Page No:

Jnft 2: Routtng Protocols Date.

2.1 Roter Arcletecture

Ro utexs are essenti networ kina dece sich s 7esps nfible kr outha
data packets between drkkerentnetworks.
It mainl operates atat ehe network layer ok proto cel sut,
A nuteY detevohes the aptimal puth rtransfsion
using loqfcad advesses.
The Intemal desqn and organi atim okcomponens and eheir
fnteraction to kard ehe packee Rs calle as outer arcls tectue.
Ahiqh level vse ok outer aves tecare Rs shown fn lollsufng
Kqure ang our major comenents are gdentskfed.

Routing
procesSor
Routing, management
control plane (software)

Forwarding
data plane (hardware)

Input port Output port

Switch
Input port fabric Output port

Figure 4.4 " Router architecture

Four major components o ut arteecture are os kollos,

) Tnput ports
) output Port.
)Suteching Fabric.
3 Routng roressor.
 S Input forts:
Inpu port peroroms seveved key hunchions such as physical
An
ata
layer funchion o7 terofnafing incoming phygfad nk
Dter,

It alSo perrms the dot ltnk layer unctions neded to

communacate wfEh bhe device on he
oher sTde
at
Mast cruefaly, a lookup unction Rs also pevoYmeddetermne
here oroardfng table ?s consw ted to
Pnput ports,
outpuwt port to whrch an anivfng pacleet f))
Touters ouput
be oromded vta sutechrng kabric
The control packets re carryng outtny pvotoco) fhpration
Are
7ovsorded yom fng

Data link Lookup, fowarding.

queuing Switch
Line processing
termination (protocol, fabric
decapsulation)

Figure 4.5 " Input port processing

> Output Ports:

A otput ports stoYes packets yece•ved om sichsng
kabiñc and transmis these packets to on the outgofng
necessary physicad layer and Irnlk layer
unchio ns

Queuing (buffer Data link

Switch management) processing Line
termination
fabric (protocol,
encapsulation)

Fiqure 4.7 " Output port processing

 Date.

The swftchFng kutbie connects outey's fnput port to pts outp

ports.
It fatlitates 7oroardfng okk detm packet betaeen input ahd
ouput povts.

9 Roufng ProcessoY
The utng protesfor perprms control plane kuncti
IE /s Tes po nsfble
ponsTble br ene cufng
ufny protocou, mafntaing
Y0 utfng tables and 1fnk state shkormation.
It computes cre ates rarng tables koy the ter wlhch co?)
be used r ute dectsfon malefhg:

2.1. 8wftchfng

&witching kabric ts at bhe- very heart ok

oh outeY, as though
kalbric packets are
actoally siufeched Chraoded) lgom an Rhput pove
to output poYt
can be xcomplfsked fh &number a7 oays a pllas,
) Swttelng vta memory.
8chng vin nterconnectibn netuworle.

Switchfng Via Memoy

In this case, an fnput pove with an amîuing packee kinse
sinaled ehe roufng proceso yia fnteupt
The packet
me nory:
then
copied qom mput port to khe priesjor

The aufing preessor then entracts bhe deseinatin adtres

header looked up the appropriate output povt
park gn the
rarding tale and ehon cop+es khe packek ooutput pore to butfer,
-Tn switehfhg via memo packets Cannot be hrwarded
at same ehey have dkterent desefne bion payb
me, even î55 they
can be dohe ata Eme.
2n ce ohe memory yead or orite

Memory
A X

B
I Memory
C

) Suteeksng via a bus

Inthis appoach, trans es oaa packet divectly
Ynput port transfers
to he output port ove shared ous wfehowt any
Pnterventioy
When packet aives at an Tnput porE,he'psvt adels
a smal) header a label)to the packet
This Jabe) tells Ehe uter to sehd tls packet to
porE e9: Port x.
The packet s Ehen sent over the share bus, all otput
poyt |sten to ehe bus and checks the dabel, but ony
the poyt that matches the labe) f) Reep thepacket,
an est outpu ports fgnores
it
The Jabe) is then removed at the owtput port, as
thes ladbe) fs any ujed wtehtn the switeh kabe to
he bu.
I7 mutple packets arive to y uter at Hhe Same ime,
each at the drkterent gnput part,all but one
or must
at 61nce only one packet can cSS Ehe bur at
a +fme.
 Date.

