ENV 419: Forest management ,

(Chapter 2: Sustainable Forest Management)

 Traditional Forest management-Silviculture
Silviculture:
Silviculture is the art and science of controlling the establishment, growth,
composition, health, and quality of forests and woodlands to meet the diverse
needs and values of landowners and society such as wildlife habitat, timber, water
resources, restoration, and recreation on a sustainable basis (USDA).

A silvicultural system is a
planned series of treatments
for tending, harvesting, and re-
establishing a stand to meet
management objectives.

These treatments are applied

throughout the life of the stand
and are combinations of
regeneration methods and
stand tending, called
intermediate treatments.
Types of Forests
Even Aged Forest
Forest Age
Uneven Aged Forest
Pure Forest / Monoculture
Species Composition
Mixed Forest
High Forest
Forest regeneration
Coppice Forest

Productive Forest
Management Objective Protection Forest
Recreational Forest
Tropical Evergreen
Tropical Semi-Evergreen
Forest Ecology Tropical Moist deciduous
Fresh water Swamp
Tidal Mangrove Forest
Types of Forests
Even Aged Forest
Forest Age
Uneven Aged Forest
Pure Forest / Monoculture
Species Composition
Mixed Forest
Forest
Forest regeneration
High Forest
management
Coppice Forest
plan
Productive Forest
Management Objective Protection Forest
Recreational Forest
Tropical Evergreen
Tropical Semi-Evergreen
Forest Ecology Tropical Moist deciduous
Fresh water Swamp
Tidal Mangrove Forest
 Difference Silvicultural systems
Silviculture

Even-aged Systems Two-aged Systems uneven-aged Systems

(In between even aged and uneven aged
management system)
Single Tree Selection
Regeneration Methods Intermediate Treatments

1. Release cutting
1. Clear cutting a. Cleaning
2. Seed-tree Method b. Weeding
3. Shelterwood Method c. Liberation cutting
4. Coppice 2. Improvement Cutting a. Crown thinning
3. Thinning b. Low thinning
4. Sanitation and Salvage Cutting c. Selection Thinning
5. Other treatments d. Geometric Thinning
a. Pruning
b. Fertilization
c. Prescribed Burning
d. Application of pesticides
 Traditional Forest management-Silviculture
1. Clearcutting (CC)

is a method of regenerating an even-aged stand in which a cohort, or new age class of

seedlings, develops in a fully-exposed microenvironment after removal, in a single
cutting, of all trees in the previous stand.

Regeneration is from natural seeding, direct seeding, planted seedlings, and/or advance
regeneration.

Cutting may be done in groups or patches (group or patch clearcutting), or in strips

(strip clearcutting).
 Traditional Forest management-Silviculture
2. The seed-tree method

(ST) is an even-aged regeneration method in which a new age class develops from seeds that
germinate in virtually a fully-exposed microenvironment after removal of the entire stand
except for a small number of widely dispersed trees (≈ 10 tpa) retained for seed production.

Seed trees are usually removed after regeneration is established.

 Traditional Forest management-Silviculture
3. The shelterwood (SW) is a method of regenerating an even-aged stand in which a new
cohort, or age class of seedlings, develops in a moderated microenvironment beneath the
residual trees. The sequence of treatments can include three distinct types of cuttings:

a) Preparatory Cut
b) Establishment cut or shelterwood seed cut
c) Removal cut
 Traditional Forest management-Silviculture
Coppice
is a method of regenerating a stand in which all trees in the previous stand are cut, knocked
over, or injured at the root and the majority of regeneration is from stump sprouts or root
suckers.
This is primarily used in hardwood stands; however, coastal redwoods may also be
regenerated using this method.
 Traditional Forest management-Silviculture
1. Release Cuttings

These treatments are designed to free young, target trees from undesirable, usually
overtopping, competing vegetation. The emphasis is upon stand improvement and species
composition, rather than growth effects, although increased growth rates are an
advantageous outcome. The types of release treatments include:

a. Cleaning - A release treatment made in an age class not past the sapling stage in order
to free the favored trees from less desirable tree species of comparable age.

