CE75.

07 - Performance Based Seismic Design

CE72.32-Design of Tall Buildings
Lecture 2: Design Philosophy
Semester - Jan 2018

Dr. Naveed Anwar

Executive Director, AIT Solutions|Director, ACECOMS
Affiliated Faculty, Structural Engineering
Design Process

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 Structural Engineering Spectrum
Engineer

Activity Conception – Analysis – Design – Detailing, etc.

Structure Buildings – Bridges – Trusses – Shells – Towers, etc.

Code American – British – European – Japanese, etc.

Material Concrete – PSC – Steel – Timber, etc.

Model 2D Frame/Truss – 3D Frame/Truss – Full 3D FEM, etc.

Analysis Linear Static – NL Static – Linear Dynamic – Large Disp., etc.

Solution Equation Solution – Finite Elements – Programming, etc.

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 Overall Design Process

• Conception
• Modeling
• Analysis
• Design
• Detailing
• Drafting
• Costing

“Integrated Design
Process”

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Modeling & Analysis Conceptual Design
Typical Structural Design Process

Design & Detailing

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Structural Design Concepts

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 Design Philosophy and Process

“Structural Design is the process of proportioning the

structure to safely resist the applied forces in the
most cost effective and friendly manner”

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 • Structural idealization into load bearing frame
elements for analysis and design

• Estimation of loads

Structural • Structural analysis

Design • Design of sections and reinforcement for

beams, column, slabs, etc.

• Production of arrangement and detail drawings

and bar schedules

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 Structural Analysis vs Design
Structural Analysis Structural Design

• Fairly General, Unified • Structural Material (RC, PSC, HRS, CFS, timber ... )
(FEM, BEM ...)
• Design Code (ACI, BS Codes, EuroCode, JIS ... )
• Output: Element/
Member Actions,
• Design Approach (working stress, ultimate strength, limit
Displacements ...
state ... )

• Structural Members (beams, columns, slabs, footings ... )

• Local Construction Techniques and Practices

• Output: Element/ Member Cross-section, Reinforcement ...

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 Design Levels

Full 3D,
Partial Closed Form 2D/3D Linear Equations,
Nonlinear,
Differential with Static Charts, Tables,
Inelastic
Equations Approximations FEA/Matrix Rules, Limits
Dynamic FEA

Rigorous Semi Rigorous Simplified Specified

Analytical Analytical Numerical Numerical Procedures

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Design Methodologies and Technologies

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 The Intent of Structural Design is to
ensure public safety,
minimize damage to built environment,
help preserve continuity of life activities…

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The Story of
Structural
Engineering

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 • Ancient masterpieces were built before the
modern approaches

• Master builders had freedom to dream and to

realize them

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 Design Approaches

Intuitive Design

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 Main Challenges!

Wind
Earthquake

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01 02 03 04 05 06 07
Stability Strength Deformation Drift Ductility Energy Motion
Dissipation Perception

Main Structural Concerns 18

 Design Approaches

Code Based
Design
Intuitive
Design

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 Building Industry relies on Codes and Standards

• Codes Specify requirements

• Give acceptable solutions
• Prescribe (detailed) procedures, rules, limits
• (Mostly based on research and experience but not
always rational)

Spirit of the code is Compliance to

to help ensure Public Safety and letter of the code is
provide formal/legal basis for design indented to meet the
decisions spirit

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Approach Procedure Outcome
Specify “what, and how to Implicit Expectation
do”
Prescriptive
(emphasis on procedures)
(a strength of 50 MPA is
Make Concrete: 1:2:4 expected)

What ever it takes Explicit Performance

Performance Based
Approach
(emphasis on Key
Performance Indicators) Concrete less than 40 MPA is
(within certain bounds) rejected

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 • If they differ, can all of them be correct ?

• Did we inform the structures to follow which

code when earthquake or hurricane strikes ?
Are All
• Codes change every 3 or years, should we
Building Codes upgrade our structures every 3 or 5 years to
Correct? conform ?

