Module 101

Basis of human Anatomy

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Module 101

Introduction to human Anatomy

What is Anatomy? Why study Anatomy?

To understand how the

The study of the structure of
body is built.
the human body.
To recognize normal vs
abnormal.
To use correct medical
terms.
To prepare for clinical
practice.

Branches of Anatomy Body Systems (Main)

Gross Anatomy : Skeletal

structures seen by eye. Muscular
Embryology : Nervous
development before Circulatory
birth. Respiratory
Radiological Anatomy : Digestive
X-ray, CT, MRI. Urinary
Clinical Anatomy : Reproductive
applied to medicine. Endocrine
Lymphatic
Integumentary
index

Introduction 04

Fascia 07

Skeletal System 11

Articular System 21

MuscularSystem 33

Nervous System 39

CardioVascular System 43

Lymphatic System 53

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Module 101 Basis

Introduction
1)Anatomical positions

Anatomical erect Supine Prone Lateral. decubitus Lithotomy

*Body standing erect. Body lies on Body lies on its Body lies on its back,
Body lies on with flexion of hip &
*Eyes looking forwards. its back its face side (Rt. or Lt.)
*Upper limbs hanging by sides. knee & abduction of
*Palms facing forwards. hip joints.
*Thumbs directed lat.

2)Anatomical planes
Median (sagittal) Paramedian Coronal (frontal) Horizontal

Vertical plane passing in Parallel to Plane cutting body Transverse plane running
middle body, dividing it & nearby vertically, into anterior horizontally, cutting body
longitudinally into equal median part towards front & into upper (superior) &
right & left halves. plane. posterior part towards lower (inferior) parts
back of body.

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Module 101 Basis

Introduction
3)Terms of position
Anterior (ventral): Infront (near to front). Posterior (dorsal) (retro): Behind (near to back).
Superior (upper)(cranial): Near upper end. Inferior (lower) (caudal): Near to lower end .
Median: In middle line or median plane.
Medial: Near to median plane. Lateral: Away from median plane.
Proximal: Near to root of limb Distal: Away from root of limb.
Superficial: Towards skin or surface body. Deep: Away from skin or surface body.
Internal (inner): Inside organ or body. External (outer): On surface organ or body.
Peri: Around

External (outer)

Internal (inner)

4)terms of Number
Uni / Mono One
Bi / Di Two
Tri Three
Quadri Four
Multi / Poly Many
Oligo Little
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 Module 101 Basis

Introduction
Test yourself
1 -if you are asked to draw a section through the human body that
demonstrates the heart and both lungs, which. of the following
planes would be appropriate for your section? (DEP BOOK)
a- Horizontal plane.
b- Lateral sagittal plane.
c- Paramedian plane.
d- Median plane.

2- Near to the median plane is: (DEP BOOK)

a- lateral.
b- proximal.
c- medial.
d- inferior.

3- A plane which separates the body into an anterior and posterior

part is called a: (2024)
a- median plane
b- sagittal plane
c- horizontal plane
d- coronal plane 1-a 2-c 3-d

Scan me!
1 2 3

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Module 101 Basis

Fascia

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Module 101 Basis

Fascia
*Definition: Collection of connective tissue under skin,
divided into superficial, deep & internal fasciae.

Superficial Fascia Deep Fascia

Nature Loose connective tissue Inelastic membrane of compact &

immediately deep to skin allowing regular collagen fibers.
skin to move freely on underlying
structures.

Distribution Contains variable quantity of fat Well defined in limbs, very strong in palm
more in females. Fat is abundant & sole,absent in face and anterior
in breast, ant. abdominal wall & abdominal wall
gluteal region, less in limbs &
absent in eyelid, penis & scrotum

Functions 1-Softens and smoothens 1-Formation of broad sheets:Surround

body surface. different groups of muscles, so fix underlying
structures in position, give attachment to some
muscles & help venous return.
2-Facitilates skin movement on
underlying structures.
2-Formation of intermuscular septa &
interosseous membranes:Separate different
3-Prevents heat loss (thermal groups of muscles with different actions &
insulator). nerve supply. Also increase surface area for
muscle attachment.
4-Conducting medium for nerves,
blood vessels and lymphatics supplying 3-Formation of retinacula:Thickened
the skin. localized transverse bands at wrist & ankle to
keep tendons in position
.
5-Contains muscles;in face
4-Formation of palmar & planter
(expression muscles). aponeurosis:Thick strong layers to protect
vessels, nerves & tendons.

6-Contains glands;mammary 5-Formation of fibrous sheaths around big

gland. vessels:Carotid sheath around carotid
arteries, internal jugular vein & vagus nerve
(in neck).

