CHAPTER 1 Stone Age axes

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY Stone Age axes were tools used for cutting,
chopping, and shaping materials. They date back to
Gastraphetes the Paleolithic period, with some of the earliest known
The gastraphetes was an ancient Greek “belly-bow” examples created around 1.5 million years ago.
and an early form of the crossbow. It was operated by These axes were typically made by chipping stones
pressing the weapon against the stomach while into a sharp edge and were essential for early human
pulling back the string, allowing for more powerful survival and development. Over time, axes evolved in
shots in siege warfare design and material, including polished stone axes
from the Neolithic period, which were more refined
Bowl and effective.
The bowl discovered by a team led by French marine
archaeologist Franck Goddio dates to between the Medieval cast iron pots were used for cooking and
late 2nd century BCE and the early 1st century CE. boiling. They began to appear in Europe during the
Found in Alexandria, Egypt, the bowl bears a Greek late Middle Ages, around the 12th to 14th centuries.
inscription that translates to "by Christ the magician." These pots were made by casting molten iron into
This inscription is considered by some scholars to be molds, providing a durable and efficient cooking
one of the earliest known references to Jesus Christ. vessel for the period.
The bowl's inscription suggests that Jesus may have
been perceived by some as a magician or sorcerer Candlestick telephone Also known as a desk stand,
during this period, though the exact interpretation upright, or stick phone, this style was popular from the
remains debated. late 1890s to the 1940s. It had a mouthpiece at the
top of a stand, and a receiver that the user held to
Vintage metal padlock their ear during a call. When not in use, the receiver
The vintage metal padlock is a type of lock that would rest in a fork on the stand’s switch hook,
uses a metal body and a shackle for securing doors, disconnecting the audio circuit.
gates, and other items. Padlocks have been used
since ancient times, but the modern design with a The manually operated sewing machine was first
key-operated mechanism became common in the created in the mid-19th century. The earliest
19th century. Early examples of metal padlocks date successful design was developed by Elias Howe in
back to the Roman Empire, but significant 1846, and it was later improved by Isaac Singer,
advancements in their design occurred during the whose version became widely popular starting in
Industrial Revolution. 1851. These early machines were operated by a hand
crank or a foot pedal.
Quern
A quern is an ancient tool used for grinding grains A gas iron is a portable appliance that uses gas for
into flour. It consists of two stones: a stationary lower heating and pressing clothing. First used in the late
stone and a rotating upper stone. Querns date back to 19th and early 20th centuries, gas irons were
around 4,000 BCE and were essential for producing designed for areas without electricity and were
flour in households before mechanized mills were produced by Coleman from 1924 to 1982. They
invented. remain in use today in some less developed regions.

Spoons A vintage radio is a radio that is either from before

Spoons date back to around 1,000 BCE. Early 1924 or has a vintage style and design. Radios made
examples from Egypt were made of wood, flint, and before 1924 are considered antique and were often
ivory, often with intricate designs. In Greece and made on wooden breadboards or in small cabinets.
Rome, spoons were made from bronze and silver, They may have used technologies like crystal sets,
mostly for the wealthy. During the medieval period, tuned radio frequency (TRF) sets, or superheterodyne
they were crafted from horn, wood, brass, and pewter. receivers.
By the 15th century, metal spoons became prevalent,
with notable craftsmanship during the Elizabethan The vintage typewriter is a mechanical device used
era. for typing text. The first practical typewriter was
invented by Christopher Latham Sholes and his team
in 1868. The design was commercialized by the
Remington Company starting in 1873, marking the Brass telescope
beginning of widespread use. The earliest telescopes were invented in the early
The audio cassette is a magnetic tape recording 17th century, credited to Dutch optician Hans
format used for audio playback. It was introduced by Lippershey in 1608, with simple brass tubes housing
Philips in 1963. The cassette quickly became popular glass lenses, with claims from Jacob Metius and
for its portability and ease of use, revolutionizing Zacharias Janssen.
personal music consumption.
An antique telescope is a historical optical
The kalesa is a traditional horse-drawn carriage instrument used for observing distant objects. These
commonly used in the Philippines. It originated during telescopes were crafted in the 18th, 19th, and 20th
the Spanish colonial period and became popular in centuries, and they come in various designs for
the 19th century. The kalesa features a two-wheeled marine, terrestrial, and astronomical purposes.
design and is typically drawn by a single horse, used
for both transportation and ceremonial purposes. GALVANIZED STEEL FARMING/PLOW
Modern farming and metalworking interactions
produce plentiful harvests, but efficiency remains low.
Farmers benefit from technological advancements
such as galvanized steel, which saves them time and
money..

