Week – 3: Day – 1 (Masculine oblique)

Today, we are going to learn one more very important topic:

Oblique form of the nouns. Try to understand and practice this
concept. Only then, your Marathi sentence constructions would
be native-like.

Conversation 1: In this conversation, a father and a son are

watching a video of a zoo.

1 बाबा – सुजय, ये. आज आपण एक ि हिडओ पा या. ि हिडओत एक ािणसं हालय

आहे.

1 baabaa – sujay, ye. aaj aapan ek vhidio paahu yaa. vhidiot

ek praanisangrahaalay aahe.

1 baabaa - Sujay, come here. Let us see a video today. There

is a zoo in the video.

2 सुजय – बाबा, इथे ाणी कु ठे आहेत?

2 sujay – baabaa, ithe praani kuthe aahet?

2 sujay - Baba, where are the animals?

3 बाबा – अरे , हे अभयार य नाही. सव ाणी पज यांम ये आहेत. तो बघ, ितकडे

पज यात एक वाघ आहे. वाघाशेजारी बछडा आहे. वाघ दवसभर पज यात इकडे ितकडे
फरतो.

3 baabaa – are, he abhayaaranya naahi. sarva praani

pinjaryaamadhye aahet. to bagh, tikade pinjaryaat ek vaagh
aahe. vaaghaashejaari bachhadaa aahe. vaagh divasabhar
pinjaryaat ikade tikade firato.

3 baabaa - See, this is not a sanctuary. All animals are in

cages. Look there. there is a tiger in the cage. There is a
cub near the tiger. The tiger roams around the whole day in
the cage.

4 सुजय – बाबा, उं ट कु ठे आहेत?

4 sujay – baabaa, unta kuthe aahet?

4 sujay - Baba, where are the camels?

5 बाबा – ते बघ. ितकडे िजराफांसमोर उं ट आहेत. मुलं उं टावर बसतात. उं टांशेजारी एक

माणूस आहे. तो मुलांना फे री मारायला नेतो.
5 baabaa – te bagh. tikade jiraafaansamor unta aahet. mula
untaavar basataat. untaanshejaari ek maanus aahe. to mulaannaa
feri maaraayalaa neto.

5 baabaa – Look. There are camels in front of the giraffes.

The children sit on the camel. There is a man near the camels.
He takes the children for a ride.

Grammar: In this conversation, oblique forms of

consonant ending, आ ‘aa’ - ending and ओ ‘o’ - ending
masculine nouns have been introduced.

As we know, there are five endings of masculine nouns

– consonant ending, आ ‘aa’-ending, ई ‘i:’-ending, ऊ
‘u:’-ending and ओ ‘o’-ending. Here, in this
conversation, the oblique change in consonant ending,
आ ‘aa’-ending and ओ ‘o’-ending is taught.

1) In the case of consonant ending nouns, आ ‘aa’

suffix is added to the straight form (SF) of a noun,
followed by a postposition.

e.g. िजराफ + आ + समोर → िजराफासमोर उं ट आहेत.

‘jiraaph + aa + samor → jiraaphaasamor unta

aahet.’

For making the oblique form of a plural noun, only

अनु वार ‘anusvaar’ which is represented by न् ‘n’ is
added to the singular oblique form.

e.g. िजराफा + न् + समोर → िजराफांसमोर

‘jiraaphaa + n + samor → jiraaphaansamor.’

2) In case of आ ‘aa’- ending masculine nouns, the

vowel आ ‘aa’ at the end of a noun is removed and या
‘yaa’ suffix is added to the straight form of a noun.

e.g. पजरा → पजर् + या → पज या + म ये वाघ आहे.

 ‘pinjraa → pinjar + yaa → pinjryaa + madhye
vaagh aahe.’

For the oblique form of a plural noun, the same rule

is followed.

e.g.

‘ पज या + न् + म ये → पज यांम ये

‘pinjryaa + n + madhye → pinjryaanmadhye’

3) ओ ‘o’- ending nouns do not change while making the

oblique form.

e.g. Singular –

ि हिडओ + म ये → ि हिडओम ये

‘vhidio + madhye → vhidiomadhye’

Plural –

ि हिडओ + न् + म ये → ि हिड म ये

‘vhidio + n + madhye → vhidionmadhye’

Now take a look the table.

Oblique formation of consonant ending, आ ‘aa’ - ending and ओ

‘o’ - ending masculine nouns (Singular and plural): ज
ं ना त,
आकारा त आिण ओकारा त पु लगी नामांचे सामा य प (एकवचन आिण अनेकवचन)
 Straight form Oblique form
Ending Singul Marke Plural Marke Singular Marke Plural
ar r r r
2 3 4
1

C-ending िजराफ 1+0 िजराफ 1+आ िजराफा- 3+न् िजराफां-

ंजना त ‘jiraa ‘jiraap ‘1 ‘jiraapha ‘3+n’ ‘jiraaphaa
‘vyanjanaa ph’ h’ +aa’ a-’ n-’
nt’ (Giraf (Giraff
fe) es)
aa-ending पजरा 1+ए पजरे 1+या पज या- 3+न् पज यां-
आकारा त ‘pinjr ‘1+e’ ‘pinjre ‘1+ya ‘pinjryaa ‘3+n’ ‘pinjryaan
‘aakaaraan aa’ ’ a’ -’ -’
t’ (Cage) (Cages)

O-ending ि हिडओ 1+0 ि हिडओ 1+0 ि हिडओ- 3+न् ि हिड -

ओकारा त ‘vhidi ‘vhidio ‘vhidio-’ ‘3+n’ ‘vhidion-’
‘okaaraant o’ ’
’ (Video (Videos
) )

There are few exceptions to oblique formation of

these nouns, but we will see them later.

-त ’ta’ (in), म ये ‘madhye’(in), समोर ‘samor’ (facing), शेजारी

‘shejaari’ (beside), वर ‘var’ (up), खाली ‘khaali’ (down), मागे
‘maage’ (behind), पुढे ‘pudhe’ (in front of), भोवती ‘bhovati’
(around) are the post-positions in Marathi. They are used with
nouns.

-When post-positions are used with the nouns, the straight

form (SF) of a noun undergoes a change. This change is called
an oblique form (OF).

-Rules of oblique formation also depend on the endings of the

nouns.

Formation of question with कु ठे ‘kuthe’ (where) is as follows.

Sg. Q. Noun – कु ठे - आहे?

For ex. वाघ कु ठे आहे? ‘vaagh kuthe aahe?’ (Where is the tiger?)

Ans. Noun – Noun OF+pp – आहे.

For ex. वाघ पज यात आहे. ‘vaagh pinjryaat aahe.’ (The tiger is in
the cage.)

Pl. Q. Noun (pl) - कु ठे – आहेत?

For ex. वाघ कु ठे आहेत? ‘vaagh kuthe aahet?’ (Where are the
tigers?)

Ans. Noun (pl) – Noun Of + pp – आहेत.

For ex. वाघ पज यांम ये आहेत. ‘vaagh pinjryaanmadhye aahet’ (The

tigers are in the cages.)

Now new words in this conversation are:

ािणसं हालय - praanisangrahaalay = zoo

ाणी – praani = animal

अभयार य – abhayaarnya = sanctuary

पजरा – pinjraa = cage

वाघ – vaagh = tiger

बछडा – bachhadaa = cub

दवसभर – divasbhar = whole day

इकडेितकडे – ikadetikade = everywhere

फ र – phir = wander

उं ट – unta = camel

िजराफ – jiraaph = giraffe

माणूस – maanus = man

फे री मार – pheri maar = take a ride

ने – ne = take along

*******
Now Conversation 2: In this conversation also, the video
watching is being continued.

1 सुजय – इथे खूप ाणी आहेत, नं?

1 sujay – ithe khup praani aahet, na?

1 sujay - There are many anmals here, aren’t they?

2 बाबा – हो. इथे पु कळ ाणी आहेत. ा यांम ये दोन पाणघोडे आिण एक गडासु ा
आहे.

2 baabaa – ho. ithe pushkal praani aahet. praanyaanmadhye don

paanghode aani ek gendaasuddhaa aahe.

2 baabaa - Yes. There are many animals here. Among them, there
are two hippos and one rhinoceros, too.

3 सुजय – पाणघोडे कु ठे आहेत?

3 sujay – paanaghode kuthe aahet?

3 sujay - Where are the hippos?

4 बाबा – गडा आिण पाणघोडे एकाच प रसरात आहेत. ितथे एक तळं ही आहे. गडा आिण
पाणघोडे ितकडे जातात, पाणी िपतात, पोहतात आिण खेळतात.

4 baabaa – gendaa aani paanghode ekaach parisaraat aahet.

tithe ek talahi aahe. gendaa aani paanaghode tikade jaataat,
paani pitaat, pohataat aani khelataat.

4 baabaa – The rhinoceros and the hippos are in the same area.
There is a pond too. The rhinoceros and the hippos go there,
drink water, swim, and play.

5 सुजय – बाबा, ती बघा माकडं.

5 sujay – baabaa, ti baghaa maakada.

5 sujay - Baba, look at those monkeys.

6 बाबा – माकडं बांबव

ूं र बसतात आिण झोके घेतात.

6 baabaa – maakada baanbunvar basataat aani jhoke ghetaat.

6 baabaa - Monkeys sit on the bamboo trees and swing.

7 सुजय – ितकडे पज यात रं गीबेरंगी प ी आहेत.

7 sujay – tikade pinjaryaat rangiberangi pakshi aahet.

7 sujay - There are colourful birds in that cage.

8 बाबा – प यांबरोबर लहान पाखरं ही आहेत.

8 baabaa – pakshyaanbarobar lahaan paakharahi aahet.

8 baabaa - There are also small birdies with the birds.

Grammar: In this conversation, oblique forms of ई

‘i:’ - ending and ऊ ‘u:’- ending have been
introduced.

1) In case of ई ‘i:’- ending masculine nouns, vowel ई

‘i:’ at the end is dropped and या ‘yaa’ suffix is
added to the straight form of a noun.

e.g. ाणी → ाण् + या → ा या + समोर मुलं आहेत.

‘praani → praan + yaa → praanyaa + samor mula

aahet.’

Oblique form of a plural noun –

e.g. ा या + न् + समोर → ा यां + समोर

‘praanyaa + n + samor → praanyaan + samor’

2) ऊ ‘u:’- ending masculine nouns do not change in

oblique form.

e.g.

Singular – बांबू + वर

‘baambu + var’

Plural – बांबू + न् + वर → बांबूं + वर

‘baambu + n + var → baambun + var’

 See the table:

Oblique formation of ई ‘i:’ - ending and ऊ ‘u:’- ending

masculine nouns (Singular and plural): ईकारा त आिण ऊकारा त पु लगी
नामांचे सामा य प (एकवचन आिण अनेकवचन)

Straight form Oblique form

Ending Singular Marke Plural Marke Singular Marke Plural
r r r
1 2 3 4

i:-ending ाणी 1+0 ाणी 1+या ा या- 3+न् ा यां-

ईकारा त ‘praani’ ‘praani’ ‘1+ya ‘praanya ‘3+n’ ‘praanyaan
‘i:kaaraa (Animal) (Animals) a’ a-’ -’
nt’

u:-ending बांबू 1+0 बांबू 1+0 बांब-

ू 3+न् बांब-
ूं
ऊकारा त ‘baambu’ ‘baambu’ ‘baambu- ‘3+n’ ‘baambun-’
‘u:kaaraa (Bamboo) (Bamboos) ’
nt’

-In conversation no. 1 and 2 some names of animals are also

introduced.

Now new words in this conversation are:

पु कळ – pushkal = many

पाणघोडा – paanghodaa = hippo

गडा – gendaa = rhinoceros

एकाच – ekaach = one

प रसर – parisar = area

पी – pi = drink

पोह – poha = swim

माकड – maakad = monkey

बांबू – baambu = bamboo

झोका घे – jhokaa ghe = swing

रं गीबेरंगी – rangiberangi = colourful

लहान – lahaan = small

पाख – paakharu = birdie

*******

Conversation 3: In this conversation, the teacher is testing

the understanding of the students, about the new concept of
oblique form.

1 िश क – आता तु हाला पु लगी नामाचं सामा य प माहीत आहे. मी तु हाला एक-एक

श द देतो. तु ही सामा य प करा आिण वा य बनवा. राजू, तू सु वात कर – तू ‘बाजार’
श दाचं वा य तयार कर.