*Clinical importance: -Knowledge of deep fascia arrangement help to explain infection path when
spreading from primary site (infection can spread from mouth floor to larynx).
-Fluid accumulation in superficial fascia leads to edema.
-Skin mobilization after its incision occurs at superficial fascia plane & skin incision along skin crease heals
with minimal scar. 8
Module 101 Basis

Fascia
Deep Fascia Functions

Intermuscular septa Interosseous membrane

Retinaculae

Aponeurosis

Fibrous Sheath 9
 Module 101 Basis

Fascia
Test yourself
1- The retinacula: (DEP BOOK)
a- Surround the muscles of the upper and lower limbs.
b- Separate different groups of muscles. which have different actions.
c- Are transverse thickened bands of deep fascia present at wrist joint.
d- Form tough sheaths around big blood vessels.

2- Deep fascia: (DEP BOOK)

a. Strong and thick in the anterior abdominal wall.
b. More thickened in females than in males.
c. Contains small amounts of fat.
d. Absent in the face.

3- Concerning the superficial fascia, select the correct statement: (2018)

a- It contains fat
b- It forms retinacula
c- It forms intermuscular septa
d- It forms sheath around vessels
3- a 2- d 1-c

1 2
Scan me!

3 4 5

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Module 101 Basis

Skeletal system

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Module 101 Basis

Skeletal system
a)Bones

*Definition : Hard type of connective tissue forming skeleton.

*Functions :
1-Give specific shape & provides central axis.

2-Protect vital organs; skull protects brain, thoracic cage protects heart
& lungs.

3-Surface area for muscle attachment & form joints (important part of locomotor
system).

4-Support & transmit body weight; vertebral column to bony pelvis, lower limbs,
feet & ground.

5-Form blood elements in bone marrow & store calcium.

*Classification:

A)According to position in body;

*Axial skeleton: Skull, mandible, hyoid, sternum, ribs & vertebral column.

*Appendicular (peripheral )skeleton: Bones of upper & lower limbs.

B)According to ossification process (process of bone formation);

*Intra-membranous ossification: Bones develop directly from

connective tissue membrane (mesenchyme). Examples: Skull cap & clavicle. It
occurs at one or more ossification sites.
in
*Intra-cartilaginous ossification: Connective tissue membrane
fetus
(mesenchyme) is changed into cartilage which dissolves & disappears to be
replaced by bones.

Examples: Skull base, long bones, ribs & vertebrae.

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Skeletal system
A)According to position in body;

skull Bones of
Upper limb

ma Sternum
ndi
ble
Ribs

hyiod Bones of
Lower limb
Vertebral
column

Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton

B)According to ossification process

*Intra-membranous ossification: *Intra-cartilaginous ossification:

Toof
Skull Cap

Skull Base

Clavicle

Ribs Long Bone

Vertebrae
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Module 101 Basis

Skeletal system
C)According to shape;

Long Bones
Short Bones
site : Upper &lower limbs site : Carpal bones in hands &
Tarsal bones in foot
structure:
2 ends (epiphysis) & a shaft (diaphysis). structure:
*Epiphysis;
- Expanded upper & lower ends of long bone. -Spongy (cancellous)
-It has smooth articular surface covered by bone covered by compact
articular hyaline cartilage. bone.
*Diaphysis;
-Compact bone tube, with central medullary
cavity filled with bone marrow (soft vascular tissue).

-Separated from epiphysis by epiphyseal plate of hyaline cartilage,

responsible for bone growth in length. Flat Bones
site : Scapula, ribs & skull cap
-Surrounded by periosteum (fibrous sheath), responsible for bone (roof) bones.
growth in width.
structure:
N.B. Metaphysis; Upper & lower parts of -2 plates of compact bone with
diaphysis just below epiphyseal cartilage middle layer of spongy bone.
(most active part of long bone). N.B.: In skull bones 2 layers of
compact are called outer & inner
tables while spongy layer is
Irregular Bones
called diploe.
site : Bones with
Pneumatic bones Function:
projecting processes as
site : Skull bones around nose Protection&muscle attachment.
vertebrae.
(frontal & maxillary), containing air
cavities (paranasal air sinuses).
structure:
-Spongy (cancellous) Sesamoid bones
structure:
bone covered by site : Patella; largest sesamoid bone,
Contains one air cavity (maxillary
compact bone. embedded in quadriceps femoris
sinus) or multiple small cells
(mastoid air cells). tendon infront knee.

Function: structure:
Decrease skull weight, resonance Small bone nodules embedded in
of voice & warming of inspired some muscle tendons.
air by vascular mucosa..
Function:
Diminish friction between tendons&
bones.

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Skeletal system
C)According to shape;

Long Bones Short Bones

carpal

Tarsal

Flat Bones
Skull cap

Ribs

Sesamoid bones

Pneumatic bones

Irregular Bones
frontal

Patella

Maxillary
Vertebra

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Module 101 Basis

Skeletal system
Growth of long bones

Growth in length (Epiphyseal plate of

Growth in width (Periosteum)
cartilage)

*Def.: Fibrous sheath around shaft of long *Def.: Plate of cartilage between epiphysis & diaphysis
bone. of long bone.
*Structure: Hyaline cartilage.