Gunpowder, the earliest known chemical explosive,

LESSON1 was developed by Taoists for medicinal purposes and
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE ANCIENT first used in warfare around AD 904. Its use in
TIME weapons has declined due to smokeless powder and
The classic spoked Wagon Wheel with hub and iron inefficiency compared to newer alternatives.
rim, had been in use from about 500 BC in various
forms and shapes and was the main means of A sundial is a device that indicates time by using a
transportation until the early twentieth century light spot or shadow cast by the position of the Sun on
a reference scale.[4] As the Earth turns on its polar
Papyrus was first produced in Egypt in the third axis, the sun appears to cross the sky from east to
millennium BCE as a lowcost, easy-to-produce writing west, rising at sun-rise from beneath the horizon to a
material zenith at mid-day and falling again behind the horizon
at sunset. Both the azimuth (direction) and the altitude
A shadoof is a highly efficient irrigation tool that (height) can be used to create time measuring
dates back to 3000 BCE and is used to transfer water devices. Sundials have been invented independently
from a source to land, another waterway, or basin. in every major culture and became more accurate and
sophisticated as the culture developed
Pin tumbler locks The first known locks in history
were created over 6000 years ago in Ancient Egypt Louis Pasteur (born December 27, 1822, Dole,
and Mesopotamia. These simple yet effective France— died September 28, 1895, Saint-Cloud) was
mechanisms were called pin- tumbler locks and were a French chemist and microbiologist who was one of
made entirely from wood. the most important founders of medical microbiology.
Pasteur’s contributions to science, technology, and
The Antikythera mechanism, an ancient Greek medicine are nearly without precedent. He pioneered
handpowered orrery, is the world's oldest known the study of molecular asymmetry; discovered that
analog computer. It was used to predict astronomical microorganisms cause fermentation and disease;
positions and eclipses, as well as track athletic originated the process of pasteurization; saved the
events. beer, wine, and silk industries in France; and
developed vaccines against anthrax and rabies
The printing press, invented by German goldsmith
Johannes Gutenberg in 1436, is a mechanical device The rotary dial telephone, an iconic piece of
that transfers ink from an inked surface on a print 20th-century [Link] the early 1900s, the rotary
medium, revolutionizing the printing process and dial telephone began to gain widespread use. The
significantly improving the speed of text production. technology was refined and standardized, with
various manufacturers producing phones that utilized -They use stone tools and pottery.
the rotary dial mechanism. -Weaving and settling in villages.
-Agriculture continue to expand across most of the
A biplane is a fixed-wing aircraft with two main wings inhabited regions giving way to urban civilization Wide
stacked one above the other. The first powered, domestication of plants and animals
controlled aeroplane to fly, the Wright Flyer, used a
biplane wing arrangement, as did many aircraft in the 4. THE BRONZE AGE (300BC – 1200BC)
early years of aviation. While a biplane wing structure It was started when tools and weapons were already
has a structural advantage over a monoplane, it widely made with copper and bronze through the
produces more drag than a monoplane wing. metal extraction from ore, the process is called
Improved structural techniques, better materials and smelting
higher speeds made the biplane configuration
obsolete for most purposes by the late 1930s. 5. THE IRON AGE (1500BC – 450AD).
- This began with the smelting pits with advance
Old television The first commercially available quality to produce higher temperature that could smelt
televisions appeared in the late 1930s. These early iron ore
models were often bulky and expensive, with small - Iron age slowly spread into different parts of the
screens and poor image quality compared to modern world from North America to Saharan Africa
standards. They used cathode ray tubes (CRTs) to
display images and were typically black- and-white. THE MIDDLE AGE (450 – 1450AD
- It is the time of castles and peasants, guilds and
HISTORY monasteries, cathedrals and crusades. ,
THE STONE AGE 2.5 MYA – 3000BC) The period of - Dark Age(450-1000AD) was no significant science
weapons made by stone, wood, bones and other accomplishments, no great arts produced and no
similar materials. It was divided into two periods by great leaders born High Middle Age(1000 – 1450AD).
John Lubbock, Paleolithic and Neolithic period - The rise of Islam. Inventors devised technologies
like the pinhole camera, soap, windmills, surgical
1. PALEOLITHIC (OLD STONE) PERIOD instruments, an early flying machine and the system
It is known to be the longest time in human history of numerals that we use today.
which began approximately two million years ago and
ended between 40,000 to 10,000 years ago. Scientific Revolution (The Evolution of different
Humans were believed to be an ape-like creature to a Ideas)
true homo sapiens. They were hunter-gatherers who - A period of great scientific intellectual achievements
used stone- made tools, flints or bones to hunt that led to radical changes in scientific inquiries.
animals and harvest wild plants as source of food - A period of drastic change in scientific thought that
took place during the 16th and 17th centuries. It
replaced the Greek view of nature that had dominated
science for almost 2,000 years

UNIVERSE MODEL BY NICOLAS COPERNICUS

●​ Heliocentric view of the solar system

LAW OF PLANETARY MOTION BY JOHANNES

KEPLER

All planets revolve around the sun in an elliptical way.