1 Shikshak – aataa tumhaalaa pullingi naamaancha saamaanyarup

maahit aahe. mi tumhaalaa ek-ek shabda deto. tumhi
saamaanyarup karaa aani vaakya banvaa. raaju, tu suruvaat kar
– tu ‘baajar’ shabdaacha vaakya tayaar kar.

1 Shikshak – Now, you know the oblique form of masculine

nouns. I will give you one word each. Use the oblique form and
make a sentence. Raju, you go first – You make sentence using
the word ‘market’

2 राजू – बाजारात गद आहे.

2 Raju – baajaarat gardi aahe.

2 Raju – There is a crowd in the market.

3 िश क – बरोबर. मंजू, आता तुझी पाळी. तू ‘डबा’ श दाचं वा य बनव.

3 Shikshak – barobar. manju, aataa tujhi paali. tu dabaa

shabdaacha vaakya banav.

3 Shikshak – Correct. Manju, now it is your turn. Make a

sentence from the word ‘container’.

4 मंजू – गु जी, ड यात लाडू आहेत.

4 Manju – guruji, dabyaat laadu aahet.

4 Manju – Sir, there are laddus in the container.

5 सुरेखा – गु जी, आता मला एक श द सांगा.

5 Surekha – guruji, aataa malaa ek shabda saangaa.

5 Surekha – Sir, give me a word now.

6 गु जी – धोबी.

6 Guruji – dhobi.

6 –Guruji - washerman

7 सुरेखा – धो याजवळ कपडे आहेत.

7 Surekha – dhobyaajaval kapade aahet.

7 Surekha – The washerman has the clothes.

8 राजू – गु जी, आता पु हा मी वा य बनवू का?

8 Raju – guruji, aataa punhaa mi vaakya banavu kaa?

8 Raju – Sir, can I make a sentence again?

9 गु जी – चालेल. तू ‘साधू’ श द घे.

9 Gururji – chaalel. tu ‘saadhu’ shabda ghe.

9 Guruji – Okay. Use the word ‘saint’.

10 राजू – साधूभोवती माणसं आहेत.

10 Raju – saadhubhovati maansa aahet.

10 Raju – There are people around the saint.

11 मंजू – गु जी, मी आता ‘ टुिडओ’ श द घेत.

े टुिडओशेजारी बँक आहे.

11 Manju – guruji, mi aataa studio shabda ghete.

studioshejaari bænk aahe.

11 Manju – Sir, now I will use the word ‘studio’. There is a

bank next to the studio.

12 गु जी – छान. सव वा यं बरोबर आहेत.

12 Guruji – chhaan. sarva vaakya barobar aahet.

12 Guruji – Good. All the sentences are correct.

Now new words in this conversation are:

पु लगी – pullingi = masculine

नाम – naam = noun

श द – shabda = word

वा य – vaakya = sentence

सु वात कर – suruvaat kar = start

बाजार – baajaar = market

तयार कर – tayaar kar = prepare

गद – gardi = crowd

आता तुझी पाळी – aataa tujhi paali = now, it is your turn

बनव – banav = prepare

डबा – dabaa = container

लाडू – laadu = laddu

सांग – saang = tell

धोबी – dhobi = washerman

कपडा – kapadaa = cloth

पु हा – punhaa = again

चालेल – chaalel = will do / ok

साधू – saadhu = saint

******

Now Conversation 4: In this conversation also, teacher is

revising the oblique formation of masculine nouns with the
class. The students are following his instructions.

1 िश क – मी आता तु हाला िवचारतो आिण एक-एक श द देतो. तु ही तो श द

वा यात वापरा. िव ाथ कु ठे आहेत? – वग. ाची, तू उ र दे.

1 Shikshak – mi aataa tumhaalaa prashna vichaarto. aani ekek

shabda deto. tumhi to shabda vaakyaat vaaparaa. vidyaarthi
kuthe aahet? – varga. praachi, tu uttar de.

1 Shikshak – Now, I will ask you a question and give one word
each. Use that word in a sentence. Where are the students? -
Classroom. Prachi, you answer it.
2 ाची – िव ाथ वगात आहेत.

2 Prachi – vidyaarthi vargaat aahet.

2 Prachi – The students are in the classroom.

3 िश क – मुलं कु ठे बसतात? – घोडा.

3 Shikshak – mula kuthe bastaat? – ghodaa.

3 Shikshak – Where do the boys sit? – Horse.

4 रे णू – मुलं घो ावर बसतात.

4 Renu – mula ghodyaavar bastaat.

4 Renu – The boys sit on the horse.

5 िश क – दाणे कु ठे आहेत? – प ी.

5 Shikshak – daane kuthe aahet? – pakshi.

5 Shikshak – Where are the grains? – bird.

6 अ य – दाणे प यासमोर आहेत.

6 Akshay – daane pakshyaasamor aahet.

6 Akshay – The grains are in front of the bird.

7 िश क – आता आणखी दोन िवचारतो. संजू, तू सांग. ड टर कु ठे आहे ? – खडू

7 Shikshak – aataa aankhi don prashna vichaarot. sanju, tu

saang. dastar kuthe aahe ? – khadu

7 Shikshak – Now I will ask two more questions. Sanju, you

answer. Where is the duster? – chalks.

8 संजू – खडू शेजारी ड टर आहे.

8 Sanju – khadushejaari dastar aahe.

8 Sanju – The duster is next to the chalks.

9 िश क – छान. रे णू, तूच पु हा उ र दे. पातेलं कु ठे आहे? – टो

9 Shikshak – chaan. renu, tuch punhaa uttar de. paatela kuthe

aahe? – sto

9 Shikshak – Good. Renu, answer again. Where is the vessel? –

stove.
10 रेणू – पातेलं टोवर आहे.

10 Renu – paatela stovar aahe.

10 Renu – The vessel is on the stove.

11 िश क – अगदी बरोबर.

11 Shikshak – agadi barobar.

11 Shikshak – absolutely correct.

New words in this conversation are:

िवचार – prashna vichaar = ask a question

वग – varga = classroom

उ र दे – uttar de = answer

घोडा – ghodaa = horse

दाणा – daanaa = grain

ड टर – dastar = duster

खडू – khadu = chalk

पु हा – punhaa = again

पातेलं – paatela = vessel

टो – sto = stove

अगदी बरोबर – agadi barobar = absolutely correct

*******

Friends, now let us learn the script lesson.

Today, script group no. 8

Script Group: 8 In this group, there are two vowels.

They are ए and ऐ

ए ऐ
 e ai
Secondary symbols: ◌ॆ ◌ै
ए for एक ‘ek’ (one)

ऐ for ऐक ‘aik’ (listen)

The secondary symbols of these vowels are called

मा ा ‘maatraa’.

When vowels ए and ऐ are joined to the

consonants, the secondary symbols are written
above the consonants.

For ex.
क् + ए = के क् + ऐ = कै
प् + ए = पे प् + ऐ = पै

अनु वार ‘anusvaar’ can follow the secondary

symbols too.
For ex.
पग = प् + ए + ◌ं + ग
Other words are:
एकता, ऐरण
Now we shall learn cardinal numbers from - 71
to 80

७१ ekkaahaattar = seventy one

७२ bahaattar = seventy two

७३ tryaahaattar = seventy three

७४ chauryaattar = seventy four

७५ panchyaattar = seventy five

७६ shahaattar = seventy six

७७ satyaattar = seventy seven

७८ aththyaattar = seventy eight

७९ ekonainshi= seventy nine

८० ainshi = eighty
So, with this, we shall conclude this session today.
See you in the next session. Thank you.
******
Week -3 : Day – 2 (Feminine oblique)

Now, today, we shall learn the oblique forms of feminine

nouns.

Conversation 1: In this conversation, the teacher is showing

his students a documentary. The documentary is about Pune
city. Students are also participating and describing the city.
Now listen to the conversation.

1 गु जी – आज मी तु हाला एक मािहतीपट दाखवतो. हे पुणे शहर आहे. हा ल मी र ता

आहे. इथे कप ांची बाजारपेठ आहे. बाजारपेठेत दो ही बाजूंना इमारती आहेत. इमारत म ये
खाली कापड दुकानं आहेत. इथे शाळा आिण बका सु ा आहेत.

1 guruji – aaj mi tumhaalaa ek maahitipat daakhavato. he pune

shahar aahe. haa lakshmi rastaa aahe. ithe kapadyaanchi
baajaarpeth aahe. baajaarpethet donhi baajunnaa imaarati
aahet. imaaratinmadhye khaali kaapad dukaana aahet. ithe
shaalaa aani bænkaa suddhaa aahet.

1 guruji - Today I wil show you a documentary. This is Pune

city. This is Laxmi road. There is a cloth market here. The
market has buildings on both sides. There are clothes shops
downstairs in the buildings. There are schools and banks too.

2 िव ाथ १ – गु जी, बका कु ठे आहेत?

2 vidyaarthi 1 – guruji, bænkaa kuthe aahet?

2 vidyaarthi 1 - Sir, where are the banks?

3 गु जी – उजवीकडे इमारतीत दोन बका आहेत. लोक बकांपुढे कू टर लावतात आिण आत

जातात.

3 guruji – ujavikade imaaratit don bænkaa aahet. lok

bænkaanpudhe skutar laavataat aani aat jaataat.

3 guruji – On the right side, there are two banks in the

building. People park their scooters infront of the banks and
go inside.

4 िव ाथ २ – शाळा कु ठे आहे? ल मी र यावरच आहे नं?

4 vidyaarthi 2 – shaalaa kuthe aahe? lakshmi rastyaavarach

aahe na ?
4 vidyaarthi 2 - Where is the school? It is on Laxmi road,
isn’t it?

5 गु जी – ती बघा इमारतीशेजारी शाळा आहे. पण शाळे पुढे पटांगण नाही, र ता आहे.

5 guruji – ti baghaa imaaratishejaari shaalaa aahe. pan

shaalepudhe pataangan naahi, rastaa aahe.

5 guruji - Look, there is a school next to the building. But

there is no playground in front of the school. There is a
road.

Grammar: Students, feminine nouns also have five endings.

Here, in this conversation, we have covered oblique forms of
consonant ending and आ ‘aa’ - ending singular and plural
feminine nouns.

1) We have seen that consonant ending feminine nouns change in

two ways while making their plurals. In the case of oblique
change also, there are two types of changes. ए ‘e’ is added
to the straight form of some and ई ‘i:’ is added to the
straight form of others.

e.g. i) बक + ए → बके + पुढे

‘bænk + e → bænke + pudhe’

ii) इमारत + ई → इमारती + खाली

‘imaarat + i: → imaarati + khaali’

To make the oblique form of a plural noun, न् ‘n’ is added to

their plurals. This is the rule for all the endings of
feminine nouns.

e.g. बक - बका + न् + पुढे → बकांपुढे

‘bænk - bænkaa + n + pudhe → bænkaanpudhe’

इमारत – इमारती + न् + खाली → इमारत खाली

‘imaarat – imaarati + n + khaali → imaaratinkhaali’

2) In case of आ ‘aa’-ending feminine nouns too, the आ ‘aa’

vowel at the end of a noun is removed and then ए ‘e’ suffix is
added to the straight form of a noun.
 e.g. शाळा → शाळ् + ए + पुढे → शाळे पुढे पटांगण नाही.

‘shaalaa → shaal + e + pudhe → shaalepudhe pataangan

naahi.’

Plural form of शाळा ‘shaalaa’ is शाळा ‘shaalaa’

So plural oblique form is –

शाळा + न् + पुढे → शाळांपुढे

‘shaalaa + n + pudhe → shaalaanpudhe’

Now see the table -

Oblique formation of consonant ending and आ ‘aa’ - ending

feminine nouns (Singular and Plural): ज
ं ना त आिण आकारा त ी लगी
नामांचे सामा य प (एकवचन आिण अनेकवचन)

Straight form Oblique form

Ending Singular Marker Plural Marke Singular Marker Plural
r
1 2 3 4

C-ending बक 1+आ बका 1+ए बके - 2+न् बकां-

ंजना त ‘bænk’ ‘1+aa’ ‘bænkaa’ ‘1+e’ ‘bænke-’ ‘2+n’ ‘bænkaan-’
‘vyanjanaa
nt’ इमारत 1+इ इमारती 1+इ इमारती- 2+न् इमारत -
‘1+i’ ‘1+i’ ‘2+n’
aa-ending शाळा 1+0 शाळा 1+ए शाळे - 2+न् शाळां-
आकारा त ‘shaalaa ‘shaalaa ‘1+e’ ‘shaale- ‘2+n’ ‘shaalaan-
‘aakaaraan ’ ’ ’ ’
t’

We have already seen interrogative word कु ठे ‘kuthe’ (where).