*Structure: *Function: Bone growth in length by proliferation of its

-Outer layer: White fibrous tissue. cells. When bone becomes mature, it stops division &
-Inner layer: Contains osteoblasts for bone ossifies resulting in fusion between epiphysis & diaphysis
growth in width under hormonal control & 2 years earlier in females.
It ossifies at one end 2-3 years earlier than the other
end which is called the growing end.

Arterial supply of long bones

Nutrient artery Metaphyseal Epiphyseal Periosteal arteries

arteries arteries

Enters shaft at its middle Enter through Supply epiphysis. Supply outer 1/3
through oblique nutrient minute foramina to Anastomose with shaft & anastomose
foramen & runs away supply metaphysis. metaphyseal arteries with other arteries.
from growing end. after ossification of
Supplies inner 2/3 of epiphyseal cartilage.
shaft & bone marrow.

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Module 101 Basis

Skeletal system

Growth of long bones

Arterial supply of long bones

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Module 101 Basis

Skeletal system
B)Cartilage
*Properties:

*Rubbery type of connective tissue (tough & resilient), resisting friction &
compression forces.
whiteoryellow
*It consists of mature cartilage cells (chondrocytes), fibers and matrix. It has no
blood vessels (nutrition is by diffusion from blood vessels of perichondrium), nerves or
lymphatics.
around thetarfilge
*Great growth capacity by multiplication of chondroblasts (immature
cartilage cells).

Types:
chondrocyte mature
Hyaline (glass like)
White fibrocartilage
(most widespread in human body)
withstandpressure
Cartilage: Numerous small rounded Cartilage: Few.
cells.
Matrix: Translucent Matrix: Opaque, rich in collagen
Sites bundles
-Developing bones in fetus. Sites
-Epiphyseal plates of long bones. -Intervertebral discs. Symphysis pubis
-Articular cartilage in joints. Ossification: Does not occur.
-Cartilages of larynx (except epiglottis) &
tracheal rings.
-Xiphoid process (sternum) &
costal cartilages.
Ossification: In certain sites;
epiphyseal cartillages& Larynx

Yellow elastic fibrocartilage

Cartilage: Abundant
Matrix: Yellow, rich in
yellow elastic fibers.
Sites
-Tip of nose.
-Auricle of ear.
-Epiglottis of larynx

Ossification: Does not occur.

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 Module 101 Basis

Skeletal system
Cartilage

Types:
Hyaline (glass like)

Larynx

Costal Cartilage

Trachea

Xiphoid process

White fibrocartilage Yellow elastic fibrocartilage

Auricle Tip of nose

of ear

Epiglottis
Intervertebral disc

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 Module 101 Basis

Skeletal system
Test yourself
1- One of the followings is an irregular bone : (2018)
a. Clavicle
b. Scapula
c. Metacarpus
d. Vertebra
0
2-One of the following is a flat bone : (2018)
a. Vertebra
b. Cap of skull
c. Humerus
d. Scaphoid

3- An example of white fibrocartilage (DEP BOOK – 2017)

a. Costal cartillage
b. Articular cartilage
c. Symphysis pubis
d. Epiglottis

4-Intra-cartilaginous ossification occurs in: (DEP BOOK)

a- Roof of the skull.
b- Clavicle.
c- Skull cap.
d- Vertebrae.
4-d 3-c 2-b 1-d

Scan me!
1 2 3

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Module 101 Basis

Articular system (Joints)

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Module 101 Basis

Articular system (Joints)

*Definition: Contact of 2 or more bones

*Classification:
1-Fibrous joints
Bones are connected by fibrous tissue, fixed (immobile) join

Sutures Gomphosis Syndesmosis

-In skull. -In teeth. -In inf. tibio-fibular joint.

-Roots of teeth are -Lower ends of tibia &
-Bones are connected by connected to sockets in fibula are connected by
fibrous tissue (sutural ligament). mandible & maxilla by fibrous tissue
fibrous tissue (interosseous ligament).
-Obliterated in old age. (periodontal ligament).

2-Cartilagenous joints
Bones are connected by cartilaginous tissue

Primary Secondary

Example : Epiphyseal plate Intervertebral discs.

Symphysis
1
At ends of growing long Midline.
Site: bones between epiphysis
& diaphysis.

Hyaline. White fibrocartilage disc (articulating surfaces are

covered by thin hyaline cartilage). It is strengthened
Type: by ligaments which do not fuse to form complete
capsule.

Temporary, disappears by Permanent.

Ossification: ossification.

Immobile. Limited mobility (facilitated by white fibrocartilage

Mobility: elasticity).

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Articular system (Joints)

Classification
1-Fibrous joints fixed annobile

sutureligament

inter
0551045
Ligament
2-Cartilagenous joints

Primary Epiphyseal plate Secondary Intervertebral discs.