• Codes intend for “Life Safety”, not damage

limits or cost implications

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Prescriptive Codes – A Shelter
• Public:
• Is my structure safe ?
• Will it be damaged, how much, how long
to repair
• Structural Engineer:
• Not sure, but I did follow the “Code”
• As long as engineers follow the code, they can
be sheltered by its provisions

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 Capacity Based on “Assumed” Failure Conditions

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 Structural
Design
Progression

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 Design Approaches

Performance
Based Design
Code
Based
Intuitive
Design
Design
Wind
Earthquake

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Motivation for PBD in EQ
• Lack of explicit performance in design codes is primary
motivation for performance based design
• Performance based methods require the designer to assess
how a building is likely to perform extreme events and
their correct application will help to identify unsafe designs.
• Enables arbitrary restrictions to be lifted and provides
scope for the development of innovative, safer and more
cost-effective solutions.

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 Typical Performance Levels for Structures

Based on FEMA 451 B

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 Link the Hazard to Performance Levels

sta
Re nt
u a
r

Resta
urant
Loading Severity

Consequences

Resta
urant
Hazard

Vulnerability Structural Displacement

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 Explicit Performance Objective in PDB

Performance based design investigates at least two performance

objectives explicitly

Collapse-
Service-level Code’s arbitrary
level
“Design Level”
Assessment Assessment

Negligible damage with Collapse prevention under

frequent hazards extreme hazards
(Earthquake having a return (the largest earthquake with a
period of about 50) return period of 2500 years)

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 Design Approaches

Performance
Based Design
Code
Intuitive Based
Design Design

Wind
Earthquake

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 Is this acceptable?
Even though it satisfies CBD and PBD

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 Design Approaches

Consequence
and Risk
Performa Based Design
Code nce
Based Based
Intuitive
Design Design
Design

Wind
Earthquake

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 Consequences Based Engineering

The trigger of an event is not

important,
the consequences of an event are

• It is not enough to say “Cracking and non-structural

damage is acceptable, as long as structure does not
collapse”
• A natural extension of the performance-based
design approach
• Structural consequences > DDD (dollars, deaths and
downtime) (Porter, 2003).
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 Risk Based Design Process

Safety Studies
Risk Safety Design
(Probability and Structure
Quantificati Critical Accidental
Consequence Design
on Element Load
Analysis)

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 Design Approaches

Resilience
Based Design
Consequences
and Risk
Performance Based Design
Based Design
Code
Based
Intuitive
Design
Design
Wind

Earthquake

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 Wind Load Seismic Load

Depend on Depend on
• Wind speed •focus of earthquake
• terrain •Shaking intesity
• topography of the location •ground conditions
• Force increases with height •Mass and stiffness
• Geometry and exposed area distribution

v üg

A m

▪ Excitation is an applied pressure or ▪ Excitation is an applied displacement

force on the facade at the base

▪ force will act mainly on exterior ▪ force will be distributed along interior
frames then transferred to floor and exterior lateral load resisting
diaphragms elements
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 Design for Wind Load Design for Seismic Effects

▪ For most buildings, dynamic wind response may ▪ Structures are designed to respond inelastically
be neglected under factored loads

▪ Gust factor approach → predict dynamic ▪ it is not economically feasible to design structures
response of buildings with reasonable accuracy to respond elastically to earthquake ground
motion
▪ Structures are designed to respond elastically
under factored loads

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 Design Approaches

Resilience
Based Design
Consequences
and Risk
Performance Based Design
Based Design
Code
Based
Intuitive
Design
Design
Wind

Earthquake

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 Earthquake and Wind PBD are Compatible!

Site specific Seismic Site specific Climate

Hazard Study Analysis

Various Earthquake
Various Wind Return
levels
period and Velocities
SLE, DBE, MCE etc

Hazard Response Wind Force in Frequency

Spectrum Domain
Wind
Ground Motion Time Wind Tunnel Pressure in
Earthquake History Time Domain

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 Special Purposes Guidelines from USA for PBD

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 Latest Guidelines and Specifications

Federal Emergency Management Agency Applied Technology Council

[Link] [Link]

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Traditional Design Methods

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 Proportioning for Safety
• Prime Concern: “Balance External Actions with Internal Stress Resultants
with adequate margin for safety”