The answer of this question tells about the location.

The new words in this conversation are:

मािहतीपट - maahitipat = documentary

र ता – rastaa = road

कपडे – kapade = clothes

बाजारपेठ – baajaarpeth = market

दो ही – donhi = both

बाजू – baaju = side

खाली – khaali = below

कापड – kaapad = cloth

दुकान – dukaan = shop

शाळा – shaalaa = school

उजवीकडे – ujavikade = right side

कू टर – skutar = scooter

लाव – laav = park

पटांगण – pataangan = ground

*******

Conversation 2: In this conversation, the teacher is showing

market place from the same documentary. Listen to it
carefully.

1 गु जी – बाजारपेठेत पदपथावर हातगाडी आहे. हातगाडीवर पण कपडे आहेत. ितथे

आणखी काही हातगा ा आहेत.

1 guruji – baajaarpethet padapathaavar haatagaadi aahe.

haatagaadivar pan kapade aahet. tithe aankhi kaahi haatgaadyaa
aahet.

1 guruji - In the market, there is a handcart on the footpath.

There are clothes on the handcart. There are some more
handcarts there, too.

2 िव ाथ १ – हातगा ांवर व तूही आहेत.

2 vidyaarthi 1 – haatagaadyaanvar vastuhi aahet.

2 vidyaarthi 1 - There are some items on the handcarts too.

3 िव ाथ २ – व तूंम ये बांग ा आहेत.

3 vidyaarthi 2 – vastunmadhye baangdyaa aahet.

3 vidyaarthi 2 – Those items include bangles.

4 िव ाथ १ – बांग ांशेजारी माळा, िपना, आिण माल आहेत. गु जी, ितकडे एका
हातगाडीवर पस आिण बॅगा आहेत.

4 vidyaarthi 1 – baangdyaanshejaari maalaa, pinaa aani rumaal

aahet. guruji, tikade ekaa haatagaadivar parsa aani bægaa
aahet.

4 vidyaarthi 1 - Next to bangles, there are necklaces, pins,

and handkerchiefs. Sir, on that handcart, there are some
purses and bags.

5 गु जी – हातगा ांभोवती बायका आिण मुली आहेत.

5 grurji – haatgaadyaanbhovati baayakaa aani muli aahet.

5 guruji - There are women and girls around the carts.

Grammar: Friends, in this conversation, we have covered

oblique forms of ई ‘i:’- ending and ऊ ‘u:’- ending singular
and plural feminine nouns.

1) In the case of ई ‘i:’- ending feminine singular noun, there

is no change in oblique form.

e.g. हातगाडी + वर → हातगाडीवर पस आहेत.

‘haatgaadi + var → haatgaadivar parsa aahet.’

But as the plural form of हातगाडी ‘haatgaadi’ is हातगा ा

‘haatgaadyaa’, plural oblique form is –

हातगा ा + न् + वर → हातगा ांवर

‘haatgaadyaa + n + var → haatgaadyaanvar’

2) ऊ ‘u:’-ending feminine nouns do not change in oblique form.

e.g. व तू → व तू + शेजारी → व तूशेजारी

‘vastu → vastu + shejaari → vastushejaari’

Plural of व तू ‘vastu’ is व तू ‘vastu’

So plural oblique form is –

व तू + न् + म ये → व तूम
ं ये

‘vastu + n + madhye → vastunmadhye’

 Now see the table.

Oblique formation of ई ‘i:’- ending and ऊ ‘u:’ - ending

feminine nouns (Singular and Plural): ईकारा त आिण ऊकारा त ी लगी
नामांचे सामा य प (एकवचन आिण अनेकवचन)

Straight form Oblique form

Endin Singular Marker Plural Marke Singular Marke Plural
g r r
1 2 3 4

i- हातगाडी 1+या हातगा ा 1+0 हातगाडी- 2+न् हातगा ां-

endin ‘haatgaad ‘1+yaa ‘haatgaad ‘haatgaad ‘haatgaadyaan
g i’ ’ yaa’ i-’ -’
ईकारा
त
‘i:ka
araan
t’
u- व तू 1+0 व तू 1+0 व तू- 2+न् व तू-
ं
endin ‘vastu’ ‘vastu’ ‘vastu-’ ‘2+n’ ‘vastun-’
g
ऊकारा
त
‘u:ka
araan
t’
Now words in this conversation are:

पदपथ – padpath = footpath

हातगाडी – haatgaadi = handcart

बांगडी – baangdi = bangle

माल – rumaal = handkerchief

पस – parsa = ladies’ purse

बॅग – bæg = bag

बायका – baaykaa = women

मुली – muli = girls

भोवती – bhovati = around

******
Now Conversation 3:

Students, by now, you must have understood how to make oblique

forms of feminine nouns.

In the conversation no. 3, the teacher also wants to see how

much the students have understood.

1 िश क – मी तु हाला एक वा य देतो. नोटेवर गांधीज चं िच आहे. आता तु ही

नोटेऐवजी मी सांगतो ते श द वापरा. सामा य प करा. श दयोगी पद जोडा आिण वा य
तयार करा. ि या, तू ‘ भत’ हा श द घे.

1 Shikshak – mi tumhaalaa ek vaakya deto. notevar

gaandhijincha chitra aahe. aataa tumhi noteaivaji mi saangto
te shabda vaapraa. saamaanyarup karaa. shabdayogi pad jodaa
aani vaakya tayaar karaa. shriyaa, tu ‘bhint’ haa shabda ghe.

1 Shikshak – I will give you one sentence. There is a picture

of Gandhiji on the note. Now, you use the word that I tell ou
instead of ‘note’. Make its oblique form, add a postposition,
and make a sentence. Shriya, use the word ‘wall’.

2 ि या – भतीवर गांधीज चं िच आहे.

2 Shriya – bhintivar gaandhijincha chitra aahe.

2 Shriya – The picture of Gandhiji is on the wall.

3 िश क – अमृता, तू ‘काच’ हा श द घे.

3 Shikshak – amrutaa, tu ‘kaach’ haa shabda ghe.

3 Shikshak – Amruta, use the word ‘glass’.

4 अमृता – काचे खाली गां धीजी ंचं िच आहे .

4 Amruta – kaachekhaali gaandhijincha chitra aahe.

4 Amruta – The picture of Gandhiji is under the glass.

5 अजय – आता मी ‘शाळा’ हा श घेतो. शाळे त गांधीजी ंचं िच आहे .

5 Ajay – aataa mi ‘shaalaa’ haa shabda gheto. shaalet

gaandhijincha chitra aahe.

5 Ajay – Now I will use the word ‘school’. The picture of

Gandhiji is in the school.

6 िश क – आता शे वटचा श ‘व ू ’. पण अने कवचनी सामा प करा.

6 Shikshak – aataa shevatchaa shabda ‘vastu’. pan anekvachani
saamaanyarup karaa.

6 Shikshak – Now, the last word, ‘thing’. But use the plural
to make the oblique form.

7 अमृता – अजय – व ूं शेजारी गां धीजीच

ं ं िच आहे .

7 Amruta – Ajay – vastunshejaari gaandhijincha chitra aahe.

7 Amruta – Ajay – The picture of Gandhiji is next to the

things.

8 िश क – बरोबर. छान. तु ाला दहापै की दहा माक.

8 Shikshak – barobar. chhaan. tumhaalaa dahaapaiki dahaa

maark.

8 Shikshak – Correct. Good. Ten marks out of ten.

Now new words in this conversation are:

नोट – not = note

ऐवजी – aivaji = instead of

वापर – vaapar = use

िभंत – bhint = wall

काच – kaach = glass

शेवटचा – shevatchaa = last

दहा पैकी दहा – dahaa paiki dahaa = ten out of ten

माक – mark = mark

********

Friends, now we shall learn the script:

Today, script group number is 9

In this group, we have four consonants.

They are:

ट ढ द ठ
 ṭa ḍha da ṭha
ट for टणक ‘tanak’ (firm)
ढ for ढग ‘dhag’ (cloud)
द for दवाखाना ‘davaakhaanaa’ (hospital)
ठ for ठसका ‘thaskaa’ (strong hiccup)
-All these four consonant letters are with half hanging
bar.
- ढ, द, ठ are derived from ट
-Some other words are खटका ‘khatkaa’, गाढव ‘gaadhav’,
दु सरा ‘dusraa’, पाठ ‘paath’.

Now cardinal numbers that we are going to learn are from 81 –

90

८१ ekkyaanyashi = eighty one

८२ byaanyashi = eighty two

८३ tryaanyashi = eighty three

८४ chauryaanyashi = eighty four

८५ panchyaanyashi = eighty five

८६ shahaanyashi = eighty six

८७ sattyaanyashi = eighty seven

८८ aththyaanyashi = eighty eight

८९ ekonanavvad = eighty nine

९० navvad = ninety
So, with this, we shall conclude this session today.
See you in the next session. Thank you.
********
Week 3 – Day - 3 (Neuter oblique form)

Students, we hope, you have practiced the rules of oblique

formation of Masculine and Feminine nouns.

Today, we will learn the third important oblique formation

which is for singular and plural neuter nouns.

Narration 1: This is a narration of the administrative office

and library in a college.

1 हे महा ा गां धी महािव ालय आहे . ते रे े े शनपासून जवळ आहे . वर वग आहे त

आिण खाली कायालय आहे . कायालयात सहा कमचारी काम करतात. कमचा यांपुढे टे बलं
आहे त. टे बलां वर संगणक आहे त. ितकडे कोप यात एक टे बल आहे . टे बलावर ि ंटर
आहे .

कायालयाशे जारी ंथालय आहे . ंथालयात प ास कपाटं आहेत. कपाटांम े , शे ावर,

आिण रॅ कवर पु कं आहे त. ितकडे एक कपाट आहे . कपाटात ाचीन ह िल खतं
आहे त. समोर िव ा ासाठी खु ा आिण टे बलं आहे त. ेक टे बलावर िदवा आहे .

1 he mahaatmaa gaandhi mahaavidyaalay aahe. te

relvesteshanpaasun javal aahe. var varga aahet aani khaali
kaaryaalay aahe. kaaryaalayaat sahaa karmachaari kaam kartaat.
karmachaaryaanpudhe tebla aahet. teblaanvar sanganak aahet.
tikade koparyaat ek tebal aahe. tebalaavar printar aahe.

kaaryaalayaashejaari granthaalay aahe. granthaalayaat pannaas

kapaata aahet. kapaataanmadhye, shelphaavar, aani r ækvar
pustaka aahet. tikade ek kapaat aahe. kapaataat praachin
hastalikhita aahet. samor vidyaarthyaansaathi khurchyaa aani
tebla aahet. pratek teblaavar divaa aahe.

1 This is Mahatma Gandhi College. It is close to the railway

station. There are classrooms upstairs and an office
downstairs. There are six employees in the office. There are
tables in front of the employees. There are computers on the
tables. On that side, there is a table in the corner. There is
printer on the table.

There is a library next to the office. There are fifty

cupboards in the library. There are books in the cupboards, on
the shelf, and on the rack. On that side, there is one
cupboard. There are ancient manuscripts in the cupboard. In
the front, there are chairs and tables for students. There is
a lamp on each table.
 Grammar: As you know, there are four endings of neuter nouns.
Consonant ending, अ ‘a’- or ए ‘e’ - ending, ई ‘i:’- ending,
and ऊ ‘u:’-ending. Here, in this narration, the oblique change
in consonant ending neuter nouns has been shown.

The rule of oblique formation of consonant ending neuter nouns

is similar to that of consonant ending masculine nouns.

आ ‘aa’ suffix is added to the SF (Straight Form) of a noun

which is followed by a postposition.

e.g. प ी (झाड + आ + वर) आहे त. → प ी झाडावर आहे त.

‘pakshi (jhaad + aa + var) aahet. → pakshi jhaadaavar

aahet.’

(The birds are on the tree.)

For making the plural oblique of a neuter noun, only अनु ार

(◌ं) ‘anusvaar’ is added to the singular oblique form.