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*Structure (characters)
Fibrous Articular Joint Synovial Synovial Ligaments Structures inside
capsule cartilage cavity membrane fluid cavity of some
synovial joints
Module 101

*Joint is *Articular Potential *Thin, moist & Pale yellow Capsular, -Articular fibro-
surrounded surfaces are cavity, glistening, viscus similar extra & intra cartilagenous
by strong covered by containing covers all to egg albumin capsular disc: Temporo-
fibrous hyaline cartilage, thin film of structures (containing ligaments, mandibular joint
capsule, which is smooth synovial inside joint synovial cells, support & (divides joint cavity
which is & lubricated by fluid. It except articular macrophages & strengthen into upper & lower
lined by synovial fluid. becomes surfaces lymphocytes). the joint. compartments).
synovial manifest & lines capsule.
membrane *It has no blood if fluid, *It lubricates, -Menisci: Knee joint
& supported vessels or nerves blood or *It secretes & helps in (semilunar plates of
by strong (nutrition is from pus collect absorbs nutrition & fibro-cartilage).
ligaments. synovial fluid). in it. synovial fluid. reduces erosion
Basis

of articular -Ligaments: Cruciate

3-Synovial joints

*In old age it cartilage. ligaments in knee

shows joint.
irregularities due
to erosion -Tendon: Tendon
(eroded areas long head biceps in
donot repair). shoulder joint.
Freely mobile, present mostly in limbs
Articular system (Joints)
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Module 101 Basis

Articular system (Joints)

3-Synovial joints
Structure (characters)

*Factors affecting stability of synovial joints:

1-Shape & fitting of articulating surfaces 2-Thickness & elasticity of capsule.

3-Position & strength of ligaments 4-Strength of surrounding muscles.

*Factors affecting range of movements of synovial joints:

1-Tension of surrounding ligaments 2-Contraction of antagonistic muscles.

3-Approximation & contact of soft tissues around joint.

*Nerve supply of synovial joints:

Hiltons law: N. supply to a muscle acting on specific joint, gives branch to joint
& another branch to skin covering joint.

N.B.: Nerves supplying joint (articular nerves) end in fibrous capsule & related
ligaments. They are sensitive to pain, position & movement of joint.

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Module 101 Basis

Articular system (Joints)

*Movements

-Flexion: Bending (approximation of 2 -Extension: Straightening (2 ventral aspects move

ventral aspects). away from each other).

-Abduction: Movement of limb away from

-Adduction: Movement of limb towards midline
midline (middle finger in hand,second toe
(middle finger in hand, second toe in foot).
in foot).

-Circumduction: Combination of all above -Rotation: Medially or laterally around a vertical

movements. axis.

-Supination: Lateral rotation forearm -Pronation: Medial rotation forearm.

-Inversion: Sole directed inwards. -Eversion: Sole directed outwards.

-Gliding: Non axial movement.

-Opposition: Thumb comes in contact
with other 4 fingers.

*Clinical importance:
1-Cavity is swollen due to fluid, pus or blood collection.
2-Articular surfaces are eroded & rough in osteoarthritis or overweight (painful).
3-Separation of articular surfaces is called dislocation.

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Articular system (Joints)

Movements

medial rotation lateral rotation

Inversion Eversion

Opposition Gliding 27
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Module 101 Basis

Articular system (Joints)

Types (varieties) of synovial joints
A- According to the number of articulating bones:
1. Simple joints: Between 2 bones ; shoulder.
2. Compound joints: Between more than two bones ; elbow.
3. Complex joints: Contain intra-articular structures ; knee.

B- According to axis of movement & shape of the articular surfaces:

I. Uni-axial joints
(single axis)

A- Hinge joint B- Pivot joint

The convex articular surface is trochlea- Articulating surfaces consist of a central
like; elbow joint. The movement is only bony axis surrounded by a fibro-osseous ring;
flexion and extension around a transverse superior radio-ulnar joint. The movement is
axis due to strong collateral ligaments. rotation around a longitudinal axis .

II. Bi-axial joints

(2 axis)

A-Condylar joint B- Ellipsoid joint C- Saddle joint

2 separate convex surfaces (condyles) Oval convex surface (carpal Surfaces are
which articulate with 2 concave surfaces, bones) with elliptical concavo-convex ;
; knee joint (bicondylar) or 1 condyle concave surface (inferior carpometacarpal
surface of radius & articular
articulating with 1 concave surface ; joint of thumb.
disc of ulna) ; wrist joint.
temporomandibular joint (unicondylar).

