10/8 Math 1
complex number
X= px a 0
+ .
x= -
EIN-4
This is also a factorization
formula
-patq = (x -
x= 7 (x
·
-
x2)
factorization is
food
proof : in exercise in Friday
Example. 7 c+ 1 = 0
This is a
pair of
14 :
E
-
.
2
+
complex
-- conjugted
numbers
-=
=
-- Fi
x+ x + 1 =
(x -
(b (2)( ( E
+ -
i) /
= (k E + -
(i) (x 2 + i) +
(a + e+ 2)
D
binominal I
formula .
( +E) (E)
:
=+ 1+ y -
()
= x +
x+ 1
Example ; x3+ 1 0 obvious
C
= -
I x3 = - I
one solution is x = -1 x = -
1 !
S
Y
more Real number
the is no
solution .
butwhat about
?
-
complex solution
f
-
y x =
&
-1
-
I &
&
g
-
g = -
1
&
&
(3 + 0x
-
+ 0x + A = (x -
( -
7)
polynomial division
=x
(x + 0x + PR +
1) = (x +1) =
x +7
- The final remainder when
x2 -x dividing by ( 2-solutionl >
T must be zero -
O
-
cu+
E
(if non
,
am error occuul
polynomial division gives a
factorization
(2+1 =
(x+ 1)(x -
x+
1)
why is this important ?
A product is zero if at least are of
the
factor is Zero .
+ 1 = 0
we can use quadratic formula !!
Xi .
2
=
-t 7)
TM
a D 124714
.
E a2
-
.
pq formula 11823 .
=
Thus ,
i+ 10 has the three solutions
x = -
1 , x
=+i , andx =
t-
Factorization :
(x 1)(x E- E)(x - E +)
-
x + 1 = +
factor axth is called
It of the form
Dear factor
Here ,
the third-degree polynomial is factored
to three lineab factors
~
.
What about
3
=
0 ?
Thow- is
only one solution , X= O
, but
zu
x3 = (x 0)(x - -
o) (x -
o) ,
The solution I= 0
appears three times .
in the factorization
Fundamental Theorem of
Algebra (Cal Frienrich gouss 11777-1855
Any polynomial
x" + (n-16" + ... Cek + Co .
can be facted into linear factors
(x) -
ze)(x -
zz) ....
(72-zu]
and
Where E1
,
E2 , " In can
repeat may
have to be complex numbers.
They are the zero of the polynomial
Long term goal :
Hom to do roofs of
complex number ?
So far ,
we have used only the
of
cartasian form complex
numbers : e
.
.
a+ li
When a R is the real part
of the complex number and
be R is the
imaginary part
.
This form is
good for addition
and subtraction !
real part imaginary part
(a +
2) +
(b + d)i
11 : 06
part of
The real the sum of the
real The of
parts .
imaginary part
difference
of
the sum of is the sum
ten
imaginally
part .
However,
(a+ hi)(cedi) =
actadi + hic-hd
= (a
.
c -
(d) + Jad + lic) -
Notice that verbarizing this formura will lead
To quite a
complicated sentence -
New idea :
iR
The & measured
X
li
angle is
bi
a
+
in the counter clockwise
r
+ I -
sense
real
from the
and
positive
called the
a
R axis ,
is
argument of the complex number
The distance I is measured
from origin and is called the
modulus, or the absolute value of the complex
number
r =e
go%
in
don't use ! of the
Wrong
Factant arctan
applied only
can be case namely
When 9 =0)
with 1908
in
Always draw a +hi as a
point in
the complex number
place and
angle
t
lookotter .
arctant if
[
&
I if a = 0
,
b= 0 say
degree
if a= 0 b
<0 to clear
radias .
degree or
if a< O materiah
I +
arctant have s
let
.
edx .
org
online corse
draw ?!
1
T
Don't use
ei-a
po
-infarctan
you tube
; -
.
D
2
-
same
Fifarctamto
⑧ -
hi-
Backwards from ra ,
to a .
D:
&== b
3
sin i =
r-sin &
:d
= cos
a a =
rcosd
The
trigonometric form of complex
number is
(a + hi =
) r(csd + isind)
Zuler
Formula 24 La
ok consider
eid =
cosp + is in & just abbribiation sofor
The polar form of a
complex number is
r
. eig
Now ,
multiplication becomes
Creie) (s -
eit)
4)
(r s) ei
+
= .
↓
To multiply complex numbers we
multiply
their moduli and add their
argumente,
Multiplication by a complex number.
with modulus I is a rotation by this
argument y counterclockwise means
positive
rotation)
complex number means that
Division by a
modul
we devide the and subtract the argument.
eid
-
of numbers
complex
:
powers
(reip)w = r .
find
take the power of the modulus and
multiply the argument.
This also works for non-inleger exponents n
.
For example n-th roof
(2 :4) wei
.
=
Algebra .
Theorem
x =
8
three complex solution
(x- OX
will be three third roots
23
The
i
iR
/
angle.
distance
↓
-
i
3
2
8 :
↓
reg eQ
-
su =
.
distance Il 2
se
1
!
I &
R
-
8eit
i
I
8 .
( eigeei
third roots lie on a circle and
they are evenly distributed on it.
Some for n-th roots
: circle of radius
or and evenly distributed
Tomorro linear