See the table:

Straight form Oblique form

Ending Singular Marke Plural Marke Singular Marke Plural
r r r
1 2 3 4

C-ending कपाट 1+अ कपाटं 1+आ कपाटा- 3+न् ‘kapaataa

ंजना ‘kapaat’ ‘1+a’ ‘kapaata’ ‘1+aa ‘kapaata ‘3+n’ n-’
‘vyanjanaa (Cupboard (Cupboards ’ a-’
nt’ ) )

Now new words in this conversation are:

महािव ालय – mahaavidyaalay = college

वग – varga = classroom

वर – var = upstairs

कायालय – kaaryaalay = office

कमचारी – karmachaari = employee

काम कर – kaam kar = work

सं गणक – sanganak = computer

कोपरा – kopraa = corner

ंथालय – granthaalay = library

कपाट – kapaat = cupboard

ाचीन – praachin = ancient

ह िलखीत – hastalikhit = manuscript

********

Conversation: 2 In this conversation, a teacher has taken his

students to experience the atmosphere of a field. There, he
introduces a farmer to the students. The students ask some
questions to the farmer curiously.

1 गु जी – मुलां नो, हा गु णेश. हा शेतकरी आहे . तु ी गुणेशला िवचा शकता.

गुणेश, मुलांना तुझं शेत दाखव नं.

1 Guruji – mulaanno, haa gunesh. haa shetkari aahe. tumhi

guneshlaa prashna vichaaru shaktaa. gunesh, mulaannaa tujha
shet daakhav na.

1 Guruji – Boys, this is Gunesh. He is a farmer. You can ask

him questions. Gunesh, please show the boys your farm.

2 गुणेश – चला. हे बघा माझं शे त. हा गोठा.

2 Gunesh – chalaa. he baghaa maajha shet. haa gothaa.

2 Gunesh – Come on. Look, this is my farm. This is the

cowshed.

3 िव ाथ १ – गो ात िकती गायी आहे त?

3 Vidyaarthi 1 – gothyaat kiti gaayi aahet?

3 Vidyaarthi 1 – How many cows are there in the cowshed?

4 गुणेश – तीन गायी आिण एक वास .

4 Gunesh – tin gaayi aani ek vaasru.

4 Gunesh – Three cows and one calf.

5 गु जी – ितकडे शे ा आिण कोकरं पण आहे त.

5 Guruji – tikde shelyaa aani kokra pan aahet.

5 Guruji – On that side, there are goats and lambs too.

6 गुणेश – मी रोज सकाळी वासरापुढे आिण कोकरां पुढे गवत टाकतो.

6 Gunesh – mi roj sakaali vaasaraapudhe aani kokaraanpudhe

gavat taakto.

6 Gunesh – Every morning, I put some grass in front of the

calf and the lambs.

7 िव ाथ २ – गु जी, ती बघा. शेतात िवहीर पण आहे .

7 Vidyaarthi 2 – guruji, ti baghaa. shetaat vihir pan aahe.

7 Vidyaarthi 2 – Sir, look. There is a well in the farm too.

8 गुणेश – हो. िविहरीत भरपू र पाणी आहे . आजूबाजूचे गावकरी पा ासाठी मा ा शेतात
येतात आिण पाणी नेतात.

8 Gunesh – ho. vihirit bharpur paani aahe. aajubaajuche

gaavkari paanyaasaathi maajhyaa shetaat yetaat aani paani
netaat.

8 Gunesh – Yes. The well has plenty of water. The villagers

nearby come to my farm to fetch water.

9 गु जी – वा छान. णजे तू गावक यां ना मदत करतोस.

9 Guruji – vaa chhaan. mhanje tu gaavkaryaannaa madat kartos.

9 Guruji – Very good. That means you are helping the

villagers.

Grammar: Friends, in this conversation, we have learnt the

oblique formation of ई ‘i:’-ending and ऊ ‘u:-ending neuter
nouns. Again, the rules of making Oblique Forms of ई ‘i:’-
ending neuter nouns and ई ‘i:’-ending masculine nouns are the
same.

The ई ‘i:’ vowel at the end of the noun is removed and then या
‘yaa’ suffix is added to the Straight Form (SF) of a noun.

e.g.

धोबी(पु.) → धोब् + या → धो ा + जवळ(pp)

‘dhobi (m.) → dhob + yaa → dhobyaa + javal(pp)’

 पाणी (नपुं .) → पाण् + या → पा ा + जवळ(pp)

‘paani(n) → paan + yaa → paanyaa + javal(pp)’

पाणी has no plural.

In the case of ऊ ‘u:’-ending neuter nouns too, the last ऊ

‘u:’ vowel in the straight form of noun is deleted and आ ‘aa’
suffix is added.

e.g.

‘वास → वासर् + आ → वासरा + समोर (pp)’

‘vaasaru → vaasar + aa → vaasraa + samor(pp)’

For plural oblique formation, only अनु ार ‘anusvaar’ is added

to the singular oblique form.

See the table:

Straight form Oblique form

Ending Singular Marke Plural Marke Singular Marke Plural
r r r
1 2 3 4

i:-ending पाणी 1+0 पाणी 1+या पा ा- 3+0 पा ा-

ईकारा ‘paani’ ‘paani’ ‘1+ya ‘paanyaa ‘3+0’ ‘paanyaa-
‘i:kaaraan (water) (water) a’ -’ ’
t’

u:-ending कोक 1+अ कोकरं 1+आ कोकरा- 3+न् कोकरां -

ऊकारा ‘kokaru’ ‘1+a’ ‘kokra’ ‘1+aa ‘kokraa- 3+n ‘kokraan-
‘u:kaaraan (lamb) (lambs) ’ ’ ’
t’

New words in this conversation are:

गाय – gaay = cow

गोठा – gothaa = cowshed

शेत - shet = farm

शेळी – sheli = goat

िवचार – prashna vichaar = ask question

कोक – kokaru = lamb

वास – vaasaru = calf

गवत – gavat = grass

िवहीर – vihir = well

भरपू र – bharpur = plenty of

गावकरी – gaavkari = villager

मदत कर – madat kar = help

*******

Conversation: 3 In this conversation, the oblique formation of

अ ‘a’-ending neuter nouns is explained. The teacher and the
students are still on the farm. The students are asking Gunesh
the farmer some questions.

1 िव ाथ – शेतात भा ा पण होतात का?

1 Vidyaarthi – shetaat bhaajyaa pan hotaat kaa?

1 Vidyaarthi – Do vegetables also grow on the farm?

2 गुणेश – हो. ितकडे टोप ां म े भा ा आहे त.

2 Gunesh – ho. tikde topalyaanmadhye bhaajyaa aahet.

2 Gunesh – Yes. The vegetables are in the baskets over there.

3 गु जी – ती बघा. वां ां शेजारी काल आहे त.

3 Guruji – ti baghaa vaangyaanshejaari kaarli aahet.

3 Guruji – Look there. There are karelas next to brinjals.

4 िव ाथ – टोपलीत रताळी आहे त. रता ां शेजारी बटाटे आहे त.

4 Vidyaarthi – topalit rataali aahet. rataalyaanshejaari

bataate aahet.

4 Vidyaarthi – Sweet potatoes are in the basket. There are

potatoes beside the sweet potatoes.

5 गु जी – िलंबां जवळ टोमॅटो आहेत.

5 Guruji – limbaanjaval tomæto aahet.

5 Guruji – There are tomatoes next to the lemons.

6 िव ाथ – तु ी भा ा िवकता का?

6 Vidyaarthi – tumhi bhaajyaa viktaa kaa?

6 Vidyaarthi – Do you sell vegetables?

7 गुणेश – हो. आ ी भा ा पो ात भरतो आिण बाजारात पाठवतो. लोक ता ा भा ा

िवकत घेतात. आमचा माल लगे च संपतो.

7 Gunesh – ho. aamhi bhaajyaa potyaat bharto aani baajaaraat

paathavto. lok taajyaa bhaajyaa vikat ghetaat. aamchaa maal
lagech sampto.

7 Gunesh – Yes. We fill the vegetables in a sack and send them

to the market. People buy the fresh vegetables. Our goods sell
out quickly.

Grammar: Here, we have covered, oblique formation of अ ‘a’-

ending singular and plural neuter nouns.

In formal language, अ ‘a’-ending nouns are written as ए ‘e’-

ending.

i.e. वां गं ‘vaanga’ (spoken language) = वांगे ‘vaange’ (formal

language)

So, in oblique formation of अ/ए ‘a/e’-ending nouns, the last

vowel अ/ए ‘a/e’ is removed and या ‘yaa’ suffix is added to the
straight form of a noun.

e.g.

‘वां गं/ए → वांग् + या → वां ा + शे जारी’

‘vaanga/e → vaang + yaa → vaangyaa + shejaari’

For making oblique forms of plural nouns, like masculine

plural nouns oblique formation, only अनु ार ‘anusvaar’ is added
to the singular noun oblique form.

e.g.

वां ा + न् + शे जारी → वां ां शेजारी

 ‘vaangyaa + n + shejaari → vaangyaanshejaari’

See the table:

Straight form Oblique form

Ending Singular Marke Plural Marke Singular Marke Plural
r r r
1 2 3 4

a/e-ending रताळं 1+ई रताळी 1+आ रताळा- 3+न् रताळां -

अ/एकारा ‘rataala/ ‘1+i: ‘rataali’ ‘1+aa ‘rataala ‘3+n’ ‘rataalaa
‘a/ekaaraa e’ ’ (sweet ’ a-’ n-’
nt’ (sweet potatoes)
potato)

New words in this conversation are:

भाजी – bhaaji = vegetable

टोपली – topali = basket

वां गं – vaanga = brinjal

काल – kaarla = karela

रताळं – rataala = sweet potato

बटाटा – bataataa = potato

िलंबू – limbu = lemon

टोमॅटो – tomæto = tomato

भर – bhar = fill

बाजार – baajaar = market

ताजा – taajaa = fresh

िवकत घे – vikat ghe = buy

माल – maal = (goods) here it is vegetables

लगेच – lagech = immediately

सं प – samp = get over

******

Conversation: 4 In this conversation, teacher wants to know if

the students can make oblique forms of neuter plural nouns.

1 िश क – मी तु ाला वा दे तो. तु ी ा नामा ा एकवचनी सामा पाचे

अनेकवचनी सामा प करा. पिहलं वा - घरासमोर शाळा आहे .

1 Shikshak – mi tumhaalaa vaakya deto. tumhi naamaachyaa

ekvachani saamaanyarupaache anekvachani saamaanyarup karaa.
pahila vaakya – gharaasamor shaalaa aahe.

1 Shikshak – I will give you a sentence. You will convert

singular oblique form of that noun into its plural oblique
form. First sentence – The school is in front of a house.

2 अजय – मी करतो. घरां समोर शाळा आहे .

2 Ajay – mi karto. gharaansamor shaalaa aahe.

2 Ajay – I will. There is a school in front of the houses.

3 िश क – डो ावर टोपी आहे .

3 Shikshak – dokyaavar topi aahe.

3 Shikshak – There is a cap on the head.

4 सुमीत – डो ां वर टो ा आहे त.

4 Sumit – dokyaanvar topyaa aahet.

4 Sumit – There are caps on the heads.

5 िश क – झाडाखाली वास आहे .

5 Shikshak – jhaadaakhaali vaasaru aahe.

5 Shikshak – There is a calf under the tree.

6 अजय – झाडां खाली वासरं आहे त.

6 Ajay – jhaadaankhaali vaasra aahet.

6 Ajay – There are calves under the trees.

7 िश क – िलंबाशेजारी सु री आहे .

7 Shikshak – limbaashejaari suri aahe.

7 Shikshak – There is a knife is next to the lemon.

8 अमृता – मी सां गते . िलंबां शेजारी सु री आहे .

8 Amruta – mi saangte. limbaanshejaari suri aahe.

8 Amruta – I will tell. There is a knife next to the lemons.

9 िश क – छान. षार आहात तु ी.

9 Shikshak – chhaan. hushaar aahaat tumhi.

9 Shikshak – Good. You are quite intelligent.

********

Now new words in this conversation are:

अनेकवचन – anekvachan = plural

डोकं – doka = head

टोपी – topi = cap

िलंबू – limbu = lemon

सु री – suri = knife

Now let us learn the script lesson.

Today script group no. 10.