Examples: A cleaning might be applied to release young pine stands from competing
juniper trees or oak sprouts; or to free white pine from overtopping by inferior hardwoods
such as aspen.

Before Cleaning After Cleaning

 Traditional Forest management-Silviculture
b. Weeding –
A release treatment made in stands not past the sapling stage that eliminates or suppresses any
undesirable vegetation regardless of crown position and may include grass, vines, or shrubs.
Undesirable competing vegetation in the southwest includes grass, climbers, creepers, lianas
This term is typically used to describe a more thorough removal of all plants competing with
the crop species regardless of whether their crowns are above, beside, or below the desired
trees.

c. Liberation cutting –
A release treatment made in a stand not
past the sapling stage to free the favored
trees from competition with older,
overtopping trees.
This treatment differs from a cleaning in
that the trees removed are from a much
older age class.
It is often considered as one of the highest
priorities for treatment which protects
stand from pathogens such as dwarf
mistletoes.
 Traditional Forest management-Silviculture
2. Improvement Cutting.

This is a cutting made in a stand beyond the sapling stage for the primary purpose of improving
composition and quality.

Trees of undesirable species, form or condition are removed from the main canopy. The need
for improvement cutting often results from a lack of an earlier application of a needed release
cutting.

Such cuttings are extremely important, and utmost care should be taken to mark the very best
leave trees.
 Traditional Forest management-Silviculture
3. Thinning.

Thinnings are cuttings made in a stand between regeneration and final harvest to reduce stand
density for the purpose of stimulating the growth of remaining trees to increase the yield of
desired products, enhance forest health, or recover potential mortality.

Its primary focus is on growth redistribution on the selected leave trees.

Traditional emphasis has been on release, but a silviculturist needs to be forward looking and
specify a thinning to maintain already good growth as well.

Thinning may not increase total stand yield, and in fact may reduce it if treatments are severe,
but it will increase certain merchantable products and thus total stand value.
 Traditional Forest management-Silviculture
(a) Crown Thinning –

The removal of trees from the dominant and co-dominant crown classes in order to open the
canopy to favor the best trees of those same classes .

This is usually applied where intermediate and suppressed classes are minimal or their removal
would provide little benefit to the upper crown classes. Remove dominants with poor crowns
or stem form to prevent dysgenic effects.

Before Crown thinning After Crown thinning

 Traditional Forest management-Silviculture
(b) Low thinning –

The removal of trees from the lower crown classes in order to favor those in the upper crown
classes. This method simulates mortality by cutting the weakest, overtopped trees which would
die first. The focus is on the trees that have the greatest potential for growth.

Before Low thinning After Low thinning

 Traditional Forest management-Silviculture
(c) Selection thinning –

Selection thinning, also known as thinning of dominants, involves the careful removal of selected
dominant trees to promote the growth of desirable trees in the lower crown classes. This method
is distinct from the selection method of regeneration used in uneven-aged stands. If not executed
with care, selection thinning can lead to high-grading, where trees with less vigor or poor-quality
stems are released by removing the best trees.

Selection thinning should be implemented early in the stand's life and replaced by other thinning
methods as crop trees approach dominance. Typically, low-value species or poorly formed
dominants (wolf trees) are removed to favor quality crop trees from the highest possible level in
the stand. This method is most applicable in hardwood forests where furniture-grade clear wood
is desired, and codominants with fewer branches and higher first forks are favored.
 Traditional Forest management-Silviculture
(d) Geometric (Proportional) Thinning –

This type of thinning removes trees in rows, strips, or with fixed-spacing intervals with no regard
for their species, position in the canopy, vigor, or form. This is the least desirable type of thinning
because form, phenotypic quality, and species composition are at best neutral after treatment. It
may be justified in uniform, healthy plantations or in previously unthinned, extremely dense
stands where other thinning methods are cost-prohibitive; there is little or no product recovery;
and the work can be accomplished by using machinery at a reasonable cost.