Sd >= FOS * Fa

• Check for:
• Deflections, Deformations, Durability
• Vibrations, Crack Width, Fire Protections, Permeability, Chemical
Attacks
• Ductility and other special considerations

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 Various Methods of Structural Design

• Working Stress Design

• Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
• Working Stress Design (WSD)
• Load Factor Design
• Ultimate Strength Design
• Ultimate Strength Design (USD)
• Strength Design (SD)
• Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
• Performance-based Design
• Pushover Analysis
• Capacity-based Design

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 Loads and Stress Resultants

Overall relationship of main structural quantities in design process

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 The Response and Design

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 From Serviceability to Performance

Allowable material, control on Serviceability

deformation limits for design loads Design

Material failure criteria, section capacity

Strength Design
for factored loads

Ductility considerations, deformation

capacity, load capacity at large Performance
deformations. Extraordinary load Design
considerations

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 From Serviceability to Performance

• Satisfying one design level does not ensure that other design levels will
be satisfied

▪ Serviceability design only ensures that deflections and vibrations,

etc., for service loads are within limits but is irrelevant to strength.

▪ Strength design ensures that a certain factor of safety against

overload is available within a member or a cross-section but is
insignificant to what happens if the load exceeds the design level.

▪ Performance design ensures that the structure as a whole reaches a

specified demand level. Performance design can include both
service and strength design levels.

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Limit State Design Concept

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 Limit State Design Concept

Types of Limit State Description

-Loss of equilibrium
-Rupture
-Progressive collapse
Ultimate limit states
-Formation of plastic mechanism
-Instability
-Fatigue

-Excessive deflections
Serviceability limit
-Excessive crack width
states
-Undesirable vibration
Due to abnormal conditions and abnormal loading
such as:
Special limit states -Damage or collapse in extreme earthquakes
-Structural effects of fire, explosion
-Corrosion or deterioration

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 Limit State Design Concept

• Limit state design involves:

▪ Identification of all potential modes of failure

(i.e. identify significant limit states)

▪ Determination of acceptable levels of safety against occurrence of

each limit state

▪ Consideration by the designer of significant limit states

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 Limit State Design Concept

• Safety Factors
▪ Material Safety Factor γm
▪ Member Factor γb
▪ Load Factor γf
▪ Structural Analysis Factor γa
▪ Structure Factor γi

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 Limit State Design Concept

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 Limit State Design Concept

Material/Stress Type γm

Reinforcement 1.15

Concrete in flexure or axial load 1.50

Concrete shear strength without shear

1.25
reinforcement

Concrete bond strength 1.40

Concrete other >1.50

Values of Ym (BS8110)

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 Limit State Design Concept

Load Type
Load
Combination Dead Load Imposed Load Wind

Adverse Beneficial Adverse Beneficial

Dead and
Imposed 1.4 1 1.6 0 -
Dead and
wind 1.4 1 - - 1.4

Dead, wind
and imposed 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

Design Load= Yf x Characteristic Load

Values of γf (BS8110)

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Special Design Considerations

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 Main Structural Concerns

01 02 03 04 05 06 07
Stability Strength Deformation Drift Ductility Energy Motion
Dissipation Perception

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 Structural Design Considerations

• Story Drift for Occupant Perception

• Stability and Overturning

• Axial Shortening of Columns

• Transfer Girders and Deep Beams

• Shear Wall Design and Detailing

• Construction Sequence Analysis

• Design for Lateral Loads

• Seismic Performance

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 Other Comfort Criteria

• Weather Comfort
▪ Temperature 26 Degree Celsius
▪ Related Humidity 54%

• Motion Comfort Criteria

• Other Function-based Criteria

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 Human Motion Perception

Typical Values of
Acceleration

0.0 % g - 0.5% g 0.5% g - 1.5% g 1.5% g - 5.0% g 5.0% g - 15% g > 15% g

Threshold of
No perception Annoying Very Annoying Intolerable
perception

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Performance Based Design
An Overview

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 Questions to be addressed
• Why do we need Performance Based approach
• What is Performance Based Approach
• Performance Based Design (PBD)
• Performance Based Evaluation (PBE)
• When do we need to use PBA
• What is needed to carryout PBA
• How do we carryout PBA
• What is the outcome of PBA
• What are the advantages of PBA
• What are the disadvantages of PBA

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 Why do we need to carryout Performance Based Design
Evaluation when we have the building and design codes ?