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Module 101 Basis

Articular system (Joints)

Types (varieties)

Simple joint Compound joint Complex joint

(shoulder) (elbow) (knee )

Uni-axial joint

Hinge Pivot
(elbow) (sup. radio-ulnar)

Bi-axial joint

Uni-condylar
(TMJ) Ellipsoid
(wrist)

Bi-condylar
Saddle
(knee)
(carpo-metacarpal thumb ) 29
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Module 101 Basis

Articular system (Joints)

[Link]-axial joints
(3 axis)
Ball & socket
Globular rounded bone articulates with concave
socket (most freely mobile); shoulder & hip joints.

IV. Non-axial joints

Plane
Articular surfaces are flat & movement is gliding ;
inter-carpal joints, superior tibio-fibular joint &
intervertebral joints.

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Module 101 Basis
Articular system (Joints)
Types (varieties)
Multi-axial joint
Ball & socket

Shoulder Hip

Non-axial
Plane

Sup. tibio-fibular inter-carpal joints Inter-vertebral

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Articular system (Joints)

Test yourself
1- An example of ball and socket joint is: (DEP BOOK – 2018 - 2019)
a- Sternoclavicular joint
b- Wrist joint
c- Inferior tibiofibular joint
d- Shoulder joint

2- One of the following is a character of the secondary

cartilaginous joint (DEP BOOK – 2018)
a. It is a temporary
b. It is immobile
c. It is present in the midline
d. It has a potential cavity

3- One of the following joints is gomphosis: (2022)

a- Tooth in a mandible
b- Joint between skull bones
c- Sternoclavicular joint
d- Superior radio-ulnar joint
3-a 2-c 1-d

Scan me!

1 2 3 4

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Muscular system

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Module 101 Basis

Muscular system
*Definition: Muscle tissue has property of contraction, which is capacity
of muscle fibers to become short.

*Classification: According to structure & function, 3 types;

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

Site Attached to skeleton In myocardium of heart In walls of blood

vessels & viscera

Contraction Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary

Nerve supply Somatic Autonomic Autonomic

Striations Present Present but less than Absent

skeletal muscle.

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Muscular system
*Skeletal muscles attachment:

-Each muscle has 2 attachments:

*Origin; most fixed attachment *Insertion; most mobile attachment.

-In limbs origin is usually proximal to insertion & during contraction

insertion moves towards origin producing movement in related joints.

-Sometimes insertion is fixed while origin is mobile. A muscle may have

more than one point of origin or insertion.
Origin

*Types of skeletal muscles attachment:

Insertion
-Attachment to bone; commonest, by flesh or by tendon.

-Attachment to skin; muscles of face, by its contraction can move skin.

-Attachment to fibrous raphe; mylohyoid muscles, fuse together in a band or septum of fibrous tissue.

-Attachment to cartilage; muscles of larynx (cricothyroid).

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Muscular system
*Form (shape) of skeletal muscles:

It depends on muscle fibers arrangement in relation to line of pull (line

extending between origin & insertion), fibers are parallel or oblique to it.

Muscles with Muscles with oblique fibers Muscles having

parallel fibers more than one fleshy
belly or head

Strap-like: Pennate Non pennate

Sartorius. (feather-like);
oblique to tendons 2heads: Biceps.
Strap-like with
tendinous inter-
sections; Unipennate: Fibers lie on Triangular:
Rectus abdominis. one side of tendon; flexor Temporalis.
pollicis longus. 3 heads: Triceps.
Quadrilateral: Bipennate: Fibers lie on Spiral: Supinator.
Thyrohyoid. both sides of tendon; rectus
femoris. Cruciate: Masseter.
Fusiform: Multipennate: Series of 4 heads: Quadriceps.
Lumbrical. bipennate lying beside each Circular:
other; deltoid. Orbicularis oris.
Circumpennate: Fibers
2 bellies: Digastric.
converge from periphery
towards a central tendon;
tibialis ant.

*Action of skeletal muscles: A purposeful movement is done by action of group of muscles acting together, 4
types of muscle actions;

1-Prime mover(agonist) : It initiates & maintains a movement .

2-Antagonist: It opposes action of prime mover.

3-Fixator (stabilizer): It fixes origin of prime mover or stabilize joint acted upon.

4-Synergist: Sometimes prime mover muscle crosses many joints before reaching insertion. Synergistic muscles contract
to eliminate unwanted movement at crossed joints, so action of prime mover at desired joint become maximal.

Clinical importance: Muscle atrophy occurs in;

-Immobilization after fracture -Muscle disease -Injury of muscle motor N
-Spinal cord injury -Affection of higher centers (brain) as in hemiplegia.

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 Module 101 Basis

Muscular system
Muscles with parallel fibers
Strap-like:Sartorius. Strap-like with tendinous inter-
Quadrilateral: Thyrohyoid. Fusiform: Lumbrical.
sections; Rectus abdominis.

Muscles with Oblique fibers

Non pennate
Pennate

Triangular: Temporalis. Spiral: Supinator.

Unipennate: Bipennate:
Flexor pollicis longus. Rectus femoris.

Circumpennate: Tibialis ant. Cruciate: Masseter. Circular: Orbicularis oris.