Row thinning Fixed space thinning

 Traditional Forest management-Silviculture
(4)

a. Sanitation. Sanitation consists of the

removal of trees to reduce the actual or
anticipated spread of insects or disease.
In many cases economic return from
the harvest is not a high priority. An
example might be the removal of bark
beetle brood trees before they affect
more trees or the removal of all visible
and suspected latent dwarf mistletoe in
a stand.

a. Salvage. This method is used to

harvest dead, dying, or deteriorating
trees to recover their value that would
otherwise be lost. Economic return is a
main objective of this treatment.

High risk tree suitable for Salvage

 Traditional Forest management-Silviculture
(5) Others

Pruning. Artificial forest pruning is a silvicultural

practice aimed at improving wood quality or removing
dead or diseased limbs. It is labor-intensive and costly,
requiring skill and judgment.
Pruning can remove mistletoe infections and promote
clearwood growth on crop trees, enhancing wood
quality and value, especially in short rotation crops.

Pruning also benefits stand structure, enhancing

wildlife habitat and the growth of food and medicinal
plants by increasing light in the understory.

Due to its expense, artificial pruning is limited to a few

trees per acre, typically those with wood suitable for
high-value uses like cabinet work and furniture. The
premium for knot-free wood is usually insufficient for
species used mainly in construction.
 Traditional Forest management-Silviculture

c. Prescribed burning

is a silvicultural technique used as part of forest management to achieve specific objectives

like fuel reduction, site preparation, or controlling undesirable tree species. Effective
coordination between forest and fire management is crucial.

Detailed planning based on site analysis is necessary to ensure positive outcomes. Objectives
should be clearly stated, considering factors like grass, forb, and shrub species, as well as tree
species. Seasonal timing and burn intensity are important to avoid unintended consequences.
 Traditional Forest management-Silviculture
Uneven-aged Systems.
Uneven-aged (UEA) methods of reproduction
(selection methods) are methods of perpetually
regenerating a forest stand in order to maintain trees
of three or more distinct age classes by removing
some trees in all size classes either singly or in small
groups while maintaining an uneven-aged structure.
Uneven-aged regeneration methods include single-
tree selection, group selection, and group selection
with reserves.
1. Single-tree selection
is a method of creating or perpetuating new age
classes in uneven-aged stands in which individual
trees of all size classes are periodically removed
more-or-less uniformly throughout the stand to
achieve desired stand structural characteristics. Under
this method of uneven-aged management, only
individual undesirable or excess trees are harvested.
Their removal releases established understory trees
from suppression and helps establish new
regeneration through exposure of mineral soil and
increased penetration of light and moisture to the
forest floor.
Traditional Forest management vs Sustainable forest management
 Traditional Forest management vs Sustainable forest management

Traditional Forest
Feature Forest Ecosystem Management
Management

Maximizing timber production

Focus
and economic returns

Clear-cutting, selective logging,

Methods
replanting specific tree species

Goals Short-term economic gains

Management Forests as a collection of

Perspective resources to be harvested

Considerations Primarily economic

 Traditional Forest management vs Sustainable forest management

Traditional Forest
Feature Forest Ecosystem Management
Management

Maximizing timber production Sustaining the health and

Focus
and economic returns diversity of the ecosystem

Selective logging, preserving

Clear-cutting, selective logging,
Methods old-growth forests, maintaining
replanting specific tree species
biodiversity

Long-term ecological
Goals Short-term economic gains
sustainability

Management Forests as a collection of

Forests as complex ecosystems
Perspective resources to be harvested

Economic, ecological, and social

Considerations Primarily economic
values
Sustainable Development Goal

(UN economic commission for Europe)

