© Dr.
NS Khundrakpam
Geometric Modelling
© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
• Understand the various requirements for the information that is
generated during the geometric modelling stage.
• Study various types of geometric models possible and their
applications
• Develop various methodologies used for geometric construction
such as sweep, surface models, solid models, etc.
• Recognize the various types of surfaces and their application as used
in geometric modelling
•
• Understand the solid construction methods including b-rep and CSG
methods
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© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
• The computer compatible mathematical description of the geometry of the
object is called as geometric modeling.
• The CAD software allows the mathematical description of the object to be
displayed as the image on the monitor of the computer.
• A geometric model contains description of the modelled object’s shape.
Since geometric shapes are described by surfaces, curves are used to
construct them.
• Computer geometric modelling uses curves to control the object’s surfaces
as they are easy to manipulate. The curves may be constructed using analytic
functions, a set of points, or other curves and surfaces.
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© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
Geometric modelling of a computer mouse
[Link]
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© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
There are three steps in which the designer can create geometric models
by using CAD software, these are:
1) Creation of basic geometric objects: In the first step the designer
creates basic geometric elements by using commands like points, lines, and
circles.
2) Transformations of the elements: In the second step the designer uses
commands like achieve scaling, rotation and other related transformations
of the geometric elements.
3) Creation of the geometric model: During the final step the designer uses
various commands to that cause integration of the objects or elements of
the geometric model to form the desired shape.
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© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
[Link]
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© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
Geometric modelling is the central part of product design
Rao, CAD/CAM Principles and Applications, 2010, TMH
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© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
Design analysis:
• Evaluation of areas and volumes.
• Evaluation of mass and inertia properties.
• Interference checking in assemblies.
• Analysis of tolerance build-up in assemblies.
• Analysis of kinematics — mechanics, robotics.
• Automatic mesh generation for finite element analysis.
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© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
Drafting
• Automatic planar cross sectioning.
• Automatic hidden line and surface removal.
• Automatic production of shaded images.
• Automatic dimensioning.
• Automatic creation of exploded views for technical illustrations.
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© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
Manufacturing
• Parts classification.
• Process planning.
• Numerical control data generation and verification.
• Robot program generation.
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© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
Production Engineering
Bill of materials.
Material requirement.
Manufacturing resource requirement.
Scheduling.
Inspection and Quality Control:
Program generation for inspection machines.
Comparison of produced part with design.
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© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
Two-dimensional
Three-dimensional
The three principal classifications can be
• The line model (wireframe modelling),
• The surface model, and
• The solid or volume model
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© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
1. Wire frame geometry
User enters 3D vertices and joins the vertices to create a 3D object called a
wire frame.
The wire frame models lack the surface definition.
2. Surface model
User enters the vertices and edges in an ordered manner. outlining or
bounding one face at a time so that surfaces are defined.
It can not relocation the volume of the part.
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© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
Rao, CAD/CAM Principles and Applications, 2010, TMH
© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
wireframe
Rao, CAD/CAM Principles and Applications, 2010, TMH
© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
surface model
Rao, CAD/CAM Principles and Applications, 2010, TMH
© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
Features Line model Surface model Volume model
Automatic view Impossible Impossible Possible
generation (perspective
and orthographic)
Cross-sectioning Manually guided Manually guided Possible, even
automated cross-
hatching is possible
Elimination of hidden Manually guided May be possible Possible
details
Analysis functions Difficult or Difficult or Possible
(Geometric calculations) impossible impossible
Numerical control Difficult or Automatic possible Automatic possible
application impossible
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© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
Point definitions
Line definitions
Circle definitions
Arc definitions
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© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
Point Definitions
Rao, CAD/CAM Principles and Applications, 2010, TMH
© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
Line Definitions
Rao, CAD/CAM Principles and Applications, 2010, TMH
© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
Circle Definitions
Rao, CAD/CAM Principles and Applications, 2010, TMH
© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
Arc Definitions
Rao, CAD/CAM Principles and Applications, 2010, TMH
© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
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Wireframe Data representation for a Cube
8 7
Vertex number X coordinate Y coordinate Z coordinate
1 0 0 0 7
5 12
2 10 0 0 5 6
3 10 10 0 6
4 0 10 0
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5 0 0 15 9
4
6 10 0 15 4 3
7 10 10 15 10
8 0 10 15 1 3
Edge number Start point End point
1 2
1 1 2
2 2 3 2
3 3 4
4 4 1
5 5 6
6 6 7
7 7 8
8 8 5
9 1 5
10 1 6
11 1 7
12 1 8
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© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
The three-dimensional geometric construction methods which extend
from the 2D that is normally used are:
Linear extrusion or
translational sweep, and
Rotational sweep etc.
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© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
Geometric Construction
Methods
Extrusion
Rao, CAD/CAM Principles and Applications, 2010, TMH
© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
Geometric Construction
Methods
Linear sweep between two cross sections
Sweep two cross sections along a guide curve
Zeid, Mastering CAD/CAM, 2004, TMH
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© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
Geometric Construction
Methods
Component Model by Rotational Sweep
Rao, CAD/CAM Principles and Applications, 2010, TMH
© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
Geometric Construction
Methods
Various Solid-Modelling Primitives
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© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
Geometric Construction
Methods
Boolean Operators and their effect on Model Construction
Rao, CAD/CAM Principles and Applications, 2010, TMH
© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
Boolean examples
Rao, CAD/CAM Principles and Applications, 2010, TMH
© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
Geometric Construction
Methods
Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)
• It is a technique used in solid modeling.
• Constructive solid geometry allows a modeler to create a complex
surface or object by using Boolean operators to combine simpler
objects.
• potentially generating visually complex objects by combining a few
primitive ones.
[Link]
Rao, CAD/CAM Principles and Applications, 2010, TMH
© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
Geometric Constraints
Zeid, Mastering CAD/CAM, 2004, TMH
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© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
Geometric Constraints
Zeid, Mastering CAD/CAM, 2004, TMH
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© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
Geometric Constraints
Zeid, Mastering CAD/CAM, 2004, TMH
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© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
Geometric Constraints
Zeid, Mastering CAD/CAM, 2004, TMH
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© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
To recapitulate
Geometric Modelling
Function of Geometric Modelling
Comparison of different modelling methods
Free form curves
Geometric Construction Methods
Geometric Constraints
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© Dr. NS Khundrakpam
References
1. Rao, P.N., 2004. CAD/CAM: principles and applications. Tata McGraw-
Hill Education.
2. Zeid, I., 1991. CAD/CAM theory and practice. McGraw-Hill Higher
Education.
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© Dr. NS Khundrakpam