This group of letters introduces six letters. They are:

ड ङ इ ई झ ह
ḍa ŋa i i: jha ha

Out of these six letters, four are consonants. They

are:
ड ङ झ ह
ḍa ŋa jha ha
And two are vowels. They are:

इ ई
i i:
Secondary symbols: ि◌ ◌ी
New words:

ड for डबी ‘dabi’ (little box)

ङ for वाङमय ‘vaaŋmay’ (literature)

झ for झगा ‘jhagaa’ (frock)

ह for हरीण ‘harin’ (deer)

इ for इमारत ‘imaarat’ (building)

ई for ईश ‘ish’ (God)

-Here, consonant झ ‘jha’ is having full joint side

bar.

This consonant झ ‘jha’ has two pronunciations in

Marathi. One is voiced aspirated palatal in a word
like झडा ‘jhendaa’ and other is voiced aspirated
alveolar in a word like झाड ‘jhaad’

-Consonants ड ‘ḍa’, ङ ‘ŋa’ and ह ‘ha’ have a half

hanging bar.
- The vowels इ ‘i’ and ई ‘i:’ also have a half
hanging bar. इ is the short vowel and ई is the long
vowel.

-The secondary symbols of these vowels are called

वे लां टी ‘velaanti’. While joining short इ ‘i’ to the
consonant, one काना ‘kaanaa’ is given at left side of
the letter and the half circle, which is called वे लां टी
‘velaanti’ in Marathi, is given above the headline.
While joining long ई ‘i:’ to the consonant, काना
‘kaanaa’ is given at right side of the letter and
वे लां टी ‘velaanti’ is given above the headline.

e.g.

क् + इ = िक
क् + ई = की
-Vowel इ ‘i’ is always long, when it comes at the end
of the word, either separately or joined with the
consonant.

e.g.

सु ई ‘sui:’(needle), परी ‘pari’(fairy), कमी

‘kami’(less)

-The ङ ‘ŋ’ letter is used in a very few words. It is

a nasal sound and follows the traditional series of क
ख ग घ

********
Now friends, let us learn the cardinal numbers from
91 to 100

९१ ekkyaannav = ninety one

९२ byaannav = ninety two

९३ tryaannav = ninety three

९४ chauryaannav = ninety four

९५ panchyaannav = ninety five

९६ shahaannav = ninety six

९७ satyaannav = ninety seven

९८ aththyaannav = ninety eight

९९ navyaannav = ninety nine

१०० shambhar = hundred

So friends, with this we will conclude today’s
session. I hope you enjoyed it. See you in the
next session. Thank you.
*********
Week 3 – Day – 4- MASCULINE, FEMININE AND NEUTER NOUNS OBLIQUE
FORMS EXCEPTIONS

Friends, we have already learnt the rules of oblique formation

but as we know, the rules have some exceptions. There are some
nouns which do not behave according to rules. You have to know
them. Only then, you will be as fluent as the native speakers.

So today, we will deal with such nouns of all the three

genders.

Conversation 1: In this conversation, a father is showing his

son a video about a zoo.

1 बाबा - सु जय, तो बघ ह ी. ह ीभोवती मुलं आहे त. मुलं ह ीवर पण बसतात आिण

फेरी मारतात. लोक ह ीला केळी दे तात. तू ह ीवर बसतोस का?

1 baabaa – sujay, to bagh hatti. hattibhovati mula aahet. mula

hattivar pan basataat aani feri maarataat. lok hattilaa keli
detaat. tu hattivar bastos kaa?

1 baabaa - Sujay, look at that elephant. There are children

around the elephant. Children also sit on elephant and take a
ride. People offer bananas to the elephant. Do you want to sit
on it?

2 सुजय – नाही. इकडे िपं ज यात ससे आहे त. आपण ससे पा या. सशांसमोर गाजरं
आहे त. िपं ज यासमोर एक मुलगा उभा आहे . मुलाजवळ वे फस आहे त.

2 sujay – naahi. ikade pinjaryaat sase aahet. aapan sase paahu

yaa. sashaansamor gaajara aahet. pinjaryaasamor ek mulagaa
ubhaa aahe. mulaajaval vefars aahet.

2 sujay - No. There are rabbits in the cage here. Let us see
the rabbits. There are carrots in front of rabbits. There is a
boy standing infront of the cage. He has wafers.

3 बाबा – तू नेहमी आजोबांबरोबर जातोस नं? िडओतही मुलाबरोबर आजोबा आहे त.

आजोबां जवळ काठी आहे .

3 baabaa – tu nehami aajobaanbarobar jaatos na? vhidiotahi

mulaabarobar aajobaa aahet. aajobaanjaval kaathi aahe.

3 baabaa - You always go with your grandfather, isn’t it? In

this video also, the grandfather is accompanying the boy. The
grandfather has walking stick with him.
4 सु जय – बाबा, िडओ िकती छान आहे नं! आपण पण ािणसं हालय पाहायला
जाऊ या.

4 sujay – baabaa, vhidio kiti chhaan aahe na! aapan pan

praanisangrahaalay paahaayalaa jaau yaa.

4 sujay - Baba, this video is so nice! Let us go to see the

zoo.

Grammar: Friends, in this conversation, the exceptions of the

rules of oblique formation of आ ‘aa’ - ending and ई ‘i:’ –
ending masculine nouns are explained.

There are five exceptions to the rule of adding या ‘yaa’ suffix

after deleting आ ‘aa’ vowel, at the end of आ ‘aa’ ending
noun.

1) मुलगा ‘mulgaa’ changes into मुलं ‘mulaa’ in oblique form

instead of मुल ा ‘mulgyaa’.
2) सा ‘saa’ ending masculine nouns change into शा ‘shaa’ in
oblique form.
e.g. ससा → सशा + समोर
‘sasaa’ → sashaa + samor’
(In front of the rabbit)

3) चहा ‘chahaa’, बादशहा ‘baadshahaa’ do not change in

oblique form.

e.g. चहा + त साखर नाही.

‘Chahaa + ta saakhar naahi.’

(There is no sugar in the tea.)

(चहा ‘chahaa’ remains the same in plural as well)

4)आजोबा ‘aajobaa’, काका ‘kaakaa’(paternal uncle), मामा

‘maamaa’(maternal uncle), (kinship terms) also do not change
in oblique form. But as they are respectable people, their
plural oblique form takes न् ‘n’ suffix which indicates अनु ार
‘anusvaar’.

e.g. आजोबा + न् + बरोबर

‘aajobaa + n + barobar’
 (With grandfather)

5) The word नकाशा ‘nakaashaa’ (map) also does not change in its
oblique form as शा ‘shaa’ has already या ‘yaa’ palatal
pronunciation in it.

6) Some ई ‘i:’ ending nouns do not change in oblique form.

e.g. ह ी (ए.व.) → ह ी + भोवती मुलं आहे त.

‘hatti ([Link].) → hatti + bhovati mula aahet.’

(There are children around the elephant.)

ह ी (अ.व.) → ह ी + न् + भोवती → ह ीभ
ं ोवती मुलं आहे त.

‘hatti ([Link].) → hatti + n + bhovati → hattinbhovati mula

aahet.’

(There are children around the elephants.)

Now new words in this conversation:

ह ी – hatti = elephant

केळं – kela = banana

ससा – sasaa = rabbit

गाजर – gaajar = carrot

वेफस – vephars = wafers

नेहमी – nehami = always

आजोबा - aajobaa = grandfather

*****

Now listen to conversation 2: In this conversation, a mother

is insisting that her son should prepare for the trip.

1 अमेय – आज रिववार आहे . आई, मी खेळायला जातो.

1 Amey – aaj ravivaar aahe. aai, mi khelaaylaa jaato.

1 Amey – Today is Sunday. Aai, I will go to play.

2 आई – अरे , रिववारनंतर सोमवार आहे . सोमवारी शाळा आहे . मंगळवारी शाळे ची
सहल आहे . तू आधी सहलीची तयारी कर. फोनजवळ बॅ ग आहे . आधी बॅग भर.

2 Aai – are, ravivaarnantar somvaar aahe. somvaari shaalaa

aahe. mangalvaari shaalechi sahal aahe.

2 Aai – Look, Monday comes after Sunday. You have school on

Monday. The school trip is on Tuesday. Prepare for the trip
first. There is a bag near the phone. First, you pack your
bag.

3 अमेय – मी नंतर बॅग भरतो. आता िम ां बरोबर खे ळतो.

3 Amey – mi nantar bæg bharto. aataa mitraanbarobar khelto.

3 Amey – I will pack the bag later. Now, I will go to play

with my friends.

4 आई – ठीक आहे . पण तु ी घरात खे ळा. पावसात िभजू नका.

4 Aai – thik aahe. pan tumhi gharaat khelaa. paavasaat bhiju

nakaa.

4 Aai – Ok. But play inside the house. Don’t get wet in the
rain.

5 अमेय – हो, आई. आ ी िच यकडे कॅरम खे ळतो.

5 Amey – ho, aai. aamhi chinmaykade k æram khelto.

5 Amey – Yes, Mom. We will play carrom at Chinmay’s place.

6 आई – पण दं गा क नका. िच य ा भावाची परी ा चालू आहे .

6 Aai – pan dangaa karu nakaa. chinmaychyaa bhaavaachi

parikshaa chaalu aahe.

6 Aai – But don’t make noise. Chinmay’s brother has his

examination.

7 अमेय – हो आई.

7 Amey – ho aai.

7 Amey – Yes, Mom.

Grammar: Friends, in this conversation also, we have covered

some of the nouns which are exceptions for the rules of
oblique formation. Here, the exceptions to the rules of making
oblique form of consonant ending and ऊ ‘u:’ – ending masculine
nouns are explained.

1) रिववार ‘ravivaar’ (Sunday), सोमवार ‘somvaar’ (Monday) are

the names of the days of the week. They do not undergo
the oblique change.

e.g. रिववार + नं तर ‘ravivaar + nantar’ (after Sunday)

2) पाऊस ‘paau:s’ (rain) is a consonant ending word. Here

the middle vowel ऊ ‘u:’ changes into व ‘va’ in oblique
form.

e.g. पाऊस + त → पावसा + त

‘paau:s + ta → paavasaa + ta’ (In rain)

(पाऊस does not have plural.)

3) भाऊ ‘bhaau:’ – Unlike Other ऊ ‘u:’ ending nouns, भाऊ

undergoes an oblique change. ऊ ‘u:’ changes into व ‘va’ and
then आ ‘aa’ suffix is added.

e.g. भाऊ → भाव + आ + ची त ेत बरी नाही.

‘bhaau: → bhaav + aa + chi tabyet bari naahi.’

(Brother is ill.)

While making an oblique form of a plural noun, the same rule

is applied i.e. न् ‘n’ अनु ार ‘anusvaar’ is added. e.g. भावां +
जवळ ‘bhaavaan + javal’

So, friends, exceptions to the rule of oblique formation of

masculine nouns that we have seen in conversation 1 and in
conversation 2 are shown in the following table :
 See the table:

Ending SF - Singular SF - OF- Singular OF-Plural

Plural
c-ending पाऊस ‘paau:s’ पाऊस पावसा – -
ंजना (rain) ‘paavsaa’
रिववार ‘ravivaar’ रिववार रिववारां –
(Sunday) रिववार – ‘ravivaaraan-’
aa-ending मामा ‘maamaa’ मामा मामा - मामां -
आकारा (maternal ‘maamaan-’
uncle) - चहा – -
चहा ‘chahaa’
(tea)
i:-ending ह ी ‘hatti’ ह ी ह ी – ह ीं- ‘hattin-’
ईकारा (elephant)
u:-ending भाऊ ‘bhaau:’ भाऊ भावा – भावां –
ऊकारा (brother) ‘bhaavaa-’ ‘bhaavaan-’

Now new words in this conversation are:

रिववार – ravivaar = Sunday

खेळायला – khelaaylaa = to play

नंतर – nantar = after

सोमवार – somvaar = Monday

मंगळवारी – mangalvaari = on Tuesday

सहल – sahal = trip

तयारी कर – tayaari kar = prepare

भर – bhar = pack

पाऊस – paau:s = rain

भीज – bhij = get wet

दं गा कर – dangaa kar = make noise

भाऊ – bhaau = brother

परी ा – parikshaa = examination

चालू अस - chaalu as = go on
*******

Friends, now in conversations 3 and 4, we will look at some of

the exceptions of the rules of oblique formation of feminine
nouns.