The Why

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 The Responsibility

Client/Owner General Building Codes

Architect Structural Design Codes

Structural Designer Law Makers

Geotech Consultants Building Officials

Peer Reviewer
Legal and Justice System
Builder/Contractor

Public/ Users/ Occupants

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 Concerns
• Public
• Will the building be safe?
• Owner
• Will the building collapse/ will it be damaged ?
• Can I use the building after a given earthquake? (blast, hurricane..)
• How much will repair cost?
• How long will it take to repair?
• Can I make building that will not be damaged and will not collapse
• Public Officials
• Who is responsible if loss of life occurs?

Who should have all the answers?

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 Structural Engineer’s Dilemma
• Can not answer most of these questions explicitly
• Answers are always qualified
• There is no warranty for the structure

• There are too many unknowns

• Public understanding and engineers understanding of
safety is different
• Has to hide behind the design codes

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 Shortcomings of the Traditional Codes
• Traditional codes govern design of general, normal buildings
• Over 95% buildings are covered, which are less than about 50 m
• Not specifically developed for tall buildings > 50 m tall
• Prescriptive in nature, no explicit check on outcome
• Permit a limited number of structural systems
• Do not include framing systems appropriate for high rise
• Based on elastic methods of analysis
• Enforce uniform detailing rules on all members
• Enforce unreasonable demand distribution rules
• Do not take advantage of recent computing tools
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 Unsuitability of Traditional Design Codes
• Implicit Performance Objective
• Resist minor earthquake without damage, which is anticipated to
occur several times during the life of a building, without damage
to structural and non-structural components
• Resist the design level of earthquake with damage without
causing loss of life
• Resist strongest earthquake with substantial damage but a very
low probability of collapse.

• Explicit verification not specified or required

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 Motivation for PBD
• Lack of explicit performance in design codes is primary motivation
for performance based design
• Performance based methods require the designer to assess how a
building is likely perform under earthquake shaking and other
extreme events and their correct application will help to identify
unsafe designs.
• At the same time this approach enables arbitrary restrictions to be
lifted and provides scope for the development of safer and more
cost-effective structural solutions.

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 Tall Building PBD Initiatives - US
• Applied Technology Council (ATC-72)
• Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER)
• Building Seismic Safety Council Research Center (BSSCR)
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA 356)
• Basic ASCE Documents (ASCE 7, ASCE 3, ASCC 4)
• Structural Engineering Association of California (Blue Book and
SEAOC PBD Framework)

• Los Angeles Tall Buildings Structural Design Council (LATBSDC)

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 Performance based design can be applied
to any type of loads, but is typically suitable
and targeted for earthquake loads

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What is Performance Based Approach ?

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 Concepts Incorporated within PBD
• Multiple performance levels are checked.
• Multiple seismic events are applied.
• May utilize nonlinear analysis.
• Detailed local acceptance criteria
• For structural elements
• For nonstructural elements
• Detailed local acceptance criteria indicates element-by-
element checking, rather than an overall system R factor
such as is used in the conventional design of new buildings.

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 Explicit Performance Objective in PBD
• Whereas traditional code procedures attempt to satisfy implicitly all three
objectives by designing to prescriptive rules for a single (design) level of
seismic hazard, performance based design of high rise buildings
investigates at least two performance objectives explicitly
• 1) Service-level Assessment
• Negligible damage in once-in-a-lifetime earthquake having a return period of
about 50 years(30 years to 72 years depending on the jurisdiction and building
importance)

• 2) Collapse-level Assessment
• Collapse prevention under the largest earthquake with a return period of 2500
years

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 Performance Based Design Process
• Earthquake Hazard must be specified/ identified
• For performance-based design to be successful, both the
client and engineer must be satisfied
• Engineer
• Hazard must be quantifiable and performance must be
quantifiable
• Owner
• Hazard must be understandable and performance must be
understandable and useful

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 Performance Based Design Process
• Earthquake Hazard must be specified/ identified
• Hazard:
• The intensity and characteristics of ground
shaking that design is developed to resist.

