Linear Algebra

Assignments
1 Midterm 30%: MCQ
2 Projects 30% includes 20% team work and 10% quizzes
3 Final term 40%: MCQ.
Note:
Incorrect answers will get penalties.
Dead point in final test: 2.

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 1 / 30

Main contents
1) Complex numbers
2) Matrices-Determinants-Linear system
3) Vector spaces
4) Euclidean spaces
5) Linear transformations
6) Eigenvalues-Eigenvectors

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 2 / 30

References
Lay, David C., Steven R. Lay, and Judi J. McDonald. Linear Algebra and its
applications 5th edition. Pearson 2016.
Elementary Linear Algebra with Applications - Howard Anton
Matrix analysis and applied linear algebra- Carl D Meyer

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 3 / 30

 Chapter 1. Complex numbers

Hoang Hai Ha

E-mail: hoanghaiha@[Link]

7th September 2025

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 4 / 30

Contents

1 Complex numbers

2 Trigonometric (Polar) Form

3 Exercises

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 5 / 30

 Complex numbers

1 Complex numbers

2 Trigonometric (Polar) Form

3 Exercises

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 6 / 30

 Complex numbers

Algebraic forms
The unit imaginary number: i 2 = −1
Complex number: z = a + bi where a, b ∈ R
Real part: Re(z) = a
Imaginary part: Im(z) = b
Purely imaginary number: a = 0 (z = bi)
Complex conjugate: z = a − bi
√
Modulus: |z| = a2 + b 2

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 7 / 30

 Complex numbers

i
z = 3 + 4i

Imaginary part b = 4

R
Real part a = 3
 Complex numbers

i
z = 3 + 4i

5
=
Imaginary part b = 4

|z |
φ
R
Real part a = 3
 Complex numbers

i
z = 3 + 4i

5
=
Imaginary part b = 4

|z |
φ
R
Real part a = 3

−z z

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 8 / 30

 Complex numbers

Operations on complex numbers

Addition: (a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i
Subtraction: (a + bi) − (c + di) = (a − c) + (b − d)i
Multiplication: (a + bi)(c + di) = (ac − bd) + (ad + bc)i
a + bi (a + bi)(c − di)
Division: =
c + di c2 + d2
Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of complex numbers are similar to real
numbers, noting that
1
i 2 = −1, i 3 = = −i, i 4 = 1 . . .
i

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 9 / 30

 Complex numbers

Properties of modulus and operations

|z1 z2 | = |z1 ||z2 |
|z k | = |z|k , ∀k ∈ Z , z ̸= 0
z1 |z1 |
= (with z2 ̸= 0)
z2 |z2 |
|z1 + z2 | ≤ |z1 | + |z2 | (triangle inequality)
|z| = |z|
zz = |z|2 = |z|2

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 10 / 30

 Complex numbers

Example 1. Find the real part, imaginary part,

modulus, and complex conjugate of the following
complex numbers
a. z = (1 + i)(2 − i).
b. z = (2 − i)2 .
1+i
c. z=
3 − 4i

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 11 / 30

 Complex numbers

Example 2
(1 − 2i)i 2025
Let z =
3i − 1
a. Find the modulus of z
b. Simplify z, find the complex conjugate, real and imaginary parts

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 12 / 30

 Complex numbers

Example 2
(1 − 2i)i 2025
Let z =
3i − 1
a. Find the modulus of z
b. Simplify z, find the complex conjugate, real and imaginary parts
Solution:
i 2025 = i 4×506+1 = i
(1 − 2i)i i +2
z= =
3i − 1 3i − 1
(i + 2)(−3i − 1)
Multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate: z =
(3i − 1)(−3i − 1)

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 12 / 30

 Complex numbers

Example 2 (continued)
Calculation:
(i + 2)(−3i − 1) 1
z = = [(2 + i)(−1 − 3i)]
9+1 10
1 2 1
= (−2 − 6i − i − 3i ) = (1 − 7i)
10 10
1 7
= − i
10 10
s 
2  2 √ √
1 7 50 2
a. |z| = + = =
10 10 10 2
1 7 1 7
b. z = + i, Re(z) = , Im(z) = −
10 10 10 10

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 13 / 30

 Complex numbers

Example 3
Let z = (1 + 2i)2 (a + 2i), a ∈ R
a. Find a such that z is a real number
b. Find a such that z is a purely imaginary number

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 14 / 30

 Complex numbers

Example 3
Let z = (1 + 2i)2 (a + 2i), a ∈ R
a. Find a such that z is a real number
b. Find a such that z is a purely imaginary number
Solution:
(1 + 2i)2 (a + 2i) = (1 + 4i + (2i)2 )(a + 2i) = (1 + 4i − 4)(a + 2i) = (−3 + 4i)(a + 2i)

= (−3)(a + 2i) + (4i)(a + 2i) = −3a − 6i + 4ai + 8i 2 = −3a − 6i + 4ai

= (−3a − 8) + (4a − 6)i.

