a line that passes through the optical
center of the lens.
3. Focal point (F)/Principal Focus: the point where light
rays parallel to the principal axis either converge or
diverge.

RAY DIAGRAMMING
3. Central Ray
CONVEX LENS
●​ Directly passes through the center without being
1. Principal Ray
bent
●​ Draw a light ray parallel to the principal axis from
the object to the lens.
●​ Refracted ray passes through the principal focus
on the other side of the lens.