Multipennate: Deltoid.
Muscles having more than one fleshy belly or head

2 heads: Biceps. 3 heads: Triceps. 4 heads: Quadriceps. 2 bellies: Digastric

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Muscular system
Test yourself
1- An example of multipennate muscle is: (DEP BOOK)
a- Deltoid.
b- Tibialis anterior.
c- Rectus anterior.
d- Supinator.

2- The skeletal muscles are: (DEP BOOK)

a- Involuntary.
b- Present in the heart.
c- Present in the wall of blood vessels.
d- Attached to the bones.

3- Regarding the types of muscle actions, the stabilizer is:

(DEP BOOK - 2018)
a. The muscle which initiates and maintains a movement
b. The muscle which opposes the action of the prime mover
c. The muscle which eliminates the unwanted movements
d. The muscle which fixes the origin of the prime mover

Scan me!
3-d 2-b 1-a

1 2

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Nervous system

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Module 101 Basis

Nervous system
Classification:
A)central nervous system
Brain Spinal cord
Site: Inside skull.
Parts: Site: Inside vertebral column, 45 cm long & its end is tapering
*Cerebrum (2 cerebral (conus medullaris).
hemispheres): 4 lobes; (frontal,
parietal, occipital & temporal). Segments: 31 (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral & 1
coccygeal).
*Cerebellum. End: Tapering (conus medullaris).
2 enlargements: Cervical & lumbar, where N. plexuses arise.
*Brainstem;
Midbrain, pons & medulla oblongata. Structure:
*Outer white matter; nerve fibers forming tracts.
*Diencephalon; *Inner gray matter; nerve cells. H-shaped;
Thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, -2ventral horns (motor nuclei).
metathalamus & epi thalamus -2 dorsal horns (sensory nuclei).
-2 lat. horns (contain sympathetic nuclei in thoracic & upper 2
lumbar segments while contain para-sympathetic nuclei in 2nd,
3rd & 4th sacral segments).

*Central canal.

Meninges: -Coverings of C.N.S, arranged as pia, arachnoid & dura mater

(from inside to outside).

B)Peripheral nervous system

Nerves Autonomic nervous system
Spinal: Cranial: (concerned with involuntary
-From spinal cord. -From brain & leave skull activities)
-31 pairs: through foramina. [A] Sympathetic :Pair of sympathetic
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 chains along side of vertebral column
sacral & 1 coccygeal. -12 pairs:
I-Olfactory II-Optic
-Arises by 2 roots; III-Oculomotor IV-Trochlear
*Ant. (ventral): Contains motor V-Trigeminal VI-Abducent [B] Parasympathetic: Cranial outflow
from cranial nerves ; III, VII, IX , X & sacral
fibers VII-Facial VIII-Auditory outflow ;from spinal segments S2- S4.
*Post. (dorsal): Contains sensory IX-Glossopharyngeal
fibers. X-Vagus XI-Accessory
XII-Hypoglossal.
-Both roots unite forming mixed
trunk which divides into mixed
ant. & post. rami.
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 Module 101 Basis

Nervous system
A)central nervous system
Brain , spinal cord & meninges
Meninges:

Cerebrum Structure:

Brainstem; Cerebellum.
Diencephalon;

Spinal cord

B)Peripheral nervous system

Spinal nerves: Cranial nerves:

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 Module 101 Basis

Nervous system
Test yourself
1- The segments of the spinal cord are: (DEP BOOK)
a- 8 cervical, 10 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and one coccygeal.
b- 10 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and one coccygeal.
c- 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, one sacral and one coccygeal.
d- 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and one coccygeal.

2- The brain stem consists of: (DEP BOOK)

a- 2 cerebral hemispheres.
b- Midbrain, pons, cerebellum.
c- Midbrain, medulla oblongata.
d- Mid brain, pons & medulla oblongata.

2-d 1-d

Scan me!

1 2 3

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Module 101 Basis

Cardiovascular system

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Module 101 Basis

Cardiovascular system
A)Heart

*Site: Behind sternum & costal cartilages (from 2nd to 6th) , ⅔ Of Heart
lies to Lt. & 1/3 of heart lies to Rt. of median plane

*Chambers: Four (2 atria & 2 ventricles);

Lt. atrium
Rt. atrium Receives oxygenated blood from
Receives deoxygenated lungs through 4 pulmonary
blood from all body through 2 veins, sends it to Lt. ventricle
large veins (S.V.C & I.V.C), through mitral valve.
sends it to Rt. ventricle through
tricuspid valve.

Rt. ventricle Lt. ventricle

Pumps deoxygenated blood Pumps oxygenated blood to all
through pulmonary valve to parts of body through aortic
pulmonary trunk which divides valve to aorta & its branches.
into 2 branches (one for each
lung) to be oxygenated.