Bus
X

Key:
nput port | I U Output port

3) Switching via fnterconne ctíon netork.

bw
to overcome ocan ufdth 1?mitohions ok asîhale,share
s to use nter connectib networe.
A cossbar swfth îs an fhterconnectibn network 2N buse that
connec Nfnput poro to Noutput port as shoon î5 bllo?h
Each verial buw htexcects each horzontalbus ab a COSspoint
whfch Can be openel oY closed at
at any Eme by ehe sutech abic
contoller
Interconnection Network
A

X
 to be brwaeal
Lohen packet asives om port A and needs(Ybsspsfht
the
port Y, the ssfEch controlley close
Sntevsechion ok buses A and Y
Tes
on fts lbus whreh Ps ony
The port A sends he packet
preked up by bus Y. kovoarded to
te that oa packet kom povt & can be
the same tme, 8fhce A-tO-Y and B-to-X
port X dt
packets use dktereht npt qnd output buses.
poyts qre
Holoe ver, fk tuso packets rom too cksereht
desefned to the same Qutput port then then o ne ufl) have

to waft because only One packet Can be sent oveY qny

qivey buS at a tinme.

2.12 Quny
Ik we confder înput and o tput port unetion lfty ie is
cleay ehet packets queuej at both fnput and outpu ports,
the location and extene ak queueing usfildepend on takE
Ik these queue aos
Ans large ,he uters onemory
nemoy coah
eventually be exhaus ted and packet loss wfll occuY as
Sere
memoty Rsnot qvf lable toarsfvng packes

Jnput Queuein4
Yelaive to

Rne specd to transteY al aoi ving packets.

In ths case
acke ts
paclkee queung OccuY
mustofn gnput poye queue
at fhput ports
to waie Yther
turn to be tan7ened chouh siehang kuLicto cutpu
povt
Itoo packets at ont ofefnput queucs aYe desened r Sne
output povehen one the packet ill be blocked and must
che Pnput queue. Here sufecfm kabfie can
oaft at che can send only one
at on ime.
paclkeu to qiven output port at
Output port contention at time t
one dark packet can be transferred

Switch
fabric

Light blue packet experiences HOL blocking

Switch
fabric

Key:
destined for upper output destined for middie output destined for lower output
port port port

Figure 4.8 HOL blocking at and inputqueued switch

Oput Queueßng
Consfder than hat ot he
(íne sped.
to sqme
I7 multsple Snput povt (Hfnput porbs) all send puclets

Same Eme but only ohe packet can be sent

at the
autput port xest packett have to wae în output queue.
Then yest
meThen
owt at
oYe packeEs keep anîvjng
whfle ohe packet being tYahnitte, more
nateng que ue qr biggev &bTqger.
 Date

TH too many packet amive nnoutyat queue and output

port uns out o7 memory Some paclee ts may be
OY last
Jn shore queueing at output pork happehs when many
cqn sehd
the
pacleets qive kaster than the ouhput pore
them owt.

Output port contention at time t

Switch
fabric

One packet time later

Switch
fabric

Figure 4.9 " Output port queueing

RoutngTable

Rowng table helps netwov kfng devi cesCDute)to de ide bert

path r data packet to be moved om heir souYce to
desenoton.
When packet ar+ ves at oter -t examfnes the destT etisn
IP deldress
o7yeceive
eive d par ket, conswtfth Rks Youtfng
table and prards the packet to appropriate oupu
port
 DesthaLfo n Swbhet mas lk Thterkace
255, 0. O,o Gtho
255. 255, 2557O EthL
1g2,\68. Lo.l
Eh
De7autt
le: Rowfhg Table
Table:

A DuRng table conens Fntprmaeion sary

Rntermabion necessary o krward a packet
REs desenakion.
along aaa best pa eh tooards ?es
Sach enty în nuttng bal
Eable consise ok \lbuing ehtíe

Neoovle Idi
to
The netork Td oYr desetnation coTres pond?ng to ehe te.

2 subnet maslk:
The mask ehat s used to macch des hation addres to he

3) Next Hop
to ehe deshati on.
The Ip addvess ok next Ybuter ?h the

Rhterface
e
the phystca laqfcol tntegace
oY

packet ehruyh fe
> Metc
values Ehe
hat help the ter to choose bese owe shen
muasple paths exise:
tatfc Vs Dynamíc uing
 Page No:
Date.

DState Rousng Tole a hetwoYk

These tables ave manually conqure by
adofshradoy and remafin únehanged unless updated.

2) Dynmñc Roufnq Table

These table are atamatcaby updated by ung pntYcols
(ske RrP, oPE) akreh exchange outin jnmasien et
other uted
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