• Deterministic
• Magnitude “x” earthquake on “y” fault
• Easy to understand but there is considerable uncertainty as to how strong the motion from such an
event actually is.

• Probabilistic
• “x” % probability of exceedance in “y” years for design event
• Low intensity shaking occurs frequently.
• Moderate intensity shaking occurs occasionally.
• Severe shaking occurs rarely

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 Performance Based Design Process
• Earthquake Hazard Levels

BSE – Basic Safety Earthquake

MRI- Maximum Recurrence Interval

*NEHRP Maximum Considered Earthquake

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 Seismic Performance Objectives

Level of Earthquake Performance Objective

Serviceability: Negligible damage in once-
Frequent/Service: 50% probability of in-a-lifetime earthquake. Structure to
exceedance in 50 years (72-year remain essentially elastic with minor
return) damage to structural and non-structural
elements
Design Basis Earthquake (DBE): 10%
Code Level: Moderate structural damage;
probability of exceedance in 50 years
extensive repairs may be required
(475-year return)

Maximum Considered Earthquake Collapse Prevention: Extensive structural

(MCE): 2% probability of exceedance damage; repairs are required and may not
in 50 years(2500-year return) be economically feasible

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 Performance Level

The permissible amount of damage,

given that design hazards are
experienced.

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 Performance Level
• Engineer
• amount of yielding, buckling, cracking, permanent deformation
that structure experiences

• Owner
• Will the building be safe?
• Can I use the building after the earthquake?
• How much will repair cost?
• How long will it take to repair?

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 Standard Structural Performance Levels

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 Operational Level

• Negligible structural and nonstructural

damage
• Occupants are safe during event
• Utilities are available
• Facility is available for immediate re-
use (some cleanup required)
• Loss < 5% of replacement value

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 Immediate Occupancy Level

• Negligible structural damage

• Occupants safe during event
• Minor nonstructural damage
• Building is safe to occupy but may not
function
• Limited interruption of operations
• Losses < 15%

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 Life Safety Level

• Significant structural damage

• Some injuries may occur
• Extensive nonstructural damage
• Building not safe for re-occupancy
until repaired
• Losses < 30%

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 Collapse Prevention Level

• Extensive (near complete) structural

and nonstructural damage
• Significant potential for injury but not
wide scale loss of life
• Extended loss of use
• Repair may not be practical
• Loss >> 30%

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 Judging Performance Acceptability
• Applied Technology Council (ATC-72)
• Acceptance criteria are indicators of whether the
predicted performance is adequate for
• Local (component based)
• Example: Drift ratio, structural component deformation

• Global (overall structure-based)

• Example: Roof drift , base shear

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 Performance Based Design Process
• Primary and Secondary Parts
Slab as diaphragm
(Secondary)

Slab and Columns

(Interior frame)
(Secondary)

Plan
Shear wall (Primary)

Primary- Main lateral resisting elements

Secondary- non lateral resisting elements, used for
gravity load resistance

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Design
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 Performance Based Design Process
• Acceptance Criteria for primary components

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 Performance Based Design Process
• Acceptance Criteria for Secondary components

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 Demand Capacity (DC Ratio)
• Definition of D/C: It is an index that gives an overall relationship between
affects of load and ability of member to resists those affects.

• This is a normalized factor that means D/C ratio value of 1 indicates that
the capacity (strength, deformation etc) member is just enough to fulfill
the load demand.

• Two types of D/C ratio

• Members with brittle behavior D/C is checked by Strength (Elastic)
• Members with ductile behavior D/C is checked by deformation (Inelastic)

• Total D/C ratio of the member is combined of these two.

