Annotation
1. Annotate the following essay.
a. Read once and find any unknown vocabulary
b. Read twice high-light the thesis statement
c. High-light the topic sentences in each body paragraph
d. In the margin write a note concerning the Classical Appeals used in each
body paragraph: pathos, logos or ethos.
e. Put in a circle the words that support the Classical Appeals used.
f. Underline the evidence used to support the topic sentence of each body
paragraph.
g. What type of evidence is used? Statistics? Life examples? Anecdotes?
Illustrations? Note that in the margin of the essay. Statistics and Life
examples have been used.
h. Point out with a dot where the writer uses, comparison and contrast
technique, cause and effect technique, exemplification technique, narrative
technique, or process analysis technique.
i. Read the references and check the date of each reference.
j. Check the validity of each source. Is it written from a professional, is it peer
reviewed? Its both its written from a professional and is also peer-reviewed
k. Overall, write in the margin which points of the writing are weak in
argument. NONE
l. Notice if the grammar and syntax are academically correct. Are the
sentences simple or complex? They are academically correct. The article
has a mix of simple and complex sentences
m. Judge the vocabulary: Is it formal or is it informal? Is the vocabulary at the
level of the reader? Formal. Yes theres no fancy vocabulary
n. Look at the format of the essay: Is it indented or in block form? Are the
margins normal? It’s in block form. Yes the margins are normal
o. Does it have a title? Yes
p. Does it have a page number? Not visible
q. Which type of font has been used? Font size? Are they academically
acceptable? Font: Calibri; size: 11; Yes
One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100)
Authors: Arthur Stone et al. Stanford University, August 1, 2016.
A.I Definition
“Artificial Intelligence (A.I) is the activity devoted to making machines intelligent, and intelligence is that quality
that enables an entity to function appropriately and with foresight in its environment”. (Nilsson, 2010)
The frightening, futurist portrayals of Artificial Intelligence that dominate films and novels, and shape
the popular imagination, are generally fictional. In reality, A.I is already changing our daily lives, almost
entirely in ways that improve human health, safety, and productivity. .Unlike in the movies, there is no
race of superhuman robots (comparison and contrast) on the horizon or probably even possible. And
while the potential to abuse A.I technologies must be acknowledged and addressed, their greater
potential is, among other aspects, to make driving safer, help children learn, and extend and enhance
people’s lives. In fact, beneficial A.I applications in schools, homes, and hospitals are already growing at
an accelerated pace. Major research universities devote departments to A.I studies, and technology
companies such as Apple, Facebook, Google, IBM, and Microsoft spend heavily to explore A.I
applications they regard as critical to their futures. Even Hollywood uses A.I technologies to bring its
dystopian A.I fantasies to the screen.
Innovations relying on computer-based vision, speech recognition, Logos and Natural Language
Processing have driven these changes, as have concurrent scientific and technological advances in
related fields. A.I is also changing how people interact with technology. Many people have already
grown accustomed to touching and talking to their smart phones. People’s future relationships with
machines will become ever more nuanced, fluid, and personalized as A.I systems learn to adapt to
individual personalities and goals. These AI applications will help monitor people’s well-being, alert them
to risks ahead, and deliver services when needed or wanted. For example, in a mere fifteen years .A.I
applications are likely to transform transportation toward self-driving vehicles , home/service reports
using cloud based machine learning and healthcare with personal monitoring devices Logos (Cause and
effect). This alone is starting to reconfigure our understanding of technology and the urban landscape.
As A.I continues to deliver important benefits, it also raises important ethical and social issues. .Robots
and other A.I technologies have already begun to displace jobs in some sectors.(examplification) As a
society, we are now at a crucial juncture in determining how to deploy AI-based technologies in ways
that promote, not hinder, democratic values such as freedom, equality, and transparency Pathos. For
individuals, the quality of the lives we lead and how our contributions are valued are likely to shift
gradually, but markedly. There is the possibility that there will be growth in unemployment, politics will
have to evolve and wealth distribution may become even more disproportionate. There is even the
prospect that A.I could create an arms race amongst the top countries of the world (Davis, 2016). Over
the next several years, A.I research, systems development, and social and regulatory frameworks will
need to shape how the benefits of A.I are weighed against its costs, securities and risks, and how broadly
these benefits are spread.
It is vitally important to note the darker side of A.I. Sceptics of A.I argue that A.I researchers are not fully
aware of the consequences that ‘general intelligence’; a flexibility across multiple domains in machines,
could hold (Johnston et al, 2015). They claim that once we engage in building machines smarter than we
are, the inevitable outcome is that these machines will out think us. Godley (2014) Ethos defines this as
‘intelligence explosion’ Ethos and highlights such a phenomenon is highly credible and reasonable. After
all, within the spectrum of intelligence, a super-intelligent A.I machine using electronic rather than
biochemical circuitry could function one million times faster than those that built it. Its unprecedented
ability of intelligence will be unfathomable and it will definitely see the human race as an inhibiting
factor (ibid). Though, this concept seems science-fiction in nature, based on Harris’ (2016) Ethos A.I
developmental assumptions, this holds credibility and needs to be seriously addressed.
Overall, the measure of success for A.I applications is the value they create for human lives. In that light,
they should be designed to enable people to understand AI systems successfully, participate in their use,
and build their trust. Public policies should help ease society’s adaptation to A.I applications, extend
their benefits, and mitigate their inevitable errors and failures worldwide. Debate about how A.I is
deployed, including contemporary concerns about how privacy is protected and the future implications
of A.I, should be encouraged. Given the speed with which A.I technologies are being realized, the Study
Panel recommends that all layers of government acquire technical expertise in A.I. Further, .research on
the fairness, security, privacy, and societal implications of AI systems should be encouraged by removing
impediments and increasing private and public spending to support it. (Process analysis)
Article source:
Stone, et al. (2016). One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100). Stanford University Journal.
Retrieved February 1, 2016 from [Link]
Definition source:
Nils J. Nilsson, (2010). The Quest for Artificial Intelligence: A History of Ideas and Achievements. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
ANSWERS
Classical Appeals
Logos: Body Paragraph 1 (Logos): Focuses on advancements in A.l using logical reasoning and
evidence.
Circled words: "speech recognition," "cloud-based machine learning," "self-driving vehicles."
Type of evidence: Statistics and future projections.
Pathos: Raises ethical and emotional concerns about unemployment and inequality.
Circled words: "democratic values," "freedom," "equality."
Type of evidence: Cause and effect, societal concerns.
Team:
1. Humaira Khalidi: 202401271
2. Sedra: 202402274
3. Malak: 241610