[Link] PERIOD (MIDDLE STONE) PERIOD ●​ Aphelion
People begun to learn fishing along rivers and shores, ●​ Perihelion
make pottery and use bow. Gradual transition from
gathering agricultural food to food production. WORK OF MOTION AND INVENTION OF
TELESCOPE BY GALILEO GALILEI
[Link] (NEW STONE) PERIOD
-The stage of cultural and technological development ●​ GALILEO'S PENDULUM CLOCK
based from agriculture
The discovery of the relations of distance,
velocity and acceleration

LAWS OF MOTION BY SIR ISAAC NEWTON

Three Laws of Motion

a. Law of Inertia
b. Law of Acceleration
c. Law of Interaction

ΣF=0 shutterstock
F = ma
Action = Reaction

NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION

First law
Every body remains in a state of rest or unstorm
mation unless acted upon thy a net external force
Second law
The amount of acceleration of a body is proportional
to the acting force and inversely proportional to the
mass of the body
Third law
For every action there is an equal but opposite
reaction. If an object A exerts a Force on object it, that
object will exert an equal to opposite force on object

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1740 – 1860 AD), "THE

BEGINNING"

INFORMATION AGE
The period of human history typically described by the
change from traditional industry to an economy based
on information computerization is known as the
Information Age, Digital Age, or New Media Age. It is
coupled with the birth of personal computers. It is also
the era with easy access on any piece of information
(Stacy, 2008).
Before the rise of the computers, information was
being spread using print out materials. Johannes
Gutenberg, a German blacksmith and publisher who
introduced "movable type printing" in Europe,
established what we called the Gutenberg era which
is responsible for shaping the nature of society and its
underlying institutions.
This is where the Gutenberg principle is applied owing
to the fact that during this period information was
massively distributed but is much expensive and was
established as part of an official organization or the instant messaging service and software application.
principle could simply be defined as "the massive This can be wood to send messages to other people
distribution of information in an expensive manner through written massages, we calls or video calls. The
because it is institutionalized" (Stacy, 2008). letter would be in a one-to-one interaction or even in
group conversations (Hoghes &Hans, 2017) Youtube.
The Pre-Gutenberg World Tosder.
During the time when the printing press was not yet
around, information could be processed in a tedious FACEBOOK
manner. Books were written and produced by hand. facebook website was first launched in february 4,
They were made in surfaces of clay, wax, papyrus 2004 by a known computer programmer. Mark
and parchment. The hand-produced books and other Zuckerberg together with his fellow students in
reading materials were restricted only to those people harvard college and with other roommates. The
who can afford to buy these materials, the ones called membership was first limited to Harvard stu Youtube
elite group of people. Information was only relayed to is the largest online destination and the third most
other through word-of- mouth channels (Stacy, 2008). visited website. This website makes its way through
social media via the tandem of Chad Hurley and
The Gutenberg Revolution Steve Chen: In 2005, during Valentine's day. Hurley
It began with the introduction of printing, specifically registered the logo and domain of Youtube. After
the movable one, by Gutenbert Gutenberg principle three months, a small group of employees launched
existed in such a way that ipforced in guld be ped the site [Link].
Gutenberg Gdividual, but the screen was expensive.
Bocks print "cradle or ones in the beginning of Youtube is one of the best ways by which videos can
Gutenberg ers were called incunabula which means be shared. One can see videos about the enormous
"cradle or birthplace of printing technology eventually aspects of life through this website (Article: The 20
diffused frer Medtector in Italy, Paris and then to Most Interesting Social Networks, 2017 dents but later
London. Most of the books that were first printed were students in boston area, Ivy league college and
that of religious texts of the medieval period. Stanford university were allowed to get access to the
The books were initially written in Latin but as time website. Facebook is a social networking website
pase by, other books were written in local language where people could contact one another and meet on
which made these books available and hs otstandable line to share each other's thoughts ideas,
to common people. Scientific and geographic experiences, photos, and videos which they feel
discoveries spread at a fast rate. Then, medical books would be worth sharing It can build relationships, can
were also published. These were written with detailed be used in business transactions and could be a
illustrations of the anatomical structures of the human source of game (Hughes &Hans, 2017)
parts (Stacy, 2008)
Google.
The rise of institutionalized and mediated channels Larry Page and Sergey Brin, both PhD students
was evident during this time. The best example of this developed Google as a research project in 1996. The
was the "media" which can pass information through domain [Link] was registered in Stanford
to people from all walks of life. This opened the door University September 1997. It is now the most used
to exceptional mass communications. It has been a search engine in the worldwide web. Google offers us
very significant era in the history, but we cannot do wide variety of features beyond searching for words.
away from the fact that to distribute the information to These may include synonyms or word meanings, time
a lot of listeners or viewers would cost a lot of money. zones, maps, weather forecasts, sports scores,
For others, Gutenberg will remain as a man of calculations, etc One could also search for
mystery, but his unprecedented discovery of the researches or journal articles used as references for
printing press has contributed a lot to the world that theses and dissertations. Yahoo in Japan is one of the
was way impossible with books or documents written great competitors of Google (Article: The 20 Most
by hand (Stacy, 2008) Interesting Social Networks, 2017) I