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 Types/Methods for Evaluation
• The answer depends on:
• What performance level you are hoping to achieve.
• The configuration of the structure.
• How accurate you need to be
• Depends on the importance the structure
• Hazard level, available tools et.
• A wide range of choices are available
• Linear Static Analysis
• Linear Dynamic Analysis
• Non Linear Static Analysis (Pushover Analysis)
• Non Linear Dynamic Analysis

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 Performance Based Design Process
• If Behavior will be essentially elastic
• Regular structures with short periods
• Linear static procedures are fine
• For Regular structures with long periods and all irregular structures
• Linear dynamic procedures are better
• Response spectra are accurate enough

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 Performance Based Design Process
• If Inelastic behavior is significant (elastic analyses are the wrong
approach!)
• For Structures dominated by first mode response
• Non Linear Static Analysis (Pushover Analysis)

• Structures with significant higher mode response

• Nonlinear dynamic time history necessary

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The What

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 Typical Review Objectives
• To enhance the structural performance
• Improved serviceability, safety and reliability
• Explicit check on various performance indicators

• To improve cost effectiveness

• Achieve efficient use of materials, resources and time
• Direct reduction cost through reduction of structural material quantities

• Objectives to be achieved through

• Better structural system selection and its proportions
• Use of advanced design methodologies and tools

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 Typical Review Objectives
• Enhancement of Performance • Cost Effectiveness
• Dynamic response parameters • Capacity utilization ratio
• Lateral load response • Reinforcement ratios
• Vertical load response • Reinforcement volume ratios
• Demand and capacity ratios • Concrete strength and quantity
• Response irregularity, • Rebar quantity
discontinuity • Constructability, time and
• Explicit Performance Evaluation accommodation of other
at Service, DBE and MCE constraints

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 Performance Objectives

Level of Earthquake Seismic Performance Objective

Frequent/Service (SLE): 50% probability Serviceability: Structure to remain

of exceedance in 30 years (43-year return essentially elastic with minor damage to
period) structural and non-structural elements

Design Basis Earthquake (DBE): 10%

Code Level: Moderate structural damage;
probability of exceedance in 50 years
extensive repairs may be required
(475-year return period)

Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE): Collapse Prevention: Extensive structural

2% probability of exceedance in 50 years damage; repairs are required and may
(2475-year return period) not be economically feasible

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 Ground Motions
• Seven site specific ground motions records are used.
• Determined by qualified geotechnical and geological consultant,
for the site located near by building.
• For the evaluations, “Average of 7 ground motions” approach is
used to determine the overall response and vulnerability of the
building.

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 Site Specific Ground Motions

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 Site Specific Ground Motions

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 Seismic Hazard Spectrum, SLE, DBE, MCE

Service Level

MCE Level
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 Classification of Actions

Element Action Type Classification Expected

Behavior
RC column Axial-flexure Ductile Linear
Shear Brittle Linear
RC shear wall Flexure Ductile Nonlinear
Shear Brittle Linear
RC coupling beams Shear Ductile Nonlinear
(Deep beam, ln/d<4.0)
RC coupling beams Flexure Ductile Nonlinear
(slender beam, Shear Brittle Linear
ln/d≥4.0)

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 Acceptance Criteria (Service Level)
Item Limit
Story Drift 0.5 percent
Coupling Beams Shear strength to remain essentially elastic
Core Wall Flexure Remain essentially elastic
Core Wall Shear Remain essentially elastic
Columns Remain essentially elastic
BRB Remain elastic (no yielding permitted)

• Essentially elastic behavior is defined as no more than 20% of the elements with
ductile actions having a D/C between 1.0 and 1.5. No elements will be allowed
to have a D/C >1.5
• Brittle actions are limited to D/C of 1.0
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 Acceptance Criteria (DBE Level)
Element Action Type Classification Expected Acceptance Limit
Behaviour
Plastic hinge
Ductile Nonlinear Hinge rotation ≤ ASCE limit
Beams rotation
Shear Brittle Linear D/C for strength capacity
Axial-Flexural
Ductile Nonlinear Hinge rotation ≤ ASCE limit
Columns interaction
Shear Brittle Linear D/C for strength capacity

Axial-Flexural Tensile strain in rebar rotation ≤ 0.050

Shear Ductile Nonlinear
interaction Compressive strain in concrete ≤ 0.004
Walls
Shear Brittle Linear D/C for strength capacity

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 Acceptance Criteria (MCE Level)
Item Limit
Story Drift 3 percent

Coupling Beam Rotation (Diagonal Reinforcement) 0.06 radian rotation limit

Coupling Beam Rotation (Conventional reinforcement) 0.025 radian rotation limit

Core Wall Reinforcement Axial Strain Rebar strain = 0.05 in tension and 0.02 in compression

Core Wall Concrete Axial Strain Concrete Compression Strain = 0.004 + 0.1 ρ(fy / f’c)

BRB 9 times yield strain

• Brittle actions are checked against 1.3 times the average MCE demand using
expected material strength and code specified strength reduction factors.
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How about Low Rise Buildings?

