Divine public school
Mohanapur, gorakhpur
Read NCERT and SHEET thoroughly for 100 % marks in CHEMISTRY
Table: Electronegativities of Some Elements
H
2.1
Li Be B C N O F
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0
Br
K 2.8
0.8 I
2.5
Classification of solvents on the basis of proton
(i) Protophilic: Solvents which have a greater tendency to accept proton e.g., H 2O, alcohol, liquor
ammonia etc.
(ii) Protogenic: Solvents which have a greater tendency to donate proton, e.g., H 2O, HCl(l), glacial
acetic acid etc.
(iii) Amphiprotic: Solvents which can both accept and donate a proton, e.g., H 2O, liquor ammonia,
alcohol etc.
(iv) Aprotic: Solvents which can neither accept nor can donate a proton, e.g., benzene, CS 2, CCl4, etc.
Reactions of Grignard Reagent/ organo -metallic compounds
Grignard reagent + Any one below + H2O Product Example
H2O or ROH or RNH2 R-H
or HC≡CH
H-CHO R-CH2-OH (10alc)
R-—Mg+-X
R-CHO R-CH(OH)-R (20alc)
R-CO-R R2C(OH)-R (30alc)
CO2 R-COOH
R-CN R-CO-R
H-CN R-CHO
1
Akash sir special
KEY FOR CONVERSIONS
IN ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS
S. No. Reagent Group out Group in Remark
1 PCl5 or SOCl2 -OH -Cl
PCl3 or
red P + X2
( X= Br or I) -OH -Br/-I
2 X2 / Δ or -H -X Free radical substitution
X2 / UV 30 H > 20 H >10 H
X may be Cl or Br
3 aq. NaOH / aq. KOH -X -OH Nucleophilic substitution(SN1 & SN2)
(halogen)
4 KCN (Alc.) -X -CN STEP UP
5 AgCN (Alc.) -X -NC
6 K-O-N=O -X -O-N=O Alkyl nitrite
(KNO2)
7 AgNO2 -X -NO2 Nitroalkane
Ag-O-N=O
8 Alcoholic KOH -HX Dehdrohalogenation (Alexander Zaitsev /
= Saytzeff rule , A Russian chemist – those β-
H are eliminated from β-C which are less in
no.
OR
“in dehydrohalogenation reactions, the
preferred product is that alkene which has
the greater number of alkyl groups attached
to the doubly bonded carbon atoms.”
9 HBr/HCl H, Br Markovnikoff addition( Negative part of
>=< OR attacking reagent are added to those double
H,Cl bonded carbon which has less No. of H )
10 HBr/Peroxide H,Br Anti Markovnikoff addition
>=<
11 NaI/acetone -Br/-Cl -I Finkelstein reaction(halogen exchange
method)
12 Na / dry ether R-X R-R Wurtz reaction
13 H2O/H+ H, OH In case of unsymmetrical alkenes, the
>=< (Alcohol ) addition reaction takes place in
accordance with Markovnikov’s rule
14 KMnO4 / H+ -CH2OH -COOH
Strong Oxidation (20 alc. ketone)
> CHOH >CO
2
15 B2H2,THF/ -OH hydroboration–oxidation reaction
H2O2, -OH >=< Alcohol (Anti Markovnikoff addition)
Alkene
16 Conc.H2SO4/443K Conversion of into Alkenes Intramolecular dehydration
alcohols
17 Conc.H2SO4/410K Conversion of into Ethers Intermolecular dehydration
alcohols
18 Zn/Cr2O3 / CO & H2 methanol
200 to 300 atm Water gas
573 – 673K
19 LiAlH4(LAH) -COOH/-CHO -CH2OH
Costly reducing agent Primary alcohol Strong Reduction (ketone 20 alc.)
>CHOH
>CO Secondary alcohol
-C≡ N or -CH2NH2
–CONH2
primary Amine
20 Sodium borohydride -CHO -CH2OH
(NaBH4) Primary alcohol
>CO >CHOH
Secondary alcohol
21 Cu / 573 K or CrO3 -CH2OH -CHO Dehydrogenation
/ PCC (pyridinium
chloro chromate)/PDC
OR >CHOH >CO Dehydrogenation
Collin,s reagent(CrO3
+ Pyridine)
OR
CrO3 + H2SO4( Jone,s
reagent)
22 Cu / 573 K 30 alcohol alkene Dehydration reaction
23 RONa -X -OR Williamson synthesis
Primary alkyl
halide
24 Reductive Ozonolysis Unbranched Aldehyde
(i) O3/CS2 alkene
(ii) Zn
Branched alkene Ketone
25 Dil H2SO4 and HgSO4 HC≡CH Ethanal Indirect addition of water according to
at 333 K Markovnikoff rule
Other alkyne ketone
26 H2 / Pd-BaSO4 -COCl -CHO Rosenmund Reduction
27 SnCl2 / HCl -CN -CHO Stephen reaction
3
28 Zn-Hg / HCl >C=O -CH2- Clemmension Reduction
29 NH2-NH2 >C=O -CH2- Wolff-Kishner Reduction
/KOH/ethylene Glycol
30 DIBAL-H/H2O Esters Aldehydes
and cyanide
31 Red P / Cl2 α-H of acid -Cl HVZ Reaction
H2/Ni -CN -CH2NH2
Or
Na(Hg)/C2H5OH
32 NH3 / Δ -COOH -CONH2
33 Br2 / NaOH or -CONH2 -NH2 Step Down ( Hoffmann bromamide
NaOBr degradation reaction)
34 HNO2 or -NH2 -OH
NaNO2/HCl
35 CHCl3 / alc. KOH -NH2 -NC Carbyl amine reaction or isocyanide test
36 P2O5 -CONH2 -CN Dehydration (amide to cyanide)
OR P4O10
37 + -CN -COOH Hydrolysis(complete)
H3O
R-CN → RCOOH
38 OH- -CN -CONH2 Hydrolysis(partial)
R-CN → RCONH2
39 Acylation (in presence Aliphatic and Amides Acylation reaction
of acid chlorides, aromatic primary
anhydrides and esters) and secondary
amines
Benzoyl chloride 10 & 20 amines benzenamide Benzoylation reaction
40 Invertase /H+ Sucrose Glucose + fructose
41 Zymase Glucose C2H5OH + CO2
42 HI Glucose n-hexane Indicate all the six carbon atoms are linked
in a straight chain.