Listen to Conversation 3:

1 िव ाथ १ – गु जी, बाजारपेठेत िकती वाहनं आहे त!

1 vidyaarthi 1 – guruji, baajaarpethet kiti vaahana aahet!

1 vidyaarthi 1 - Sir, there are so many vehicles in the

market!

2 गु जी – होना. र ा, र ां मागे मोटारी, मोटारी ंमागे बस. र ावर भरपूर वाहनं

आहे त.

2 guruji – honaa. rikshaa, rikshaamaage motaari, motaarinmaage

bas. rastyaavar bharapur vaahana aahet.

2 guruji - True. Autorickshaw, then cars, and then buses.

There are many vehicles on the street.

3 िव ाथ २ – र ात, मोटारीत, बसम े माणसं ही भरपू र आहे त. ती बघा. ती बस

फ िव ािथनीस
ं ाठी आहे .

3 vidyaarthi 2 – rikshaat, motaarit, basmadhye maanasahi

bharapur aahet. ti baghaa. ti bas fakta vidyaarthinisaathi
aahe.

3 vidyaarthi 2 - There are many people in the autorickshaws,

the cars, and the buses. Look there. That bus is only for
female students.

3 गु जी – ती शाळे ची बस आहे . िव ाथ पण बसमधून जाऊ शकतात. पण ही शाळा

मुली ंची आहे . णू न बसम े फ िव ाथ नी आहे त.

3 guruji – ti shaalechi bas aahe. vidyaarthi pan basamadhun

jaau shaktaat. pan hi shaalaa mulinchi aahe. mhanun basamadhye
fakta vidyaarthini aahet.

3 guruji - That is a school bus. Students can go to school by

bus too. But this is a girls’ school. That is why there are
only female students in the bus.

4 िव ाथ १ – हो, काही िव ािथनी पायी घरी जातात. ते बघा, एका िव ािथनीजवळ

सायकल आहे .
4 vidyaarthi 1 – ho, kaahi vidyaarthini paayi ghari jaataat.
te baghaa, ekaa vidyaarthinijaval saayakal aahe.

4 vidyaarthi 1 – Yes, some girl students go on foot. Look

there, one student has a bicycle.

5 गु जी – पण ब याच मुली बसने च जातात.

5 guruji – pan baryaach muli basnech jaataat.

5 guruji - But, many girls go by bus.

New words in this conversation are:

वाहन – vaahan = vehicle

मोटार – motaar = car

बस – bas = bus

भरपू र – bharpur = plenty

िव ािथनी – vidyaarthini = female student

फ – phakta = only

*******

Now listen to Conversation 4:

1 अचना – जॉन, हा फोटो बघ. हे जोगे री दे वीचं दे ऊळ आहे .

1 Archana – jɔn, haa photo bagh. he jogeshvari devicha deu:l

aahe.

1 Archana – John, look at this photo. This is a temple of

goddess Jogeshvari.

2 जॉन – दे वीची मूत खू प सुंदर आहे . मूत शेजारी पुजारी आहे नं?

2 John – devichi murti khup sundar aahe. murtishejaari pujaari

aahe na?

2 John – The idol of the Goddess is very beautiful. The priest

is next to the idol, right?

3 अचना – हो. समोर रां गेत अने क पु ष आिण बायका आहे त.

3 Archana – ho. samor raanget anek purush aani baaykaa aahet.

3 Archana – Yes. There are many men and women in the queue in
front.

4 जॉन – बायकां जवळ काय आहे ?

4 John – baaykaanjaval kaay aahe?

4 John – What do the women have?

5 अचना – बायकां जवळ पू जेची ताटं आहे त. पु जारी ताटं घेतो, आिण फुलं आिण नारळ
दे वीला वाहतो.

5 Archana – baayakaanjaval pujechi taata aahet. pujaari taata

gheto aani phula, naaral devilaa vaahato.

5 Archana – The women have pooja plates. The priest takes the
plates and offers the flowers and the coconut to the Goddess.

6 जॉन – पुजा यामागे कोण आहे त?

6 John – pujaaryaamaage kon aahet?

6 John – Who is behind the priest?

7 अचना – पु जा यामागे नविववािहत नवरा – बायको आिण एक मुलगी आहे . नव याजवळ

पेढे आहे त. बायकोजवळ नारळ आहे .

7 Archana – pujaaryaamaage navvivaahit navraa – baayko aani ek

mulgi aahe. navryaajaval pedhe aahet. baaykojaval naaral aahe.

7 Archana – Behind the priest, there is a newlywed couple and

a girl. The groom has pedhas. The bride has a coconut.

8 जॉन – आिण मुलीजवळ फुलं आहे त.

8 John – aani mulijaval phula aahet.

8 John – And the girl has flowers.

Grammar: Friends, in conversations 3 and 4, exceptions to the

rules of making of oblique form of consonant ending, ई ‘i:’-
ending and ओ ‘o’- ending feminine nouns are covered.

1)Consonant ending feminine nouns like पस ‘parsa’, बस ‘bas’,

केिबन ‘kebin’(cabin), which are borrowed from English do not
change in oblique form.
e.g. बस(ए.व.)→ बस + म े िव ािथनी आहे त.

‘bas([Link].)→ bas + madhye vidyaarthini aahet.’

(There are female students in the bus.)

These nouns do not change in plural also. So their plural

oblique forms are also the same.

e.g. बस(अ.व.)→ बस + म े िव ािथनी आहे त.

‘bas([Link].)→ bas + madhye vidyaarthini aahet.’

(There are female students in the buses.)

2)Some ई ‘i:’- ending nouns like मूत ‘murti’, दे वी ‘devi’,

िव ािथनी ‘vidyaarthini’ also do not change in plural. So, their
plural oblique forms remain the same. Only न् ‘n’ अनु ार
‘anusvaar’ is added to the straight form.

e.g. मूत (ए.व.) → मूत + शे जारी पु जारी आहे .

‘murti([Link].) → murti + shejaari pujaari aahe.’

(The priest is beside the idol.)

मूत (अ.व.) → मू त + न् + शेजारी पु जारी आहे . → मूत शेजारी पुजारी आहे .

murti([Link].) → murti + n + shejaari → murtinshejaari

pujaari aahet.’

(The priest is beside the idols.)

3)मुलगी ‘mulgi’(girl) changes as मु ली ‘muli’ in its oblique form.

e.g. मुलगी → मुली + जवळ फुलं आहे त.

‘mulgi → muli + javal phula aahet.’

(The girl has flowers.)

Plural of मुलगी ‘mulgi’ is मुली ‘muli’ (Plural form is also an

exception, as we have seen.)

So, plural oblique form of मुली ‘muli’

मुली(अ.व.) → मुली + न् + जवळ → मुली ंजवळ फुलं आहे त.

‘muli([Link].) → muli + n + javal → mulinjaval phula aahet.’

 (The girls have flowers.)

4)बायको ‘baayko’ is an only ओ ‘o’-ending feminine noun in

Marathi. It does not change in singular oblique form.

e.g. बायको + जवळ नारळ आहे .

‘baayko + javal naaral aahe.’

(The wife has a coconut.)

Plural of बायको ‘baayko’ is बायका ‘baaykaa’

So according to the rule, plural of बायको ‘baayko’ is -

बायका → बायका + न् + जवळ → बायकां जवळ नारळ आहे त.

‘baaykaa → baaykaa + n + javal → baaykaanjaval naaral

aahet.’

(The wives have coconuts.)

Now see the table where all the exceptions of rule of

oblique formation of feminine nouns are given:

Ending SF - Singular SF - OF- Singular OF-Plural

Plural
c-ending बस ‘bas’ (Bus) बस बस - बस -
ंजना
i:-ending मूत ‘murti’ मूत मूत - मूत – ‘murtin-’
ईकारा (Idol)
o-ending बायको ‘baayko’ बायका बायको - बायकां –
ओकारा (Wife) ‘baaykaa’ ‘baaykaan-’

Now new words in this conversation are:

दे वी – devi = goddess

दे ऊळ – deu:l = temple

मूत – murti = idol

सुं दर – sundar = beautiful

पुजारी – pujaari = priest

रांग – raang = queue

पु ष – purush = men

बायका – baaykaa = women

पूजा – pujaa = worship

ताट – taat = dish

वाह – vaah = offer

नविववािहत – navavivaahit = newlywed

पेढा – pedhaa = Pedha

नारळ – naaral = coconut

फुलं – phula = flowers

*******

Now listen to conversation 5: In this conversation, a mother

is going to the temple and instructing her son to lock the
door for safety.

1 आई – िन खल, मी दे वळात जाते. तू घरातच आहे स नं?

1 Aai – nikhil, mi devlaat jaate. tu gharaatach aahes na?

1 Aai – Nikhil, I am going to the temple. You are staying at

home, right?

2 िन खल – आई, मी पण बाहे र जाऊ का िम ाकडे ?

2 Nikhil – aai, mi pan baaher jaau kaa mitraakade?

2 Nikhil – Mom, shall I also go out to my friend’s place?

3 आई – जा. पण दाराला कुलूप लाव आिण जा.

3 Aai – jaa. pan daaraalaa kulup laav aani jaa.

3 Aai – Go. But lock the door and go.

4 िन खल – आई, िक ी कुठे आहे ?

4 Nikhil – aai, killi kuthe aahe?

4 Nikhil – Mom, where is the key?

5 आई – िक ी कुलपाजवळ आहे . दाराशे जारी शे वर कुलूप – िक ी आहे .

5 Aai – killi kulpaajaval aahe. daaraashejaari shelphvar
kulup-killi aahe.

5 Aao – Key is near the lock. There is the lock and the key on
the shelf near the door.

6 िन खल – हो आई.

6 Nikhil – ho aai.

6 Nikhil – Yes, Mom.

Grammar: Friends, there are a few exceptions to the rules of

oblique formation of consonant ending neuter nouns.

1) दे ऊळ ’deu:l’ (temple) – It is a consonant ending neuter

noun having ऊ ‘u:’ vowel in middle. We have learnt a similar
masculine noun as पाऊस ‘paau:s’ (rain). The same procedure
takes place here in case of दे ऊळ ‘deu:l’. ऊ ‘u:’ in the
middle position changes to व ‘va’.

e.g. दे ऊळ → मी दे ऊळ + त → दे वळा + त जाते.

‘deu:l → mi deu:l + ta → devalaa + ta jaate.’

(I am going to the temple.)

अनु ार ‘anusvaar’ follows as usual to singular oblique form,

while making oblique form of plural noun.

e.g. दे वळा + न् + वर → दे वळां + वर ज आहे त.

‘devlaa + n + var → devlaan + var dhvaj aahet.’

(There are flags on temples.)

2) In case of कुलूप ‘kulup’ (lock), middle vowel ऊ ‘u:’ is

dropped and we get the oblique form as –

कुलूप (ए.व.) → कुलपा + शे जारी िक ी आहे .

‘kulup ([Link].) → kulpaa + shejaari killi aahe.’

(There is a key beside the lock.)

कुलूप (अ.व.) → कुलपा + न् + शे जारी → कुलपां शेजारी िक ा आहे त.

‘kulup ([Link].) → kulpaa + n + shejaari → kulpaanshejaari
killyaa aahet.’

(There are keys beside the lock.)

3)शे ’shelf’ is a borrowed noun from English. So there will

be no change in its oblique form.

********

Now new words in this conversation are:

बाहे र – baaher = outside

दार – daar = door

कुलूप – kulup = lock

िक ी – killi = key

आई – aai = mother

Friends, now let us learn the script lesson.

Today, we will learn the script group no. 11.

In this group, we have only two consonant letters and they are
ल ‘la’ and ळ ‘ḷa’

ल ळ
la ḷa
-The letter ळ ‘ḷa’ has a half hanging bar while ल ‘la’
has a full joint bar.

-The consonant ळ ‘ḷa’ never occurs in the initial

position in the Marathi words.

Now words :

ल for लसूण ‘lasun’ (garlic)

ल for लाल ‘laal’ (red)

ल for लेखक ‘lekhak’ (author)

ळ for नळ ‘nal’ (tap)

ळ for कावळा ‘kaavlaa’ (crow)

ळ for डािळं ब ‘daalimb’ (pomegranate)

********
Friends, now let us learn about numbers. In the
previous videos, we have learned numbers up to 100.
Now, in this video, we will learn how to read numbers
that count more than hundred.