Messenger.
It was originally developed as Facebook Chat in 2008
but changed its messaging service in 2010. It is an
Instagram.
Instagram created by Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger
in October of 2010 is a fun photography application
that is gaining fame all over the globe. This can be
used to enhance and give style to your photo which
can later be shared with others using the same
application. It is a user-friendly app, but other apps
could also provide the same features (Article: The 20
Most Interesting Social Networks, 2017).

These social media platforms mentioned above

are the most commonly used platforms by people
but there are still other social media platforms
which are not discussed in this book. Some
include the following: Blab, hi5, Houseparty, LinkedIn.
MyLife, Meerkat, Periscope, Ning, Plaxo, Snapchat,
Bing, Xing, Flickr, Vimeo, iTunes, and MySpace
(Article: The 20 Most Interesting Social Networks,
2017).
Their discovery and use became a very significant
part of the economy. It gave great impact in the
workforce in many different ways. Workers who are
not well-versed with automation are being forced to
look for automated jobs. They are also being forced to
compete for globally competitive jobs. And worse,
some workers are being replaced by computers which
can make the job much faster and which do not
require compensation.
But on lighter note, computerization has given much
benefit to us. It resulted in high productivity in the
workplace.
Nowadays, bills payment, bank transactions, online
shopping, and the like are much easier than without
computers and internet.