43 Hydroxylamine (NH2- Glucose Oxime Confirm the presence of a carbonyl group
OH) (>C = 0) in glucose.
hydrogen cyanide Glucose Cyanohydrin
(HCN)
44 Bromine water Glucose Gluconic acid Indicates that the carbonyl group is present
(mild oxidising agent ) as an aldehydic group.
4
45 Acetic anhydride Glucose Glucose Confirms the presence of five –OH groups
(Acetylation) Pentaacetate
46 HNO3 Glucose Saccharic acid Indicates the presence of a primary
/glucaric acid alcoholic (–OH) group in glucose.
(a dicarboxylic
acid)
IN BENZENE RING/AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
[Link]. Reagent Group out Group in Remark
1 Fe / X2 /dark OR -H -X (Cl,Br) Halogenation
X2 /Anhy.AlCl3
2 CH3Cl / AlCl3(anhy.) -H -CH3 Friedel Craft alkylation
3 CH3COCl / AlCl3(anhy.) -H -COCH3 Friedel Craft acylation
4 Conc.HNO3/conc.H2SO4 -H -NO2 Nitration
(Nitrating mix.)
5 Conc. H2SO4 -H -SO3H Sulphonation
6 Zn dust / Δ -OH -H Reduction
Phenol Benzene
7 NaOH / 623K / 300 atm -Cl -OH Dow’s Process
& H+ ( nucleoplilic subs. Reaction of
chlorobenzene)
8 KMnO4 / H+ -R -COOH Oxidation
Except 30 C
9 CrO2Cl2 / H+ -CH3 -CHO Mild oxidation (Etard Reaction)
10 HCN+HCl/AlCl3(anhy.) -H -CHO Gattermann aldehyde synthesis
11 CO,HCl & AlCl3+CuCl -H -CHO Gattermann Koch synthesis
OR
HCOCl/AlCl3+CuCl
12 Sn / HCl or Fe/HCl -NO2 -NH2 Reduction
(Iron scrap and HCl is preferred because
FeCl2 formed gets hydrolysed to release
HCl during the reaction hence only a
small amount of HCl is required
to initiate the reaction.)
5
13 NaNO2 / dil HCl / -NH2 -N2+Cl- Diazotisation reaction
273-278 K
14 CuCl / HCl or Cu/HCl + - -Cl Sandmeyer or Gattermann
-N2 Cl
The yield in Sandmeyer reaction is found
to be better than Gattermann reaction.
15 CuBr / HBr or Cu/HBr -N2+Cl- -Cl Sandmeyer or Gattermann
16 CuCN / KCN -N2+Cl- -CN Sandmeyer
17 H2O / 283 K + - -OH
-N2 Cl
OR > 278K (Phenol) Diazonium salt convert into phenol
18 KI + - -I
-N2 Cl
19 HBF4 / Δ -N2+Cl- -F Balz-Sciemann Reaction
20 H3PO2 or -N2+Cl- -H
CH3CH2OH
21 HBF4/ NaNO2, Cu / Δ + - -NO2
-N2 Cl
22 C6H5-OH -N2+Cl- -N=N-C6H5-OH Coupling ( p-hydroxyazobenzene)
Orange dye
23 C6H5-NH2 -N2+Cl- - N=N-C6H5- Coupling (p-aminoazobenzene)
NH2 Yellow dye
NB: (i) During reaction generally changes take place in the functional group only so see the functional group
very carefully.
(ii) Remember structural formula of all the common organic compounds ( with their IUPAC and common names)
(iii) By taking examples practice all the above cases ( from table given above )
(iv) Practice only from book & Assignment given to you.
(v) Start practicing NOW without wasting your time !
How to use the table? See below.
KCN
Example : See no. 4 in the table from aliphatic part. R-X → R-CN
See no. 3 in the table from aromatic part.
Directional Properties of groups in benzene ring for electrophilic substitution
Ortho-para directing group(+ R or + M effect) :They activate benzene ring towards electrophilic
substitution reaction
-R , -OH, -NH2, -X(F,Br,Cl,I), -OR, -NHR, -NR2, -NHCOCH3, -SH, - Ph
6
OR
𝐀𝐧𝐡𝐲 .𝐅𝐞𝐂𝒍𝟑
Example: Chlorobenzene + Cl2 → o-Dichlorobenzene + p-Dichlorobenzene
NB:- -X group are deactivate the ring due to strong –I effect > +R but are ortho-para director.
Meta-directing group(-R or -M effect) :
They deactivate benzene ring towards electrophilic substitution reaction.
-NO2 , -CHO , -COOH ,COOR , -CN , -SO3H , -COCH3 , -CCl3 , -NH3+ , -N2+Cl-
𝐅𝐞/𝐂𝐥𝟐
Example -NO2is meta directing group :- nitrobenzene→ m-chloronitrobenzene
OR
OR