So if the number is more than hundred, for example,

105, then in Marathi, we read it as एकशे पाच ‘ekshe
paach’. It means we add the suffix शे ‘she’ to the
number hundred.
Some more examples are:

204 दोनशे चार ‘donshe chaar’

408 चारशे आठ ‘chaarshe aath’

903 नवशे तीन ‘navshe tin’

If the number is for example, 5234

Then it is read as पाच हजार दोनशे चौतीस ‘paach hajaar

donshe chautis’. हजार ‘hajaar’ means thousand in
Marathi.

Some more examples are:

8620 आठ हजार सहाशे वीस ‘aath hajaar sahaashe vis’

5421 पाच हजार चारशे एकवीस ‘paach hajaar chaarshe ekvis’

7535 सात हजार पाचशे प ीस ‘saat hajaar paachshe pastis’

If the number is for example 21,604, then it is read
as एकवीस हजार सहाशे चार ‘ekvis hajaar sahaashe chaar’.

If the number is for example 3,26,748, then it is

read as तीन लाख स ीस हजार सातशे अ े चाळीस ‘tin laakh,
savvis hajaar saatshe aththechaalis’

So, friends, in this way, you can read Marathi

numbers.

So, with this, we shall conclude this session today.

See you in the next session. Thank you.
************************************************************
Week 3 : Day 5 – REVISION LESSON

Friends, in this week, we completed an important topic called

Oblique Forms, which, after an ample amount of practice, will
help you speak Marathi like a native.

We hope you have understood this concept well and are sure
that you must be practicing using it in sentences.

You have learnt the oblique forms all endings nouns of all the
three genders. You also learnt the exceptions which do not
behave according to these rules.

The most important thing you have to remember is that oblique

form of a noun has no independent meaning. It cannot be used
as an individual word. It has to be followed by a postposition
or a suffix.

For example, we will consider the sentence :

मुलं घो ावर बसतात. ‘mula ghodyaavar bastaat’ (The children sit on

the horse.)

In this sentence, the oblique form ‘घो ा’ of the noun ‘घोडा’

cannot be used as it is. It gets meaning only after being
followed by a postposition like वर ‘var’, भोवती ‘bhovati’, मागे
‘maage’, समोर ‘samor’, पुढे ‘pudhe’ or suffixes like चा ‘chaa’, ला
‘laa’, ने ‘ne’.

Now let us revise the rules of oblique forms :

Masculine Nouns :

Masculine nouns in Marathi have five types of endings :

consonant, आ ‘aa’, ई ‘i:’, ऊ ‘u:’ and ओ ‘o’. Out of which
consonant-ending nouns take आ ‘aa’ suffix to make the oblique
form.

For example,

हात → हात + त → हातात िपशवी आहे.

‘haat → haat + ta → haataat pishvi aahe.’

(The bag is in the hand.)

In the case of आ ‘aa’ and ई ‘i:’ ending nouns, the last vowels
are removed and या ‘yaa’ is added to form the oblique form.
For example,

i) घोडा → घोडा + वर → घो ावर मुलगा आहे.

‘ghodaa → ghodaa + var → ghodyaavar mulgaa aahe.’

(There is a boy on the horse.)

ii) ाणी → ाणी + पुढे → ा यापुढे गवत आहे.

‘praani → praani + pudhe → praanyaapudhe gavat aahe.’

(There is grass in front of animal.)

ऊ ‘u:’ and ओ ‘o’ ending nouns do not change in oblique form.

All ओ ‘o’ ending nouns in Marathi have been borrowed from
English. However, the oblique forms of the plural masculine
nouns can be obtained by adding अनु वार ‘anusvaar’ at the end of
the oblique form of a singular noun, which is pronounced by
adding the sound of न् ‘n’.

For example,

घोडा(ए.व.) → घो ावर

‘ghodaa([Link].) → ghodyaavar’

घोडे(अ.व.) → घो ांवर

‘ghode([Link].) → ghodyaanvar’

Of course, the rules of oblique forms for masculine nouns have

exceptions too. Especially, आ ‘aa’ ending masculine nouns have
many exceptions, which you have already learnt.

See the table, where, oblique formation of all ending singular

and plural masculine nouns is given.
 Oblique formation of masculine nouns (Singular and plural) :
पु लगी नामांचे सामा य प (एकवचन आिण अनेकवचन )

Straight form Oblique form

Ending Singular Marke Plural Marke Singular Marker Plural
r r
1 2 3 4

ंजना त i.िजराफ 1+0 िजराफ 1+आ िजराफा- 3+न् िजराफां-

C-ending ‘jiraaph ‘1+aa ‘jiraapha ‘3+n’ ‘jiraaphaa
’ ’ a-’ n-’
(giraffe 1+0 पाऊस 3+0
) 1+आ पावसा- पावसा-
ii.पाऊस ‘1+aa ‘paavsaa-
1+0
‘paau:s’ रिववार ’ ’ 3+आ+न्
(rain) रिववारां-
iii.रिववा 1+0
1+0 रिववार- ‘ravivaara
र फोन 3+0 an-’
‘ravivaa फोन-
r’ 1+0 फोन-
(Sunday)
iv.फोन
‘phon’
(phone)
आकारा त i. पजरा 1+ए पजरे 1+या पज या- 3+न् पज यां-
aa- ‘pinjraa ‘1+e’ ‘pinjr ‘1+ya ‘pinjryaa ‘3+n’ ‘pinjryaan
ending ’ e’ a’ -’ -’
(cage) 1+0 3+न्
ii.मामा मामा 1+0 मामा- ‘3+n’ मामां-
‘maamaa’ ‘maamaan-’
(materna
l uncle) 1+0 3+0
iii.चहा चहा 1+0 चहा- चहा-
‘chahaa’
(tea) 1+ए 3+न्
iv.ससा ‘1+e’ ससे 1+या सशा- ‘3+n’ सशां-
‘sasaa’ ‘1+ya ‘sashaan-’
(rabbit) a’

ईकारा त i. ाणी 1+0 ाणी 1+या ा या- 3+न् ा यां-

i-ending ‘praani’ ‘1+ya ‘praanyaa ‘3+n’ ‘praanyaan
(animal) a’ -’ -’
ii. ह ी 1+0 ह ी 3+न्
‘hatti’ 1+0 ह ी- ‘3+n’ ह -
(elephan ‘hattin-’
1+0
t) िशपाई 3+न्
iii.िशपाई 1+या िशपाया- ‘3+n’ िशपायां-
‘shipaai ‘1+ya ‘shipaayaa
 ’ a’ n-’
(peon)
ऊकारा त i.भाऊ 1+0 भाऊ 1+वा भावा- 3+न् भावां-
u-ending ‘bhaau’ ‘bhaavaa- ‘3+n’ ‘‘bhaavaan
(brother ’ -’
) 1+0 बांबू 1+0 3+न्
ii.बांबू बांब-
ू ‘3+n’ बांब-
ूं
‘baambu’ ‘baanbun-’
(bamboo)
ओकारा त ि हिडओ 1+0 ि हिडओ 1+0 ि हिडओ- 3+न् ि हिड -
O-ending ‘vhidio’ ‘3+n’ ‘vhidion-’
(video)

Now, we have grouped the masculine nouns which have occurred

in the conversations according to their endings and the rules
of their oblique formation. In those groups, some nouns are
included which used frequently in daily life.

They are :

Consonant ending : वाघ ‘vaagh’, िजराफ ‘jiraaph’, उं ट ‘unt’, संगणक

‘sanganak’, समु ‘samudra’, तास ‘taas’, तलाव ‘talaav’, प रसर
‘parisar’, बाजार ‘baajaar, मािहतीपट ‘maahitipat’, िच पट
‘chitrapat’, वग ‘varga’, पूल ‘pul’

aa-ending : Group 1 : बछडा ‘bachadaa’, गडा ‘gendaa’, पाणघोडा

‘paanghodaa’, पजरा ‘pinjraa’, झोका ‘jhokaa’, डबा ‘dabaa’, घोडा
‘ghodaa’, दाणा ‘daanaa’, र ता ‘rastaa’, कपडा ‘kapdaa’, फळा
‘phalaa’, गोठा ‘gothaa’, पुतळा ‘putlaa’, दवाखाना ‘davaakhaanaa’,
कारखाना ‘kaarkhaanaa’, बटाटा ‘bataataa’, कांदा ‘kaandaa’, च मा
‘chashmaa’, पंखा ‘pankhaa’, दवा ‘divaa’, डोळा ‘dolaa’

Group 2 : मासा ‘maasaa’, आरसा ‘aarsaa’, ससा ‘sasaa’, िखसा

‘khisaa’, पैसा ‘paisaa’, डोसा ‘dosaa’

Group 3 : मामा ‘maamaa’, काका ‘kaakaa’, आजोबा ‘aajobaa’, बादशहा

‘baadshahaa’, चहा ‘chahaa’

i:-ending : Group 1: ाणी ‘praani’, प ी ‘pakshi’, धोबी ‘dhobi’,

िव ाथ ‘vidyaarthi’, कमचारी ‘karmachaari’, शेतकरी ‘shetkari’,
गावकरी ‘gaavkari’, ापारी ‘vyaapaari’, िभकारी ‘bhikaari’, कोळी
‘koli’
Group 2 : सेनापती ‘senaapati’, रा पती ‘raashtrapati’, पती ‘pati’,
गणपती ‘ganpati’, कवी ‘kavi’, ह ी ‘hatti’

Group 3 : टी. ही. ‘[Link].’, ए.सी. ‘[Link].’

Group 4 : िशपाई ‘shipaai:’, हलवाई ‘halvaai:’, जावई ‘jaavai:’

u: - ending : Group 1 : बांबू ‘baambu’, लाडू ‘laadu’, साधू

‘saadhu’, खडू ‘khadu’, चडू ‘chendu’, काजू ‘kaaju’, पे ‘peru’, िचकू
‘chiku’

Group 2 : भाऊ ‘bhaau:’, लाडू ‘laadu:’, नातू ‘naatu:’

o-ending : ि हिडओ ‘vhidio’, टुिडओ ‘studio’, रेिडओ ‘redio’, टो

‘sto’, टोमॅटो ‘tomæto’, फोटो ‘photo’

Feminine Nouns:

Now let us refresh the rules of oblique formation of feminine

nouns in Marathi.

Feminine nouns are also grouped under five endings :

consonant, आ ‘aa’, ई ‘i:’, ऊ ‘u:’ and ओ ‘o’.

Consonant ending feminine nouns undergo two types of changes

in oblique forms. In one group, the nouns take suffix ए ‘e’ to
form the oblique form.

For example, बँक + ए = बँके + शेजारी = बके शेजारी

bænk + e = bænke + shejaari = bænkeshejaari’

The other group of feminine consonant-ending nouns takes ई

‘i:’ as suffix while undergoing oblique formation.

For example, इमारत + ई = इमारती + शेजारी = इमारताशेजारी

‘imaarat + i: = imaarati + shejaari =

imaaratishejaari’

There is no rule by which you can guess which oblique form,

the feminine consonant-ending noun will take. You will come to
know it by practice only.
In the case of आ ‘aa’ ending feminine nouns, the vowel आ ‘aa’
is dropped and the suffix ए ‘e’ is added in oblique formation.

For example, शाळा → शाळा + त → शाळे त िव ाथ आहेत.

‘shaalaa → shaalaa + ta → shaalet vidyaarthi

aahet.’

(There are students in the school.)

ई ‘i:’ and ऊ ‘u:’ ending feminine nouns do not change in

oblique form.

For example, खोली ‘kholi’ (room), व तू ‘vastu’ (object)

There is only one ओ ‘o’ ending feminine noun i.e. बायको

‘baayko’ (wife). It also does not change in its oblique form.

- The rule for making an oblique form of plural feminine nouns

is adding न् अनु वार ‘anusvaar’ to their straight plural form.
This is the rule for all the endings of feminine nouns.