Sustainable Development Goal
 Sustainable Forest Management

SFM encompasses the administrative, legal, technical, economic,

social and environmental aspects of the conservation and use of
forests. It implies various degrees of human intervention, ranging
from actions aimed at safeguarding and maintaining forest
ecosystems and their functions to those favouring specific
socially or economically valuable species or groups of species for
the improved production of goods and services. In addition to
forest products (comprising both wood and non-wood forest
products), sustainably managed forests provide important
ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, biodiversity
conservation, and the protection of water resources. (FAO)
 Origin of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM)
SFM emerged as a response to growing concerns about unsustainable forest practices
and the need for more responsible management of forest resources. The concept
gained significant momentum following the publication of the Brundtland Report in
1987 (Our Common Future) , which introduced the idea of sustainable development.
This report emphasized the importance of meeting the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Several international agreements and initiatives further solidified the concept of SFM,
including:
1992 Rio Earth Summit: This conference established the principle of sustainable
development and adopted the Forest Principles, which outlined guidelines for
responsible forest management.
Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF): Established in 1995, the IPF developed a set
of criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management.
Intergovernmental Forum on Forests (IFF): The IFF, which replaced the IPF in 1997,
continued to promote SFM and developed a global forest convention.
United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF): Established in 2001, the UNFF serves as the
primary international body for discussing and promoting sustainable forest
management.
Sustainable Forest Management
 Transition towards Sustainable Forest Management
1. Resource
Stewardship
2. Philosophical
Traditional Forest management Sustainable Forest management
Differences
3. Community based
Forest management

❑ from silviculture toward ecoculture;

❑ from volume toward quality;
❑ from stands toward landscapes;
❑ from ownerships toward councils and communities;
❑ from the forest as product toward the forest as capital;
❑ from current income toward natural capital and green
finance; and
❑ from blind consumption toward consumer awareness.
 Transition towards Sustainable Forest Management

Resource Stewardship
Resource stewardship is a concept that
emphasizes the responsible management of
natural resources for both present and future
generations. It involves a sense of obligation to
protect and conserve resources while ensuring
their sustainable use.

❑ Ethical principles: Stewardship often involves

ethical principles such as fairness, equity, and
accountability.
❑ Long-term perspective: Stewards of resources
consider the long-term consequences of their
actions and strive to maintain the health and
productivity of ecosystems.
❑ Intergenerational equity: Stewardship seeks to
balance the needs of the present with the
needs of future generations
 Transition towards Sustainable Forest Management
Philosophical Differences
The concept of SFM is influenced by various
philosophical perspectives, each with its own
unique emphasis:

❑ Anthropocentrism: This perspective focuses

on human well-being and views forests
primarily as resources for human use. It
emphasizes the importance of sustainable
forest management to meet human needs.
❑ Ecocentrism: This perspective values nature
for its own sake, regardless of its usefulness
to humans. It emphasizes the importance of
preserving biodiversity and ecosystem
integrity.
❑ Social ecology: This perspective focuses on
the interconnectedness of humans and
nature and emphasizes the importance of
community-based approaches to forest
management
 Transition towards Sustainable Forest Management
Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM)
CBFM is a decentralized approach to forest management that involves local communities in
decision-making and implementation. It is often based on traditional knowledge and practices,
and aims to empower communities to manage their forests sustainably.
❖
•. Local participation: CBFM emphasizes
the involvement of local communities
in all aspects of forest management,
from planning to implementation and
monitoring.
❖ Traditional knowledge: CBFM often
incorporates traditional ecological
knowledge, which can provide valuable
insights into forest management
practices.
❖ Equity and justice: CBFM seeks to
promote equity and justice by ensuring
that the benefits of forest
management are shared fairly among
all members of the community.
❖ Sustainability: CBFM aims to ensure
the sustainable use of forest resources
while protecting biodiversity and
Seven Worldwide Accepted Criteria for Sustainable Forest Management
1. Enabling Conditions for SFM
3. Forest Ecosystem Health
a. Implementation of forest policies, laws,
Extent and nature of human-induced
and regulations
and natural forest encroachment,
b. Funding in the forestry sector
degradation, and disturbance
c. Structure and staffing of institutions for SFM
d. Number of professional and technical
personnel
4. Forest Production
e. Capacity for planning, monitoring,
a. Inventory and survey procedures for
evaluation, and feedback on sustainable
main forest products
forest management
b. Actual and sustainable harvest of
f. Public participation in forest management
wood and non-wood forest products
g. Existence of forest management plans
c. Composition of harvest
d. Total amount of carbon stored in
2. Extent and Condition of Forests
forest stands
a. Comprehensive land-use plans
e. Silvicultural guidelines for timber
b. Forests committed to production and
and non-wood forest products
protection
c. Forest types and their extent
d. Demarcation of state forests
e. Changes in forested area
Seven Worldwide Accepted Criteria for Sustainable Forest Management
5. Biological Diversity 7. Economic, Social, and Cultural Aspects
a. Protected areas containing forests a. Contribution of the forestry sector to GDP
b. Procedures to identify and protect b. Value of domestically produced wood, non-wood
endangered, rare, and threatened species forest products, and environmental services
c. Measures for conservation of genetic c. Conflict-resolution mechanisms
variation d. Number of people depending on forests for
d. Procedures for the protection and their livelihoods
monitoring of biodiversity in production e. Training and development programs for forest
forests workers
e. Extent of production forest set aside for f. Area of forests for subsistence uses and
biodiversity conservation traditional lifestyles
g. Forest sites for research, education, and
6. Soil and Water Protection recreation
a. Forest area managed for the protection of h. Protection of important archaeological, cultural,
soil and water and spiritual sites
b. Procedures to protect downstream i. Recognition and practice of tenure and user
catchment values, soil productivity, and rights of communities and indigenous peoples
water retention j. Use of indigenous knowledge in forest
c. Forest engineering procedures management
d. Environmentally sensitive areas in k. Involvement of indigenous peoples, local
production communities, and other forest dwellers in forest
management
Sustainable Forest Management (SFM)
Sustainable Forest Management (SFM)
Sustainable Forest Management (SFM)
 Sustainable Forest Management (SFM)

1. What is the role of planted forests in achieving sustainable forest management?

2. Is forest certification applied where it is most needed?

3. Does government ownership protect forests?

4. How does SFM contribute to addressing global environmental issues, such as

climate change and biodiversity loss?

5. What are the economic benefits of SFM?

6. How can SFM be integrated into broader land use planning and management?

7. What are the challenges and opportunities for SFM in developing countries?
Progress of Bangladesh achieving sustainable Forest management
Organogram of Bangladesh Forest Department
Sustainable Forest Management- Social/Community Forestry
Sustainable Forest Management- Social/Community Forestry

❑ First attempted in 1979 and 1980 with the Betagi and Pomora projects in Rangunia upazila of Chittagong.
❑ Community Forestry Project (1982-1987) Developed a participatory approach to resource generation and management.
❑ Upazila Afforestation and Nursery Development Project (1987-95) and Extended Social Forestry Project (1995-97) Raised
agroforestry and woodlot plantations in the degraded and encroached sal forest land.
❑ Forest Resources Management Project (1992-2000) Developed forest and human resources for forestry development in
the country.
❑ Coastal Green Belt Project (1995-2000): Created a live shelterbelt of trees along the coastlines of the country.
❑ Forestry Sector Project (1997-2004) Aimed to augment and strengthen the overall tree resource base in the country and
to reduce the rate of depletion of forest.
Achievements (Up to 2014-2015):
Raised 51,389 hectares of woodlot plantation, 10,626 hectares of agroforest, 64,834 km of strip plantation, and 9,007
hectares of other plantations. Involved about 6,05,566 participants in social forestry programmes and distributed an
amount of Taka 2,362 million to 1,20,413 participants as benefit of social forestry.
Sustainable Forest Management- Social/Community Forestry
Sustainable Forest Management- Social/Community Forestry
Sustainable Forest Management- Social/Community Forestry

