PROBABILITY
1. Given that E and F are events such that P ( E )=0.6 , P ( F )=0.3and P ( E ∩ F ) =0.2, find
P ( EF )∧P ( FE ).
2. If P ( A )=0.8 , P ( B )=0.5 and P ( )
B
A
=0.4 , find P ( A ∪ B ) , P ( )
A
B
∧P( A ∪ B)
3. Determine P ( EF ) when a coin is tossed three times where
E :at least 2heads , F : at most 2 heads .
4. A black and red die are rolled. Find the conditional probability of obtaining a
sum greater than 9 given that the black die resulted in a 5.
5. A fair die is rolled, consider events E={ 1 ,3 , 5 } , F={ 2 , 3 } andG= {2 , 3 , 4 , 5 }. (i) Find
P ( EF )∧P ( FE ) (ii) Find P ( GE )∧P ( GE ) (iii) Find P ( E ∪G F )∧P ( E ∩G F )
6. An instructor has a question bank consisting of 300 easy true/false
questions , 200 difficult , 500 easy multiple choice questions and 400 difficult
multiple choice questions. If a question is selected at random from the
question bank , what is the probability that it will be an easy question given
that it is a multiple choice question.
Independent Events
3 1
7. If P ( A )= 5 ∧P ( B )= 5 , find P( A ∩ B) if A and B are independent events.
3 3 1
8. Let E and F be events with P ( E )= 5 ∧P ( F )= 10 ∧P ( E ∩ F )= 5 . Are E and F
independent?
9. A fair coin and an unbiased die are tossed. Let A be the event ‘head appears
on the coin’ and B be the event ‘3 on the die’. Check whether A and B are
independent events or not.
1 3
10. Given that the events A and B are such that P ( A )= 2 ∧P ( A ∪ B )= 5 ∧P (B)=x . Find x if
they are (i) mutually exclusive (ii) independent
1 7
11. If A and B are two events such that , P ( A )= 2 ∧P ( B )= 12 and
1
P ( not A∨not B )=
4
. State whether A and B are independent.
1
∧1
12. Probability of solving specific problem independently by A and B are 2
3
respectively. If both try to solve the problem independently, find the
probability that (i) the problem is solved (ii) exactly one of them solves the
problem.
13. In a hostel, 60% of the students read Hindi newspaper, 40% read English
newspaper and 20% read both Hindi and English news papers. A student is
selected at random.
(a) Find the probability that she reads neither Hindi nor English news papers.
(b) If she reads Hindi news paper, find the probability that she reads English
news paper.
(c ) If she reads English newspaper find the probability that she reads Hindi
newspaper.
13. A can hit a target 4 times in 5 shots, B 3 times in 4 shots and C 2 times in 3
shots. Find the probability that (a) any two of A , B and C will hit the target.
(b) None of them will hit the target.
BAYES THEOREM
1. Two thirds of the students of a class are boys and the rest are [Link] is
known that the probability of a girl getting A grade in board exams is 0.4
and a boy getting A grade is 0.35. find the probability that a student chosen
at random will get A grade in exam.
2. Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls while another Bag II contains 5 red
and 6 black balls. One ball is drawn at random from one of the bags and it is
found to be -red. Find the probability that it was drawn from bag II.
3. Of the students in a college , it is known that 60% reside in hostel and 40%
are day scholars. Previous year results report that 30% of all students who
reside in hostel attain A grade and 20% of day scholars attain A grade in
their annual examination. At the end of the year one student is chosen at
random from the college and he has an A grade , what is the probability
that the student is a hostler.
3. In answering a question on a multiple choice test, a student either knows
theanswer or guesses. Let 3/4 be the probability that he knows the answer
and¼ be the probability that he guesses. Assuming that a student who
guesses at the answer will be correct with probability ¼. What is the
probability that the student knows the answer given that he answered it
correctly.
4. A bag contains 4 red and 4 black balls, another bag contains 2 red and 6
black balls. One of the two bags is selected at random and a ball is drawn
from the bag which is found to be red. Find the probability that the ball is
drawn from the first bag.
5. There are three coins. One is two headed coin (having head on both faces),
another is a biased coin that comes up heads 75% of the time and third is an
unbiased coin. One of the three coins is chosen at random and tossed, it
shows heads, what is the probability that it was the two headed coin.
6. An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers and
6000 truck drivers. The probability of accidents are 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15
respectively. One of the insured persons meets with an accident. What is the
probability that he is a scooter driver?
7. A manufacturer has three machine operators A, B and C. The first operator A
produces 1% defective items, where as the other two operators B and C
produce 5% and 7% defective items respectively. A is on the job for 50% of
the time, B is on the job for 30% of the time and C is on the job for 20% of the
time. A defective item is produced, what is the probability that was produced
by A?
8. A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the pack,
two cards are drawn and are found to be both diamonds. Find the
probability of the lost card being a diamond.
9. Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets a 5 or 6 she tosses a coin three times
and note the number of heads. If she gets 1 , 2 ,3 or 4 she tosses a coin once
and notes either a head or tail is obtained. If she obtains exactly one head
what is the probability that she threw 1 , 2 , 3 or 4 with the die.
10. There are two bags. The first bag contains 5 white and 3 black balls and the
second bag contains 3 white and 5 black balls. Two balls are drawn at
random from the first bag and are put into the second bag , without noting
their colours. Then two balls are drawn from the second bag. Find the
probability that the balls drawn are white and black.
RANDOM VARIABLES AND ITS PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
1. Find the probability distribution of
(i) number of heads in two tosses of a coin
(ii) number of tails in the simultaneous tosses of three coins.
2. Find the probability distribution of the number of successes in two
tosses of a die, where a success is defined as number greater than
4.
3. A coin is biased so that the head is 3 times as likely to occur as tail.
If the coin is tossed twice, find the probability distribution of
number of tails.
4. A random variable X has the following probability distribution.
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P(x 0 k 2k 2k 3k
2 2 2
k 2k 7k +k
Determine (i)k (ii)P( X <3)(iii)P (X >6)(iv) P(0< X <3)
5. Find the mean number of heads in three tosses of a fair coin.
6. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. If X denotes the number of
sixes, find the expectation of X.
7. Let X denotes the sum of the numbers obtained when two fair dice
are rolled. Find the variance and standard deviation of X.
8. Two cards are drawn simultaneously from a well shuffled pack of
52 cards. Compute the mean and variance of the number of aces.
9. Let X denote the number of colleges where you will apply after
your results and P ( X=x ) denotes your probability of getting
distribution in X number of colleges. It is given that
{
kx if x=0∨1
P ( X=x ) = 2 kx if x=2 where k is any constant.
k (5−x ) if x =3∨4
a. Find k
b. What is the probability that you will get admission in exactly 2
colleges.
c. Find the mean and variance of probability distribution.