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 Typical City Skyline

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 Low-Medium Rise Buildings
• Low-Mid rise buildings receive less attention to design, detailing and
construction compared to tall buildings
• Due to smaller natural period, typically generate greater base shear
during an earthquake
• Often lack a properly designed/designated seismic resisting system
• Easier to induce structural irregularities

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 Why Unsymmetrical Buildings
• Structural un-symmetry can be of many types
• Soft story
• Weak Story
• Plan Torsional irregularity
• Vertical Torsional Irregularity

• Simple masonry walls can cause buildings to become

unsymmetrical
• Unsymmetrical buildings produces unpredictable response and are
a major cause of damage and collapse

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 A Typical Building

Algeria
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 Northridge (1994) Earthquake

Bourmedes (2003) Earthquake

Bhuj (2001) Earthquake Kobe (1995) Earthquake

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 Collapse of Commercial/Residential Buildings in the 1999
Chi-Chi Earthquake (Taiwan)

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 Collapsed residential buildings in the 1999 Kocaeli (Turkey)
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 Why do these buildings collapse !
• Primarily designed and detailed for gravity loads
• Non-ductile detailing of reinforcement, both in columns and beams
which can cause many possible brittle failures.
• Dominated by strong beam-weak column behavior which can
cause soft story mechanism.
• The irregularities of the buildings which make it difficult to predict the
behavior of the buildings when subjected to earthquake.
• Most of the time, these irregularities make the seismic performance
become worse.

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 Reason-1: Non Ductile Detailing

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 Reason-2: Unsymmetrical Configurations
Pennung Warnitchai

Soft/Weak Story Interruption of Columns T-shaped Plan Torsionally Irregular

Abrupt Changes in Interruption of Vertical- Large Openings in Drastic Changes in

Size of Members Resisting Elements (walls) Diaphragm (Floor) Mass/Stiffness Ratio
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 Reference: Pennung Warnitchai
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 VULNERABILITY FACTORS

▪ Non-seismic Detailing
▪ Strong Beam–Weak Column
▪ Soft/Weak First Story
▪ Torsional Irregularity
▪ Frame-Infill Interaction

3D-view generated by SAP2000

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 2D Modeling and Analysis Not Enough
1 A
Which Frame Represents the building
Performance?

Torsion and Weak Story Combined!

2 B
A B C

2
3 C

3
Typical Floor Plan
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 What Should be done
• For new buildings
• Use Performance Based Design (PBD) right from start
• Provide proper detailing, improve construction technology
• For existing buildings
• Use Performance Based Evaluation (PBE)
• To avoid future disaster-either re-built or Retrofit
• Retrofitting can be done based on global retrofit approach or local retrofit
approach .
• One of the most important developments in earthquake
engineering in recent years is the introduction of the concept of
designing ‘damage controlled structures’

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 Damaged Control System

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 Measures to correct torsional irregularity

Solid walls should be of Shear walls are added at

nonstructural cladding or near the open face

Strength and stiff

Torsion is accepted, and
moment-resisting or
building is designed to
braced frame is
resist the forces and
designed for soft front
minimize the distortion
wall
they cause
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 Local Retrofit Approach

Example: Use Column Jacketing

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 Global Retrofit Approach

Example: Use Braces, Walls

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 Purpose of Retrofitting

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 Summary
• For buildings in high seismic zones:
• Code based approach not sufficient
• Explicit performance evaluation for structure level, member level, section
level, material level
• Seismic performance of buildings is governed by different considerations for
Tall and Low rise buildings
• Total risk and loss of life more due to low-rise then tall buildings
• Use Performance Based Design (PBD) for new buildings
• Use Performance Based Evaluation (PBE) for exiting buildings

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The How

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 Analytical Plastic Hinge Response
• Check demand vs. capacity at the component level.
• If force demand at factored load < force capacity for all
components, the design is OK.
• Use linear analysis to calculate demands. This is usually OK because
the structure should remain essentially linear.

