F33.
107: Physics 2, Class 008 (English Course)
Distribution of notes outside of this course is forbidden.
Chapter 31: Electromagnetic Oscillations and
Alternating Currents
Yong Siah Teo
Building 56, Room 333
ys_teo@[Link]
LC Circuit
Total energy
Energy
conservation
SHM
We dealt with both the RC and RL equation
circuits. Time to meet the LC circuit.
Solution
Oscillation
angular freq.:
LC Circuit
LC Circuit and Spring-Mass/Pendulum
Pendulum
analogue of
the spring-
mass system
RLC Circuit (Damped Oscillation)
Total energy
Power
Energy dissipated
conservation
Damped
SHM
We now combine all circuit equation
elements learnt thus far in an
Solution
RLC series circuit.
Oscillation
angular freq.:
Alternating Current
❖ So far, the EMF generates a current with a steady state current, whose current
density/drift velocity points in one direction.
❖ Real power sources generate AC (alternating current), that is drift velocity oscillates
in direction.
❖ AC is useful for long-distance power delivery and allows transformers to step up/down
voltages for various electrical outlets.
❖ A typical power generator that naturally delivers AC is shown below:
As the loop rotates in an external B
field, the induced EMF generates a Driving frequency of
current that oscillates in direction as the the EMF, which is
loop flips by 180 degrees via slip rings. the angular speed of
the rotating loop.
Phase constant of the
AC (conventionally
accompanied by a
minus sign). Not
always zero.
Alternating Current (Resistive Load)
Simplified circuit 1:
Purely resistive load
Energy equation voltage amplitude
Alternating EMF
General alternating circuit
Ohm’s law
Ohm’s law
Alternating Current (Resistive Load)
Simplified circuit 1:
Purely resistive load
voltage amplitude
Alternating Current (Capacitive Load)
Simplified circuit 2:
Purely capacitive load
voltage amplitude
Alternating voltage
General alternating circuit Alternating
charge stored
AC
Analog: “AC
Ohm’s law”
Alternating Current (Capacitive Load)
Simplified circuit 2:
Purely capacitive load
voltage amplitude
Alternating Current (Inductive Load)
Simplified circuit 3:
Purely inductive load
voltage amplitude
Alternating voltage
General alternating circuit
Analog: “AC
Ohm’s law”
Alternating Current (Inductive Load)
Simplified circuit 3:
Purely inductive load
voltage amplitude
Alternating Current
Alternating Current
Alternating Current (RLC Circuit):
Phasors
Alternating EMF
AC
Figure 31-14 (a) A phasor
representing the alternating
current in the driven RLC circuit at
time t. The amplitude I, the
instantaneous value i, and the
phase (ωdt – ϕ) are shown. (b)
Phasors representing the voltages
Alternating RLC circuit across the inductor, resistor, and
capacitor, oriented with respect to
the current phasor in (a). (c) A
In or out of phase? phasor representing the
o Resistor: in phase alternating emf that drives the
current of (a). (d) The emf phasor
o Capacitor: current leads is equal to the vector sum of the
voltage by 90 degrees three voltage phasors of (b). Here,
o Inductor: current lags voltage phasors VL and VC have
been added vectorially to yield
voltage by 90 degrees their net phasor (VL – VC).
Alternating Current (RLC Circuit): Phasors
Alternating EMF
AC
Alternating RLC circuit
In or out of phase?
o Resistor: in phase (impedance magnitude)
o Capacitor: current leads
voltage by 90 degrees
o Inductor: current lags
voltage by 90 degrees (impedance phase)
Alternating Current (RLC Circuit):
Complex Numbers
Alternating EMF
AC
Complex notation
Impedance (Z) defn.
Alternating RLC circuit
EMF contributions
Be careful of the
In or out of phase? phase factors!
o Resistor: in phase
o Capacitor: current leads
voltage by 90 degrees Impedance
o Inductor: current lags (complex number)
voltage by 90 degrees in series
Alternating Current (RLC Circuit)
Resnick-Halliday-
Walker notion:
ELI: EMF before
current for inductor.
ICE: current before
EMF for capacitor.
Alternating RLC circuit
(impedance phase)
(impedance magnitude)
Resonance in an RLC Circuit
Resonance condition
Alternating RLC circuit
(impedance phase)
(impedance magnitude)
Typical AC Quantities
Instantaneous and
average power
Root-mean-
square (RMS)
quantities
Relation between cos 𝜙: power factor
Figure 31-17 (a) A plot of sin θ versus RMS quantities Max avg. power
θ. The average value over one cycle is and impedance Z
means resonance
zero. (b) A plot of (sin θ)2 versus θ. The (again, a complex
average value over one cycle is 0.5. number!) should happen.
Maximum Average Power Theorem:
Impedance Matching
❑ Statement: The maximum average power transferred to a load
happens when its impedance “matches” that of the source.
❑ Proof (simple series AC circuit):
Kirchhoff’s law
Load power
Maximum
conditions
effective effective
resistance reactance
Everything about the RLC Circuit
Sample Problem 31.07
A series RLC circuit, driven with ℰrms = 120 V at frequency fd = 60.0 Hz, contains a resistance R = 200 Ω, an inductance with inductive
reactance XL = 80.0 Ω, and a capacitance with capacitive reactance XC = 150 Ω.
(a) What are the power factor cos ϕ and phase constant ϕ of the circuit?
Impedance magnitude
Impedance phase
XL< XC
(b) What is the average rate Pavg at which energy is dissipated in the resistance?
Average power
Everything about the RLC Circuit
Sample Problem 31.07
A series RLC circuit, driven with ℰrms = 120 V at frequency fd = 60.0 Hz, contains a resistance R = 200 Ω, an inductance with inductive
reactance XL = 80.0 Ω, and a capacitance with capacitive reactance XC = 150 Ω.
(c) If we were to adjust the circuit capacitance, what is the new capacitance Cnew needed to maximize Pavg if the other parameters of the
circuit are not changed?
Resonance condition
Finding the new capacitance
Maximum average power
Transformers
Power transmission
o During power transmission through cables, the electrical
power does nothing but gets wasted as heat.
2
o In this case, the average power 𝑃avg = 𝐼rms 𝑅 should be
reduced. This entails reducing 𝐼rms .
Figure 31-18 An ideal transformer (two Maximum power condition (AC version of Jacobi’s law)
coils wound on an iron core) in a basic o Just like DC, if the source impedance equals the complex
transformer circuit. An ac generator conjugate of the load impedance (𝑍L = 𝑍S∗ ), then maximum
produces current in the coil at the left power is transferred to the load (impedance matching).
(the primary). The coil at the right (the o In practice, this usually does not happen but we can use the
secondary) is connected to the resistive transformer to further adjust the circuit impedance.
load R when switch S is closed.
(transformation of resistance for DC)