N.B.: *Rt. 1/2 contains deoxygenated (venous) blood, while Lt. 1/2 contains oxygenated
(arterial) blood.
*Heart is covered by 2 pericardial sacs; fibrous & serous pericardium
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Module 101 Basis

Cardiovascular system
*Blood circulation: 3 types

Systemic Pulmonary Portal

-Begins in Lt. ventricle, where -Begins in Rt. ventricle, where -Venous blood collected from
oxygenated blood passes deoxygenated blood passes stomach, intestine, pancreas &
through aortic valve to aorta through pulmonary valve to spleen is collected by portal
& its branches to all body tissues pulmonary artery & its 2 vein, which enters porta hepatis
for exchange of gases & materials. branches to both lungs for of liver & divides into branches
-Deoxygenated blood is collected exchange of gases. ending in liver sinusoids.
by small then large veins & -Oxygenated blood returns -Blood leaves sinusoids by
finally by S.V.C & I.V.C into Rt. through 4 pulmonary veins to hepatic veins ending in I.V.C.
atrium, which sends it through Lt. atrium, which sends it through -It transmits venous blood from
tricuspid valve to Rt. ventricle mitral valve to Lt. ventricle GIT to liver, to metabolize
where this circulation ends. where this circulation ends & a undigested nutrients & to
new cycle starts. detoxify blood.

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Module 101 Basis

Cardiovascular system
B)blood vessels
Arteries

*Def.: Blood vessel carrying oxygenated blood from heart to periphery,

except pulmonary & umbilical arteries which carry deoxygenated blood.

*Classification: According to size & structure into; large sized, medium

sized & small arteries.

*Arterial anastmosis:

-Def.; communication between arteries, mainly around joints.

-Function;
*Increase blood supply to some organs as stomach.

*Equalize pressure in communicating arteries.

*Maintains blood flow to body area or part if main artery is obstructed by

Types;
By
Type By end to end By Terminal arterioles
convergence

Def. 2 ends of 2 arteries *Lie around joints, between 2 arteries

are connected branches of main A. above joint converge
forming arch. & its branches below joint. uniting together.
*In gradual obstruction of main
A., it will open to maintain blood
supply below obstruction.

Example In hand & foot, Anastomosis around elbow. Anastomosis

between gastric between the
arteries, between gut 2 vertebral AA.
arteries, between ant. &
post. intercostal AA.

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Module 101 Basis

Cardiovascular system
Types of arterial anastomosis
By end to end

By Terminal arterioles

By convergence

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Module 101 Basis

Cardiovascular system
B)blood vessels
Arteries
* *Large AA. crossing over a joint are liable to be kinked during joint movement.
Clinical Distal blood flow is not interrupted because there is adequate anastomosis
importance between branches proximal & distal to joint.
*Sudden closure of main A. by faulty ligation, will lead to death of limb part
distal to closure because anastomosis is does not open in sudden closure.

*End arteries: Arteries which donot anastomose with adjacent arteries &
their obstruction lead to death (necrosis) of tissues supplied.

1-Central retinal A.: Supplies retina

2-Pulmonary AA.
3-Central branches of cerebral AA.
4-Renal A.: Supplies kidney
5-Splenic A.: Supplies spleen.

Veins
*Def.: Blood vessel carrying deoxygenated blood from periphery to heart,
except pulmonary & umbilical veins which carry oxygenated blood.

*Factors helping venous return:

1-From upper part body: Gravity.

2-From lower part body:

A)lower limb:

*Venous valves
*Arterial pulsations.
*Muscle contraction (pump)
*Deep fascia around muscle groups.
*Negative intra-thoracic pressure draws blood from abdomen, head &
neck into thorax.

B)Abdomen, pelvis & thorax: Venous return by suction mechanism of

-ve intrathoracic pressure.

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 Module 101 Basis

Cardiovascular system

* End arteries
2-Pulmonary AA.
1-Central retinal A.

3-Central branches of cerebral AA.

4-Renal A.: Supplies kidney

5-Splenic A.

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Module 101 Basis

Cardiovascular system
Arterio-venous connections

Arteries & veins are connected by:

1-Capillaries; narrow uniform diameter.

2-Sinusoids; wide irregular diameter with dilatations & constrictions.

3-Arterio-venous shunt; between small AA. & accompanying VV.

*Sites: *External ear, nail bed & palmar aspects of digits.

*Tongue *Thyroid gland *Penis *Alimentary tract.

*Characters: Straight or coiled, surrounded by thick muscular coat &

supplied by sympathetic fibers controlling its opening & closure.

*Functions:

1-Regulation of body temperature & local heat; on

opening blood pass from A. to V. decreasing local heat.
2-Regulation of food absorption
3-Play role in erection.

N.B.:
Clinical importance; Varicose veins & stagnation
A varicosed vein is one with larger diameter than normal, elongated & tortuous.
It may be due to hereditary weakness of veins walls, incompetent valves & elevated
intra-abdominal pressure (due to multiple pregnancies or abdominal tumors).
Blood escapes from deep to superficial VV. leading to varicosity which is
common in lower limbs. Blood stagnation in varicose veins leads to thrombosis
(as deep venous thrombosis in calf muscles).