❑ First attempted in 1979 and 1980 with the Betagi and Pomora projects in Rangunia upazila of Chittagong.
❑ Community Forestry Project (1982-1987) Developed a participatory approach to resource generation and
management.
❑ Upazila Afforestation and Nursery Development Project (1987-95) and Extended Social Forestry Project (1995-
97) Raised agroforestry and woodlot plantations in the degraded and encroached sal forest land.
❑ Forest Resources Management Project (1992-2000) Developed forest and human resources for forestry
development in the country.
❑ Coastal Green Belt Project (1995-2000): Created a live shelterbelt of trees along the coastlines of the country.
❑ Forestry Sector Project (1997-2004) Aimed to augment and strengthen the overall tree resource base in the
country and to reduce the rate of depletion of forest.
Achievements (Up to 2014-2015):
Raised 51,389 hectares of woodlot plantation, 10,626 hectares of agroforest, 64,834 km of strip plantation, and
9,007 hectares of other plantations. Involved about 6,05,566 participants in social forestry programmes and
distributed an amount of Taka 2,362 million to 1,20,413 participants as benefit of social forestry.
Sustainable Forest Management- Co management
The concept of collaborative or co management is defined as "a situation in which two or more social
actors negotiate, define and guarantee amongst themselves a fair sharing of the management
functions, entitlements and responsibilities for a given territory, area or set of natural resources"
(Borrini Feyerabend et al 2007)

In other words, co management seeks to incorporate those actors that depend on the protected area
and its natural resources in decision making processes as well as to increase accountability and the
sharing of responsibility. The expected result is a more equitable and long term natural resource
conservation backed by resource users, management authorities and other relevant stakeholders It
institutionalizes multi stakeholder engagement, including government agencies, civil society, and
natural resource dependent local communities, through the sharing of management functions,
responsibilities and benefits derived from the protected area.
Sustainable Forest Management- Co management

❑ Co-management is sharing governance between BFD and the communities including other
stakeholders who are linked with people living around forests and forest products.

❑ With USAID supported Nishorgo Support Project (NSP) during the period of 2004-2008,
five protected areas were first brought under co-management.
Lawachara National Park
Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary
Satchari Reserve Forest (proposed as a Wildlife Sanctuary)
Teknaf Game Reserve
Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary

❑ After completion of Nishorgo Support Project, a follow-up project was developed called
Integrated Protected Area Co-management (IPAC) during 2008-2013 which is then
followed by Climate Resilient Eco-System and Livelihood (CREL) during 2013-2017.
Achievement of NSP programme
Achievement of NSP programme
Achievement of NSP programme

• 178 (No.) nurseries

• 2,14,105 (No.) tree seedlings planted
• 934 (No.) Households started bamboo prod.
• 3142 (No.) vegetable gardens
• 112 (Family) chicken rearing
• 531 ((No.) ) milk cows & beef fattening
• 40 (No.) goat fattening
• 78 (No.) pig rearing
• 148 (No.) shops
• 173 (No.) ponds- fish culture and trading
• 420 groups formed
• 9,815 members
• 45% women
• 107,660 beneficiaries, including family members
• 302 (families) other AIGs
Co management in natural resource management

❑ Natural resource based (forests and/or wetlands)

ecotourism is now the most interesting topic to Best practices of Co managements
the nature lover and policy maker throughout ❑ Put people at the center.
the world because of its linkage with economic ❑ Learn by doing.
benefits, nature management and biodiversity ❑ Secure access to resources for local
conservation. communities.
❑ Build new institutions for resource
❑ Communities living in and around the forests management.
and/or wetlands are involved in protection of ❑ Find innovations that deliver early
Protected Areas (PAs) with consequent sharing returns.
of benefit arising out of the PAs through ❑ Build linkages and networks.
supporting their capacity building in other ❑ Innovations must be
income generating activities. interdisciplinary.
❑ Policies should enable local
❑ For management of PAs, all stakeholders of the innovation.
localities are involved through formation of
comanagement committees
Faces/Aspects of Co-management
Co management structure