For example,

बँक(ए.व.) → बँका(अ.व.) + न् + समोर = बँकां + समोर = बँकांसमोर

‘bænk([Link].) → bænkaa([Link].) + n + samor = bænkaan + samor =

bænkaansamor’

खोली(ए.व.) → खो या(अ.व.) + न् + म ये = खो यां + म ये = खो यांम ये

kholi([Link].) → kholyaa([Link].) + n + madhye = kholyaan + madhye

= kholyaanmadhye’

Like masculine nouns, the rules of oblique formation of

feminine nouns also have a few exceptions, which we have
explained in detail. You can also find them in this table.
 See the table -

Oblique formation of feminine nouns (Singular and Plural) :

ी लगी नामांचे सामा य प (एकवचन आिण अनेकवचन)

Straight form Oblique form

Ending Singular Marke Plural Marke Singular Marker Plural
r r
1 2 3 4

ंजना त i.बक 1+आ बका 1+ए बके - 2+न् बकां-

C-ending ‘bænk’ ‘1+aa ‘bænkaa’ ‘1+e’ ‘bænke-’ ‘2+n’ ‘bænkaan-
(bank) ’ ’

ii.इमारत इमारती 1+इ इमारती- 2+न्

‘imaarat 1+इ ‘imaarati ‘1+i’ ‘2+n’ इमारत -
’ ‘1+i’ ’
(buildin
g)
आकारा त i.शाळा 1+0 शाळा 1+ए शाळे - 2+न् शाळां-
aa-ending ‘shaalaa ‘shaalaa’ ‘1+e’ ‘shaale- ‘2+n’ ‘shaalaan
’ ’ -’
(school)
1+0 र ा 1+0 2+न्
ii. र ा र ा- ‘2+n’ र ां-
‘rikshaa ‘rikshaan
’ -’
(ricksha
w)

ईकारा त i. हातगाडी 1+या हातगा ा 1+0 हातगाडी- 2+न् हातगा ां-

i-ending ‘haatgaa ‘1+ya ‘haatgaad ‘haatgaa ‘haatgaad
di’ a’ yaa’ di-’ yaan-’
(handcar
t) मूत 1+0 मूत - 2+न् मूत -
1+0 ‘murtin-’
ii. मूत
‘murti’
(idol)
ऊकारा त i.व तू 1+0 व तू 1+0 व तू- 2+न् व तू-
ं
u-ending ‘vastu’ ‘2+n’ ‘vastun-’
(object)

ii.जाऊ 1+वा जावा 1+ए जावे- 2+न् जावां-

‘jaau:’ ‘jaavaa’ 1+e ‘jaave-’ ‘2+n’ ‘jaavaan-
(husband ’
’s
 brother’
s wife)
ओकारा त बायको 1+आ बायका 1+0 बायको- 2+न् बायकां-
O-ending ‘baayko’ ‘1+aa ‘baaykaa’ ‘baayko- ‘2+n’ ‘‘baaykaa
(wife) ’ ’ n-’

Feminine nouns taught in our videos and some which are

frequently used are grouped according to the rules of oblique
formation.

They are :

Consonant ending : Group 1 : बाजारपेठ ‘baajaarpeth’, बाग ‘baag’,

बॅग ‘bæg’, बक ‘bænk’, काच ‘kaach’, नोट ‘not’, माळ ‘maal’, जीभ
‘jibh’, पीन ‘pin’, वाट ‘vaat’

Group 2 : इमारत ‘imaarat’, मोटार ‘motaar’, भत ‘bhint’, गाय

‘gaay’, िवहीर ‘vihir’, सायकल ‘saaykal’, जमीन ‘jamin’, मशीद
‘mashid’, चादर ‘chaadar’, बोट ‘bot’

Group 3 : बस ‘bas’, पस ‘pars’, नस ‘nars’, िडश ‘dish’, के िबन

‘kebin’, रॅ क ‘ræk’, टू थपे ट ‘tuthpest’

aa-ending : शाळा ‘shalaa’, सं था ‘sansthaa’, प रचा रका

‘parichaarikaa’, णवािहका ‘rugnavaahikaa’, महानगरपािलका
‘mahaanagarpaalikaa’

i:-ending : Group 1 : गाडी ‘gaadi’, हातगाडी ‘haatgaadi’, बांगडी

‘baangdi’, बाटली ‘baatli’, बादली ‘baadli’, टोपली ‘topli’, खोली
‘kholi’, खुच ‘khurchi’, शेळी ‘sheli’, भाजी ‘bhaaji’, सुरी ‘suri’,
टोपी ‘topi’, िखडक ‘khidki’, नदी ‘nadi’, झोपडी ‘jhopdi’

Group 2 : मूत ‘murti’, िव ा थनी ‘vidyaarthini’, प ी ‘patni’, संधी

‘sandhi’

Group 3 : ी ‘stri’, बी ‘bi’, सुई ‘sui:’, चटई ‘chatai:’, बाई

‘baai:’, आई ‘aai:’, मंडई ‘mandai:’

u:-ending : Group 1 : व तू ‘vastu:’, वधू ‘vadhu:’, बाजू ‘baaju:’,

वाळू ‘vaalu:’, जादू ‘jaadu’

Group 2 : सासू ‘saasu’, िपसू ‘pisu:’,

o-ending : बायको ‘baayko’

Neuter Nouns:

Now, let us revise the neuter nouns and their oblique

formations.

There are four types of endings for neutral nouns: consonant,

अ/ए ‘a/e’, ई ‘i:’, and ऊ ‘u:’ endings.

Oblique formation of consonant ending neuter nouns is the same

as consonant ending masculine nouns. They take the आ ‘aa’
suffix to get their oblique form.

For example, झाड + आ + वर = झाडा + वर = झाडावर

‘jhaad + aa + var = jhaadaa + var = jhaadaavar’

In the case of अ/ए ‘a/e’ and ई ‘i:’ ending nouns, the last
vowels are dropped and या ‘yaa’ is added as the suffix to get
an oblique form.

For example,

i) पोतं/पोते – पोत् + या + त = पो या + त = पो यात

‘pota/pote – pot + yaa + ta = potyaa + ta = potyaat’

ii) पाणी – पाण् + या + त = पा या + त = पा यात

‘paani – paan + yaa + ta = paanyaa + ta = paanyaat’

Similarly, ऊ ‘u:’ ending nouns also drop the final vowel and
then take the आ ‘aa’ suffix to obtain their oblique form.

For example,

वास = वासर् + आ + पुढे = वासरा + पुढे = वासरापुढे

‘vaasru = vaasar + aa + pudhe = vaasraa + pudhe =

vaasraapudhe’

The rule for the oblique formation of plural neutral nouns is

also the same as the masculine plural nouns. Oblique forms of
the plural neuter nouns can be obtained by adding न् ‘n’ अनु वार
‘anusvaar’ to the oblique form of a singular noun.
 For ex.

झाड(sg.) ‘jhaad’ – OF(sg.) झाडा ‘jhaadaa’

झाडं (pl.) ‘jhaada’ – OF(pl.) झाडा + न् + वर = झाडां + वर = झाडांवर

There are also a few exceptions to the all endings of neuter

nouns which are given in this table.

नपुस
ं क लगी नामांचे सामा य प :
Straight Form Oblique Form
Ending Singular Marker Plural Marker Singular Marker Plural
अं यवण 1 2 3 4
ंजना त कपाट 1+अ कपाटं 1+आ कपाटा- 3+न् कपाटां-
c- ‘kapaat’ 1+a ‘kapaata’ 1+aa ‘kapaataa- ‘kapaataan-
ending (cupboard) ’ ’

अकारा त वांगं 1+ई वांगी 1+या वां या- 3+न् वां यां-
a- ‘vaanga’ 1+i: ‘vaangi’ 1+yaa ‘vaangyaa- 3+n ‘vaangyaan-
ending (brinjal) ’ ’

ईकारा त पाणी 1+0 पाणी 1+या पा या- 3+0 पा या-

i:- ‘paani’ 1+yaa ‘paanyaa-’ ‘paanyaa-’
ending (water)

ऊकारा त वास 1+अ वासरं 1+आ वासरा- 3+न् वासरां-

u:- ‘vaasru’ 1+a ‘vaasra’ 1+aa ‘vaasraa-’ 3+n ‘vaasraan-’
ending (calf)

Neuter nouns are also grouped according to the ending and

rules of oblique formation. They are :

Consonant ending : Group 1 : ािणसं हालय ‘praanisangrahaalay’,

अभयार य ‘abhayaarnya’, ड टर ‘dastar’, पटांगण ‘pataangan’, िच
‘chitra’, कायालय ‘kaaryaalay’, कपाट ‘kapaat’, व तुसं हालय
‘vastusangrahaalay’, महािव ालय ‘mahaavidyaalay’, टेबल ‘tebal’,
ंथालय ‘granthaalay’, पु तक ‘pustak’, पेन ‘pen’, शे फ ‘shelf’,
ह तिलिखत ‘hastalikhit’, शेत ‘shet’, वा य ‘vaakya’, झाड ‘jhaad’,
पान ‘paan’, फळ ‘phal’, फू ल ‘phul’, णालय ‘rugnaalay’, मैदान
‘maidaan’, घर ‘ghar’, दुकान ‘dukaan’, वैपाकघर ‘svaipaakghar’,
देवघर ‘devghar’, गाव ‘gaav’, ठकाण ‘thikaan’, हॉटेल ‘hɔtel’, कॉलेज
‘kɔlej’, मं दर ‘mandir’, मूल ‘mul’
Group 2 : टेशन ‘steshan’, ऑ फस ‘ɔphis’, िथयटर ‘thiyatar’

a-ending : तळं ‘tala’, वांगं ‘vaanga’, काल ‘kaarla’, रताळं

‘rataala’, सं ं ‘santra’, मोसंबं ‘mosamba’, के ळं ‘kela’, अंडं ‘anda’,
पोतं ‘pota’, डोकं ‘doka’, खेळणं ‘khelna’, खोकं ‘khoka’, जाळं ‘jaala’

i:-ending : पाणी ‘paani’, दही ‘dahi’, लोणी ‘loni’

u:-ending : वास ‘vaasru’, कोक ‘kokru’, लबू ‘limbu’, िप लू

‘pillu’

-In this week, we also learnt the question word कु ठे ‘kuthe’

(where) which is invariable. The answer to this question word
gives the location of an object or a person.

e.g. पंखा कु ठे आहे ? – पंखा खोलीत आहे.

‘pankhaa kuthe aahe ?’ – ‘pankhaa kholit aahe.’

(Where is the fan ? – Fan is in the room.)

जयू कु ठे आहे ? – जयू बागेत आहे.

‘jayu kuthe aahe ?’ – ‘jayu baaget aahe.’

(Where is Jayu ? – Jayu is in the garden.)

-We have learnt the permission seeking question also.

For ex.

मी देवळात जाऊ का ? ‘mi devlaat jaau kaa ?’

Instead, you can form a question with the question word कु ठे

‘kuthe’ like

मी कु ठे जाऊ ? ‘mi kuthe jaau ?’

मी कु ठे बसू ? ‘mi kuthe basu ?’

हे सामान मी कु ठे ठे वू ? ‘he saamaan mi kuthe thevu ?’

Of course, in that case the polar question का ‘kaa’ will be

removed.
Now some small learning points :

A)The consonant ending word माणूस ‘maanus’ (man), is in

masculine gender, but its plural form माणसं ‘maansa’ is in
neuter gender.

B)The word बाई ‘baai’ (woman) in Marathi has plural form बाया
‘baayaa’ as well as बायका ‘baaykaa’. The word बायको ‘baayko’
(wife) also has plural form बायका ‘baaykaa’ (wives)

C) i) consonant ending word गवत ‘gavat’ (grass) remains the

same in plural.

ii) पाणी ‘paani’, दही ‘dahi’ are the uncountable nouns. So

they do not have plurals.

D) In a sentence like –

गडे आिण पाणघोडे एकाच प रसरात राहतात.

‘gende aani paanghode ekaach parisaraat raahataat.’

(Rhinos and hippos live in the same area.)

एका + च ‘ekaa + cha’ एका ‘ekaa’ is an oblique form of एक ‘ek’ and

चा ‘cha’ is an emphatic particle which means only in one
enclousure, not in different enclouser.

Friends, in this week, we also learnt the script lessons :

Group no. 8 – ए, ऐ

Group no. 9 - ट, ढ, द, ठ

Group no. 10 - ड, ङ, इ, ई, झ, ह

Group no. 11 - ल, ळ
And also the numbers from 71 to 100. We have also seen how to
read numbers that count more than hundred.

So, before we end this topic, I would like to appeal to all of

you to keep practicing sentences with all the rules of oblique
formation of the nouns of all three genders and of different
endings.

……………………………………………………………………………………………