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 14 / 30

 Complex numbers

Example 3
Let z = (1 + 2i)2 (a + 2i), a ∈ R
a. Find a such that z is a real number
b. Find a such that z is a purely imaginary number
Solution:
(1 + 2i)2 (a + 2i) = (1 + 4i + (2i)2 )(a + 2i) = (1 + 4i − 4)(a + 2i) = (−3 + 4i)(a + 2i)

= (−3)(a + 2i) + (4i)(a + 2i) = −3a − 6i + 4ai + 8i 2 = −3a − 6i + 4ai

= (−3a − 8) + (4a − 6)i.
3
a. z is real if 4a − 6 = 0 ⇐⇒ a =
2
8
b. z is purely imaginary if −3a − 8 = 0 ⇐⇒ a = −
3
Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 14 / 30
 Complex numbers

Example 4. Find the complex number z satisfying

a. z 2 = 3 − 4i
b. z 2 = 5 − 12i

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 15 / 30

 Complex numbers

Example 4. Find the complex number z satisfying

a. z 2 = 3 − 4i
b. z 2 = 5 − 12i
Solution
a. Assume z = x + yi
(
x 2 − y 2 = 3,
z 2 = (x + yi)2 = x 2 − y 2 + 2xyi. ⇒
2xy = −4 ⇒ xy = −2.
4
From xy = −2 ⇒ y = − x2 . Substitute into x 2 − 2 = 3 ⇒ x 4 − 3x 2 − 4 = 0.
x

x = 2, y = −1 ⇒ z = 2 − i
(x 2 − 4)(x 2 + 1) = 0 ⇒ x 2 = 4 ⇒
x = −2, y = 1 ⇒ z = −2 + i

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 15 / 30

 Complex numbers

Example 4. Find the complex number z satisfying

a. z 2 = 3 − 4i
b. z 2 = 5 − 12i
Solution
a. Assume z = x + yi
(
x 2 − y 2 = 3,
z 2 = (x + yi)2 = x 2 − y 2 + 2xyi. ⇒
2xy = −4 ⇒ xy = −2.
4
From xy = −2 ⇒ y = − x2 . Substitute into x 2 − 2 = 3 ⇒ x 4 − 3x 2 − 4 = 0.
x

x = 2, y = −1 ⇒ z = 2 − i
(x 2 − 4)(x 2 + 1) = 0 ⇒ x 2 = 4 ⇒
x = −2, y = 1 ⇒ z = −2 + i
b. z = ±(3 − 2i).
Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 15 / 30
 Complex numbers

Example 5: Solve the equations

a. z 2 − 4z + 13 = 0
b. z 2 + (1 − i)z − 5i = 0

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 16 / 30

 Complex numbers

Example 5: Solve the equations

a. z 2 − 4z + 13 = 0
b. z 2 + (1 − i)z − 5i = 0
a. ∆ = (−4)2 − 4 · 1 · 13 = 16 − 52 = −36 = (6i)2 .
4 ± 6i
So z = = 2 ± 3i. Thus z = 2 + 3i or z = 2 − 3i.
2

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 16 / 30

 Complex numbers

Example 5: Solve the equations

a. z 2 − 4z + 13 = 0
b. z 2 + (1 − i)z − 5i = 0
a. ∆ = (−4)2 − 4 · 1 · 13 = 16 − 52 = −36 = (6i)2 .
4 ± 6i
So z = = 2 ± 3i. Thus z = 2 + 3i or z = 2 − 3i.
2
b. ∆ = (1 − i)2 − 4 · 1 · (−5i) = 18i = (3 + 3i)2 .
−(1 − i) ± (3 + 3i)
So z = . Thus z = 1 + 2i or z = −2 − i.
2

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 16 / 30

 Trigonometric (Polar) Form

1 Complex numbers

2 Trigonometric (Polar) Form

3 Exercises

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 17 / 30

 Trigonometric (Polar) Form

Trigonometric (Polar) Form of Complex Numbers

Trigonometric form: z = r (cos φ + i sin φ)
Exponential form: z = re iφ
Argument: arg (z) - the angle measured from the positive real axis to the vector
representing z.
With r = |z|, φ = arg (z)
Principal Argument: Arg (z) ∈ (−π, π] or Arg (z) ∈ [0, 2π).