There are three tiers of co management organizations

❑ The Village Conservation Forums ( established at community level, are the basis of the co
management system giving a platform to resource users and poor communities around a protected
area

❑ The People’s Forum ( is the next tier constituting the umbrella structure of resource users and
poorest people bringing the VCFs of a protected area together

❑ The overarching structure for co management is the Co Management Committee (CMC consisting of
representatives of the PF, the FD, other government agencies, the local government, civil society,
and other relevant stakeholders Currently, 28 CMCs are functioning in 22 forest protected areas in
the country Co management has increased biodiversity conservation and the socio economic well
being of communities associated with the protected areas through this process of shared
governance (Source FD)
Co management structure
Co management structure
Co management structure

Comprehensive Protection:
Protected Areas:
Regulated Exploitation:
Enhanced Enforcement:
Wildlife conflict mitigation and
compensation.
Co management structure

Beneficiary- Social forestry

Community petrol Group – Section 19
Village Conservation forum – Section
18
People’s Forum- Section 15
Co management structure

❑ Forest resource user group (FRUG)

❑ Co management Executive committee -Sec 8
❑ Co management Committee- Section 5
❑ Adjacent area (Buffer area)
❑ Social forestry Rules – 2004.
Co management structure

Co management
committee

Co management general
committee/Council

Co management executive
committee

❑ To effectively manage protected areas and the surrounding regions, it’s important to involve local
people and stakeholders in the process. This approach is called "Participatory Management" or "Co-
management." A special committee will be formed, made up of representatives from different
groups, including local communities, authorities, and other stakeholders. This committee will work
together to share responsibilities, make decisions, and carry out activities that help protect and
manage the area sustainably.

❑ Any management activity within this framework—whether it's by the committee, executive team, or
other stakeholders—will be considered part of the co-management process.
Co management structure

2
1
10
1
1
1 4-
5
1 2
1
1 1
1
1-
4
2
Co management structure

1. Approving the annual work

plan & necessary funds to the
Divisional Forest Officer.
2. Supervising and assessing
activities
3. Providing necessary support
and directives to the Co-
Management Executive
Committee
4. Offering advice on
biodiversity conservation and
natural resource management
and maintenance.
5. Advising relevant authorities
on policies for managing
products
6. Resolving any complications
7. Ensuring the completion of
financial audits
Co management structure

co-management general committees/Council (These are just translation and should not be used for any
legal actions):

1. Approving the annual work plan prepared by the Co-Management Executive Committee and recommending
necessary funds to the Divisional Forest Officer.
2. Supervising and assessing activities undertaken in protected areas and their adjacent areas.
3. Providing necessary support and directives to the Co-Management Executive Committee for forest
conservation.
4. Offering advice on biodiversity conservation and natural resource management and maintenance.
5. Advising relevant authorities on policies for managing products and services derived from protected areas and
distributing them among stakeholders.
6. Resolving any complications that arise in the implementation of activities by the Co-Management Executive
Committee.
7. Ensuring the completion of financial audits for income and expenditures related to co-management activities.
Co management structure