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Module 101 Basis

Cardiovascular system
Arterio-venous connections
Capillaries Sinusoids

Arterio-venous shunt

Varicose veins

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 Module 101 Basis

Cardiovascular system
Test yourself
1- Which of the following vessels is part of the systemic circulation? (2024)
a- Pulmonary veins
b- Pulmonary artery
c- Aorta
d- Coronary arteries

2- Regarding the portal circulation, which of the following statements is

true? (DEP BOOK)
a- The venous blood from the digestive system enters the liver through the portal vein.
b- The venous blood leaves the liver through the portal vein.
c- The venous blood from the digestive system enters the liver through the hepatic vein.
d- The venous blood enters the liver through the inferior vena cava.

2-a 1-c

Scan me!

1 2 3

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Module 101 Basis

Lymphatic System

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Module 101 Basis

Lymphatic System
-System responsible for lymph (clear colorless fluid rich in proteins) circulation from
tissue spaces (intercellular spaces) to blood stream.

-It consists of:

*Lymph vessels
*Lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils & thymus)
*B & T Lymphocytes (free cells).

Lymph vessels

-Fine vessels in tissue spaces, unite together forming larger lymph vessels which join
lymph nodes.

1-Afferent vessels: Carry lymph to lymph nodes (open in periphery at convex border).
2-Efferent vessels: Carry lymph away from lymph nodes (emerge from hilum).

-Characters: *End blindly in tissue spaces, containing wide pores for fat & protein
passage.

*Have many valves allowing lymph flow in one direction.

*Absent in brain, spinal cord, bone marrow & avascular structures (cartilage,
cornea & hair).

-All lymph vessels are collected in 2 large lymph ducts in root of neck;

*Thoracic duct: Drains Lt. side head & neck, Lt. upper limb, Lt. side thorax & body below
diaphragm.

*Rt. lymphatic duct: Drains Rt. side head & neck, Rt. upper limb & Rt. side thorax.

-Both ducts open in 2 large veins at root of neck.

-Factors helping lymph flow & movement:

*Arterial pulsation *Muscular contraction
*Negative intra-thoracic pressure *Peristaltic intestinal movement

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 Module 101 Basis

Lymphatic System
Lymph vessels & node

Rt Lymphatic & Thoracic ducts

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Module 101 Basis

Lymphatic System
Lymph Nodes
*Def.: oval or kidney small bodies.

*Site: Along lymph vessels course, in groups at fixed sites;

*In neck; on sides & at junction with head.

*In chest; Close to trachea & bronchi & in chest wall.
*In abdomen; around abdominal aorta & close to
abdominal organs.
*In pelvis; around blood vessels & close to pelvic organs.
*In root of upper limb; axillary lymph nodes.
*In root of lower limb; inguinal lymph nodes.

*Functions:

*Filtration of lymph from bacteria & foreign bodies.

*Formation & production of lymphocytes.
*Site of interaction between micro-organisms (antigens)
& lymphocytes & phagocytes .

Spleen
*Site: Haemo-lymphatic organ, in upper left part of abdominal cavity below left dome
of diaphragm, behind stomach & protected by 9th, 10th & 11th ribs.

*Size: Not palpable, unless enlarged at least 3 times.

*Functions:
-In fetus plays role in blood cell formation.

-In adult it stores & concentrates blood cells to be used in hemorrhage.

-Destroys old expired red cells.

-Filters blood from any harmful substances (spleen filters blood
while lymph nodes filter lymph).

Thymus gland: Lymphatic organ with endocrine function (secretes thymosine hormone).
It is formed of 2 lobes & lies behind sternum (its size increases
until puberty then it decreases with age advance).

Clinical importance: -Extensive destruction of lymph vessels (in surgery)

or obstruction (in filariasis) leads to edema of part drained.
-Lymph nodes may swell in inflammation, metastases or by primary tumor
(lymph drainage of all body organs including skin should be known).
-In lymph node enlargement, area drained should be examined & in any lesion draining
lymph nodes should be examined.
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 Module 101 Basis

Lymphatic System
Test yourself
1- Concerning the lymph vessels of body, choose the correct
answer; (IPKA)
a- Afferent vessels carry lymph away from lymph nodes
b- Right bronchomediastinal lymph trunk carry lymph from right
side thorax and upper surface of the liver left lobe
c- End blindly in tissue spaces and contain wide pores but do not
have valves
d- Absent in brain, spinal cord, bone marrow and avascular
structures

2- The right lymphatic duct drains the (IPKA)

a- Right side of the abdomen
b- Right lower limb
c- Right upper limb
d- Right side pelvis
2-c 1-d

Scan me!
1 2 3

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