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 18 / 30

 Trigonometric (Polar) Form

Geometric Representation of Complex Numbers

Im(z)

z = x + yi
y

θ
x Re(z)

z = x + yi ←→ z = r (cos φ + i sin φ)
p
r= x 2 + y 2, x = r cos φ, y = r sin φ
Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 19 / 30
 Trigonometric (Polar) Form

Some properties of the argument

Multiplication: z1 z2 = r1 r2 e i(φ1 +φ2 )
z1 r1
Division: = e i(φ1 −φ2 )
z2 r2
Power: z n = r n e inφ , ∀n ∈ Z , z ̸= 0. (De Moivre’s Formula)

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 20 / 30

 Trigonometric (Polar) Form

Example 6: Find the modulus and Principal Argument

of the following complex numbers
√
a. z = 1 − i 3
−1 − i 2025
b. z = √ i
i 12 − 2
√
(i − 3)7 π
c. z = 3
, given arg (w ) = and |w | = 4
w 7

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 21 / 30

 Trigonometric (Polar) Form

Example 6: Find the modulus and Principal Argument

of the following complex numbers
√
a. z = 1 − i 3
−1 − i 2025
b. z = √ i
i 12 − 2
√
(i − 3)7 π
c. z = 3
, given arg (w ) = and |w | = 4
w 7
Solution a: q √
|z| = 12 + ( 3)2 = 2
√
tan φ = − 3, φ is in quadrant IV.
π 5π
Arg (z) = − or
3 3

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 21 / 30

 Trigonometric (Polar) Form

Example 6 (continued)
√ √
| − 1 − i| 2025 2 2025 2
Solution b: |z| = √ |i| = ·1 = .
|i 12 − 2| 4 4
We have i 2025 = i 4·506+1 = i 1 = i.
√
arg (z) = Arg (−1 − i) − Arg (i 12 − 2) + Arg (i) + k2π
5π 2π pi 13π 13π
= − + + k2π = + k2π ⇒ Arg (z) =
4 3 2 12 12

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 22 / 30

 Trigonometric (Polar) Form

Example 6 (continued)
√ √
| − 1 − i| 2025 2 2025 2
Solution b: |z| = √ |i| = ·1 = .
|i 12 − 2| 4 4
We have i 2025 = i 4·506+1 = i 1 = i.
√
arg (z) = Arg (−1 − i) − Arg (i 12 − 2) + Arg (i) + k2π
5π 2π pi 13π 13π
= − + + k2π = + k2π ⇒ Arg (z) =
4 3 2 12 12
√ 7
|i − 3| 27
Solution c:|z| = = = 2.
|w |3 43
√ 5π π
arg (z) = 7 · arg (i − 3) − 3 · Arg (w ) + k2π = 7 · − 3 · + k2π
6 7
227π 25π 25π
= + k2π = 6π − + k2π ⇒ Arg (z) = −
42 42 42
Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 22 / 30
 Exercises

Example 7. Simplify the complex numbers

a. z = (2 + 3i)(1 − 4i). Answer: 14 − 5i
b. z = (3 − 2i)2 . Answer: 5 − 12i

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 23 / 30

 Exercises

Example 8.
(2 − i)i 101
Let z =
2i + 1 √
5
a. Find the modulus of z. Answer: √ = 1
5
b. Simplify z, find the complex conjugate, real and imaginary parts.
−1 3 −1 3
Answer: z = + i, z = − i.
5 5 5 5

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 24 / 30

 Exercises

Example 9.
Let z = (2 + i)2 (a − 3i), a ∈ R.
a. Find a such that z is a real number. Answer: a = −1
b. Find a such that z is a purely imaginary number. Answer: a = 3

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 25 / 30

 Exercises

Example 10
a. z 2 = 7 − 24i. Answer: z = ±(4 − 3i)
b. z 2 = −15 + 8i. Answer: z = ±(1 + 4i)

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 26 / 30

 Exercises

Example 11.
a. z 2 − 2z + 5 = 0. Answer: z = 1 ± 2i
b. z 2 + (2 − 3i)z + 7 = 0. Answer: z = −1 + 2i, −1 + i

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 27 / 30

 Exercises

Example 12. Find the modulus and Arg of the complex

numbers
√ 2π
a. z = −2 + 2 3 i. Answer: |z| = 4, Arg (z) =
3
√ π
b. z = 1 + i 3. Answer: |z| = 2, Arg (z) =
3
√ π
c. z = (1 + 2i)(3 − i) Answer: |z| = 5 2, Arg (z) =
√ 4
(−1+i)7 2 5π
d. z = √
(2−i 12)3
· i 1957 . Answer: |z| = , Arg (z) =
8 4

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 28 / 30

 Exercises

Example 13. Find the complex number z satisfying

a. (1 + 2i)z + (3 − 4i)z = 14 − 2i Answer: z = 2 − i.
b. (2 + i)z + (1 − 3i)z = 5 + 7i Answer: z = 1 + 2i.
c. (3 − 2i)z + (4 + i)z = 20 Answer: z = 2 + i.
d. (1 − 4i)z + (2 + 3i)z = 7 − 5i Answer: z = 1 − i.

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 29 / 30

 Exercises

THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION

Hoang Hai Ha (Hoang Hai Ha) Chapter 1 7th September 2025 30 / 30