CHAPTER 2
MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION
General Physics I (10221101)
Physics Department
An-Najah National University
Fall Semester 2024/2025
Dr. Maen Ishtaiwi
Dr. Muna Hajjyahya
OUTLINE
[Link], Velocity and Speed
[Link] Velocity and Speed
[Link]
[Link] Acceleration
[Link] Falling Objects
[Link] Integration in Motion Analysis
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Dr. Muna Hajjyahya
Introduction
For now, will consider motion in one dimension:
Along a straight line.
The motion is along a straight line only, the line may be
vertical, horizontal, or slanted, but it must be straight.
Types of Motion:
1. Translational: An example is a car traveling on a highway.
2. Rotational: An example is the car wheel rotates around its
axis (Chapter 10).
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1. Position, Velocity and Speed
1. Position:
The position ( ): Location of an
object with respect to a reference
point, often the origin (or zero point)
of an axis.
Consider the point to be the origin of a
coordinate system.
2. Displacement:
Displacement ( ): change in position from initial position xi to final
position xf during a time interval.
Displacement is a vector quantity, which is a quantity that has both a
direction and a magnitude.
1. Its magnitude is the distance (such as the number of meters) between the
original and final positions. 4
2. Its direction, from an original position to a final position, can be
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represented by a plus (+) sign or a minus (-) sign. Dr. Muna Hajjyahya
Position, Velocity and Speed
3. Distance
Distance ( ): Total length of a path followed in a time interval.
Distance is a scalar quantity and always positive.
Example: Assume a player moves from one end of the court to the
other and back.
Distance is twice the length of the court.
Displacement is zero.
𝒇 𝒊
since 𝒇 𝒊
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Example 1
If the particle moves from 𝟏 out to 𝟐 and
then back to 𝟑 . Find:
a. The first displacement?
b. The second displacement?
c. The total displacement?
d. The total distance?
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Dr. Muna Hajjyahya
Position, Velocity and Speed
4. Average Velocity
The average velocity ( 𝒂𝒗𝒈): is the ratio of the displacement
that occurs during a particular time interval to that
interval.
The dimensions are length / time [L/T].
The SI units are m/s.
Average velocity is a vector quantity has both magnitude and
direction.
Average velocity always has the same sign as the displacement
because ∆t is always positive.
It is also the slope of the line in the position – time graph. 7
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Dr. Muna Hajjyahya
Position, Velocity and Speed
5. Average Speed
Average speed ( 𝒂𝒗𝒈): is defined as the total distance
traveled divided by the total time interval required to travel
that distance:
The dimensions are length / time [L/T].
The SI units are m/s.
Average speed is a scalar quantity (does not have
direction).
The speed has no direction and is always expressed as a
positive number.
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Dr. Muna Hajjyahya
Example/ Page 24
For the car when it is between positions A and F, find the
a. Displacement
b. Distance
c. Average velocity
d. Average speed?
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Dr. Muna Hajjyahya
Example 2
A person walks first at a constant speed of 5 m/s along a straight
line from point A to point B and then back along the line from B
to A at a constant speed of 3 m/s.
a. What is her average speed over the entire trip?
b. What is her average velocity over the entire trip?
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2. Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
The limit of the average velocity as the time interval becomes
infinitesimally short, or as the time interval approaches zero.
The instantaneous velocity (or simply velocity ), indicates what
is happening at every point of time.
The instantaneous velocity is the slope of the line tangent to the x
vs. t curve.
The instantaneous velocity can be positive, negative, or zero.
The instantaneous speed is the magnitude of the instantaneous
velocity.
Instantaneous speed = | |
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The instantaneous speed has no direction associated with it.
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Example / Page 27
A particle moves along the x axis. Its position varies with time
according to the expression 𝟐, where is in
meters and is in seconds.
a. Determine the displacement of the particle in the time
intervals t = 0 to t = 1 s and t = 1 s to t = 3 s.
b. Calculate the average velocity during these two time
intervals.
c. Find the instantaneous velocity of the particle at t = 2.5
s.
d. Find the time at which the particle changes direction of
motion?
e. Find the distance of the particle during first 3 s?
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Particle Under Constant Velocity
The graph represents the motion of a The speed is,
particle under constant velocity.
The slope of the graph is the value of
the constant velocity.
The y-intercept is xi. 13
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Example 3
A person takes a trip, driving with a constant speed of 89.5
km/h, except for a 22 min rest stop. If the person’s average
speed is 77.8 km/h.
a. How much time is spent on the trip?
b. How far does the person travel?
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3. Acceleration
Average Acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity.
Dimensions are L/T2
Acceleration is a vector quantity has both magnitude and
direction.
SI units are m/s²
The instantaneous acceleration or acceleration is the limit
of the average acceleration as approaches 0.
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Acceleration
The slope of the velocity-time graph is the acceleration.
The green line represents the instantaneous acceleration.
The blue line is the average acceleration.
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Graphical Comparison
Displacement-
Time graph.
(x-t)
Velocity-time
graph is the
slope in (x-t)
graph
Acceleration-
Time graph is
the slope in (v-t)
graph 17
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Example 4
In the shown figure, match each 𝒙 graph on the top with
𝒙 graph on the bottom that best describes the motion.
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Example / Page 34
The velocity of a particle moving along the x axis varies
according to the expression 𝒙 𝟐, where
𝒙 is in
meters per second and is in seconds.
a. Find the average acceleration in the time interval in
the time intervals to .
b. Determine the acceleration at .
c. Is there ever a time when 𝒙 ?
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4. Constant Acceleration
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Example / Page 38
A jet lands on an aircraft carrier at a speed of 63 m/s.
a. What is its acceleration (assumed constant) if it stops in 2
s due to an arresting cable that snags the jet and brings it
to a stop?
b. If the jet touches down at position 𝒊 = , what is its final
position?
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Example 5
A particle moves along the x axis. Its position is given by the
equation 𝟐, with in meters and in
seconds. Determine:
a. its position when it changes direction
b. its velocity when it returns to the position it had at
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Dr. Muna Hajjyahya
5. Freely Falling Objects
A freely falling object is any object moving
freely under the influence of gravity alone.
When an object falls freely, the acceleration is
called the free-fall acceleration, and its
magnitude is g. (g = 9.8 m/s2)
The acceleration is independent of the
objects characteristics, such as mass, density,
or shape; it is the same for all objects.
The free-fall acceleration is negative.
For the Figure shown when these objects
(feather and an apple) fall, they accelerate
downward both at the same rate g.
Their speeds increase at the same rate, and 23
they reach the ground. Dr. Maen Ishtaiwi
Dr. Muna Hajjyahya
Example / Page 42
A stone thrown from the top of a building is given
an initial velocity of 20 m/s straight upward. The
stone is launched 50 m above the ground, and the
stone just misses the edge of the roof on its way
down as shown in the Figure .
a. Using tA = 0 as the time the stone leaves the
thrower’s hand at position A, determine the
time at which the stone reaches its maximum
height.
b. Find the maximum height of the stone.
c. Determine the velocity of the stone when it
returns to the height from which it was thrown.
d. Find the velocity and position of the stone at t
= 5s.
e. What the time needed for the stone reaches the
ground.
f. Find its velocity when it arrive to the ground. 24
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Dr. Muna Hajjyahya
6. Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis
When the acceleration curve is above the time axis, the area is
positive; when the curve is below the time axis, the area is
negative.
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Dr. Muna Hajjyahya
Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis
When the velocity curve is above the time axis, the area is positive;
when the curve is below the time axis, the area is negative.
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Dr. Muna Hajjyahya
Example 6
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Example 7
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Example 8
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