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 Earthquake Forces Are Different

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 Summary of deformation Based Design
• Define deformation capacities for ductile components.
• Define strength capacities for brittle components(and any other
components that should remain elastic.
• Use nonlinear structural analysis to calculator the deformation and
strength demeans.
• The performance is OK is all D/C ratios are <=1.
• Simple in principle.
• Not so simple in practice

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 Key Steps for performance-Based Design
• Choose the performance level and the design loads.
• Define the demand-capacity measures.
• Drift, plastic hinge rotation, shear strength, etc.
• Get the deformation and force capacities.
• Strength :AISC, ACI, etc. codes/
• Deformation : ASCE 41(FEMA 356), experiment.
• Calculate the deformation and force demands.
• Use structural analysis.
• Calculate D/C ratios. If D/C>1:
• Change the design,
• Or sharpen the pencil on the demand side
• Or sharpen the pencil on the capacity side.

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 Available Guidelines : ASCE 41
• ASCE 41 (FEMA 356) applies to performance based design for
seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings.
• However, it can be applied to new construction.
• It provides guidance on modeling for nonlinear analysis.
• It provides deformation capacities for wide range of structural
components, for the IO, lS and CP levels.
• However :
• The modeling guidelines are rather simplistic.
• The deformation capacities may be too conservative.
• It is a useful resource, but not a definitive set of rules.

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 Capacity Design Concept
• Some components in a structure can safely be allowed to yield.
• Others should remain elastic.
• If we do not know which are which, we have to rely on analysis to tell as. This can be
dangerous- we are analyzing only a model, not the actual structure.
• It is better to decide in advance which components can yield and which must remain
elastic.
• We can then design the yielding components to have sufficient ductility, and the
elastic components to have sufficient strength.
• Major advantages:
• We can set up more reliable nonlinear models.
• We can calculate more reliable demands and D/C ratios.
• The final design is likely to be more forgiving.

• Capacity design is not always possible, but is a desirable goal.

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 Capacity Design-Frame Structure
• Specify the components that can yield. Use deformation D/C.
- Beams in bending.
- Columns at base and at roof.

• The remaining components should not yield. Use strength D/C.

- Columns except at base and roof.
- Connections.
- Beams and columns in shear.
- Foundations.

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 Capacity Design-Shear Wall
• Specify the components that can yield. Use deformation D/C. -
- Flexural hinging at base of wall.
- Shear in coupling beams.

• The remaining components should not yield. Use strength D/C.

- Bending in wall at all levels except the base.
- Shear in wall at all levels, especially in hinge region.
- Foundations

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 Something Obvious But Important
• It is essential to establish formal demand-capacity measures
(engineering demand parameters) and base the performance
assessment on those measures.
• All analysis results are important, and they should be examined for
consistency. However, the only important results for performance
assessment are the D/C ratios.
• There may be subjective judgments in choosing demand-capacity
measures, establishing capacity values, and calculating demand
values. However, the overall process must be objective.
• It does not have to be perfect (and never will be).

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 Purpose of Structural Analysis
• Structural analysis is not an end in itself. It is a tool for use in
design.
• The goal is not to get an exact simulation of behavior. This is
impossible for a real structure.
• The goal is to get D/C ratio that are accurate enough for use in
decision making
• Exact is an impossible standard.
• Accurate enough is much easier

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Which Items to Check for Performance

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 Main Considerations
• Modal analysis results
• Base shear and Base Moment comparisons
• Story Shear and Story Moment comparison
• Building sway and displacement
• Story drift
• Shear wall axial strains
• Shear wall shear capacity
• Frame member rotations, D/C ratios
• Frame member shear strength and D/C ratios
• Coupling beams, in detail
• Slab diaphragm
• Damage overview, weak points etc.

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Thank you for
watching