2-
1 3
1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1-
3
2

6
Co management structure
Co management structure

co-management executive committees (These are just translation and should not be used for any legal actions)
1. Preparing annual plans and budgets for protected areas.
2. Ensuring biodiversity conservation and maintenance of natural resources.
3. Updating lists of Village Conservation Forum members.
4. Encouraging local stakeholders to participate in conservation and development activities.
5. Implementing sustainable economic activities in protected areas.
6. Organizing patrols within protected areas with community patrol teams.
7. Supporting and enhancing community patrol teams with stipends and alternative income-generating initiatives.
8. Collecting funds for sustainable development in protected areas.
9. Managing infrastructure developed by the Forest Department.
10. Supervising reforestation efforts in buffer zones and degraded lands.
11. Playing an effective role in preserving forests around protected areas.
12. Assisting the Forest Department in managing fishery resources.
13. Promoting biodiversity protection and climate adaptation among local communities.
14. Facilitating applications for compensation for forest workers or wildlife-related damages.
15. Providing alternative income-generating opportunities for dependent communities.
16. Training members of People’s Forum, Village Conservation Forum, and Community Patrol Teams.
17. Assisting in preventing illegal occupation and reclaiming encroached land.
18. Identifying corridors and assisting in sustainable resource management.
19. Ensuring transparency in income and expenditures.
20. Implementing programs to stop illegal entry and activities in protected areas.
21. Fulfilling additional responsibilities as assigned by the government.
Co management structure
Co management structure

Here is a list of responsibilities of the People's Forum

1. Raising public awareness about the conservation of biodiversity and natural resources in and around protected
areas.
2. Assisting in the preparation of management plans for natural resource conservation and ensuring the participation
of impoverished forest-dependent communities in their implementation.
3. Supporting alternative livelihood initiatives and improving the living standards of poor forest-dependent
communities through the Village Conservation Forum.
4. Providing support to the Co-Management Executive Committee in its activities.
5. Encouraging communities to comply with forestry and wildlife-related laws and assisting the Forest Department in
enforcing these laws.
6. Assisting in the implementation of social forestry programs, including beneficiary selection, in collaboration with the
Village Conservation Forum and the Co-Management Executive Committee.
7. Supporting eco-friendly agriculture and tree plantation programs on uncultivated fallow land in adjacent landscapes
of protected areas.
8. Assisting in the formation and operation of community patrol teams under the guidance of the Co-Management
Executive Committee.
9. Collaborating in buffer zone activities, such as beneficiary selection, reforestation, and supervising the distribution
of benefits from reforested areas among participants, in alignment with relevant policies and guidelines.
10. Promoting public awareness about climate change and its impacts.
Co management structure

Formation of Forum:
The Village Conservation Forum will be formed with forest-dependent residents living within a maximum of 5
kilometers of the boundaries of protected areas.
If a village partially falls within the specified boundary, the entire village will be considered.

Responsibilities and Activities:

(a) Assist in the preparation and implementation of management plans for protected areas.
(b) Raise public awareness about forest resources and wildlife conservation.
(c) Encourage people to comply with existing laws related to environmental and forest conservation.
(d) Support the implementation of social forestry programs.
(e) Assist the Co-Management Executive Committee in forming and operating community patrol teams.
(f) Provide overall support to the Co-Management Executive Committee and Forest Department in preventing tree
felling, theft of forest resources, illegal occupation of forest land, other forest crimes, and wetland degradation.
(g) Assist the Co-Management Executive Committee in preparing and implementing annual work plans.
(h) Help raise public awareness about climate change and its related actions.
Co management structure
Co management structure

Responsibilities of forest department

1. Assisting the Co-Management Executive Committee in preparing annual work plans for the conservation and
development of protected areas.
2. Making necessary arrangements to provide honorariums to community forest patrol team members.
3. Overseeing and evaluating co-management activities.
4. Helping beneficiaries produce and collect quality seeds or saplings.
5. Providing support to improve the living standards of impoverished communities dependent on protected areas.
6. Facilitating the creation of alternative employment opportunities for members of the People's Forum, Village
Conservation Forum, and Community Patrol Teams.
7. Supporting the Co-Management Executive Committee in selecting beneficiaries.
8. Organizing and facilitating training programs and management activities as required under these regulations.
Co management Structure
Co management Structure
Co management structure
Forest management historical transformation
Sustainable Forest Management-Co management
Sustainable Forest Management-Co management

37 PAs, Bhawal NP is enduring the highest threats (36%),

followed by Himchari NP (32%), Medha-Kachchhapia (30%),
Fasiakhali WS (28%) and Chunati WS (28%)