From Gutenberg to Information age, the evolution

of technology has made us realize that
modernization of information and communication
process have become the power behind social
evolution
CHAPTER 2 Jesuits
Science and technology ●​ Colegio de San Ildefonso, Cebu City (1595)
●​ Colegio de San Ignacio, Manila (1595)
Precolonial Period ●​ Ateneo de Manila (1859)
It was considered to be the period of modern science Dominicans
and technology in the Philippines. Religious orders ●​ University of Santo Tomas, Manila (1611)
played the great influenced in the development ●​ Colegio de San Juan de Letran, Manila
resulted to political and socio-economic changes (1640)
which had a huge contribution to the history of the Higher education was initially offered for priesthood
country. and for clerical positions in the government. It was
only during the 19th century that B.A. degrees (i.e.
SPANISH REGIME Bachiller en Artes in science subjects and that
THE SPANISH PERIOD (1521-1898) technical/vocational schools were offered and
●​ Start of Spanish colonization (1521-1565). established, respectively, by the Spaniard
●​ The arrival of Magellan in the Philippines.
●​ Gallion ships ●​ Galleon (or Manila-Acapulco) trade
(1565-1813). Manila emerged as the
ENCOMIENDA entrepot of the Orient.
A system where Filipinos worked for Spanish ●​ Chinese goods (eg, silk, cloth, porcelain,
landowners in exchange for supposed protection and etc.) were brought to Latin America from
religious teaching Manila in replacement of Mexican silver.
●​ Goods were brought to Manila by ships from
Remarkable events and advancement in the Japan.
Philippines Science and Technology ●​ Portuguese ships from Siam, India,
Malacca, Borneo and Cambodia were
POLITICS carried to Mexico by galleons.
Reduccion system used in Latin America was -Direct involvement in the Galleon trade was limited
adopted response to initial shortage of Spanish to Spanish occupants of Manila. Chinese traders
missionaries country. profited most from this system by acting as packers,
●​ This strategy grouped far-flung, scattered ba middlemen and retailers which were much needed by
into fewer but larger and more compact tow the Spanish community in Intramuros.
within the hearing area of church bells.
Datus and their hereditary successors served as ECONOMY
heads cabezas de barangay, the lowest level of local -Domestic stock economy was deleteriously affected
government by the Galleon trade which caused a negligence of
local agriculture, mining and handicraft industries.
Centralized political control was established all - At the beginning of the 18th century, the ascendance
over country. of the Bourbon dynasty to the Spanish throne paved
●​ Tribute tax was imposed and collected. the way for enterprising Spaniards to exploit the
●​ Compulsory labor services were enforced in country's mineral wealth, to develop its agriculture
the native Filipinos. and to establish industries,
Compulsory sale of local products to the government - Filipino students were able to go to Europe for
implemented. professional advanced studies as prosperity resulted
from increased commerce between the Philippines
Education and other countries.
The Philippine colonial educational system was Some of them were the following:
established with the help of religious orders. ●​ Jose Rizal Medicine and specialization in
●​ Technological development and scientific Ophthalmology in Spain and Germany
research were promoted. ●​ Graciano Apacible Medicine in Madrid.
Primary education was mainly religious in nature. ●​ Antonio Luna-Pharmacy in Madrid
●​ Jose Alejandrino Engineering in Belgium
Different religious orders established schools offering
higher education, majority of which in Manila, but
mostly accessible to the elite of the society.
MEDICINE ●​ The demand for professional education was
-Several Spanish missionaries observed, catalogued increased
and wrote about Philippine plants, especially those
with medicinal values. COMMONWEALTH PERIOD
One of the most notable writings was the Manual de
Medicinas Caseras by Father Fernando de Sta. ●​ The Philippines, had been a U.S. colony
Maria in 1763. since 1898, following the Spanish-American
-Schools of medicine and pharmacy were opened in War
1871 in the University of Santo Tomas.
-Among its first BS Pharmacy graduates was Leon ●​ Tydings-McDuffie Act in 1934, which laid the
Ma. Guerrero who is referred to as the "Father of groundwork for the formation of a Philippine
Philippine Pharmacy after his extensive work Commonwealth government with a ten-year
medicinal plants. Philippine transition period.
-In 1887, the Laboratorio Municipal de Ciudad de
Manila was established to perform biochemical The Commonwealth of the Philippines established on
analyses for public health purposes and specimen November 15, 1935, was signed by US Pres.
examinations for clinical and medico-legal cases. ●​ President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Manuel
-Studies on infectious diseases such as cholera, L.
tuberculosis, leprosy and beriberi were also ●​ Quezon was elected as the first President
conducted. of the Philippine Commonwealth.

AMERICAN REGIME COMMONWEALTH PERIOD

Rapid advancement of Science and Technology in the ●​ The ten-year transitional period was
Philippines intended to give the Philippines time to
prepare for full independence.
Contributing Factors: ●​ Beginning of the country's transformation to
●​ Encouragement and support of the a politically independent nation.
government for an extensive public ●​ Article XIII, section 4 stating that "The State
education shall promote scientific research and
●​ Scholarship grants in science and invention, arts and letters shall be under
engineering its patronage..." Schools both private and
●​ Organization and establishment of science public was given a change to do some
research agencies expansion.
●​ Establishment of science-based public
services ●​ World War II disrupted this timeline, as the
country was invaded and occupied by
The following activities paved way for the Japanese forces in 1942.
development of science and technology in
different sectors of the country: Period Since Independence

●​ Secularized public education ●​ The Philippines was liberated by the U.S.

●​ Department of public instruction offering free and Filipino forces in 1944-45.
primary education with English as medium of ●​ The country regained its independence in
instruction 1946
●​ Philippine Normal School was put up to
serve as the training ground for Filipino The six new institutes were opened:
teachers ●​ National Institute of Physics
●​ National Institute of Geological Science
Secondary schools opened in 1902. ●​ National Institute of Natural Science
●​ There was an advanced training abroad for Research
Filipinos to replaced foreign faculty in the ●​ National Institute of Chemistry
Philippines ●​ National Institute of Biology
●​ National Institute of Mathematical Science
CHAPTER 3 Freud's Structural Theory of personality
Intellectual Revolution that defined society ID- made up of unconscious psychic energy that
works to satisfy basic urges, needs and desires. It is
Intellectual Revolution the only part of the personality that is present at birth
and that this primitive component of personality
"Intellectual Revolution" is the term used to Greek existed wholly within the unconscious
speculation about "nature" in the period before Super Ego - is composed of people's internalized
Socrates -600-400 BCE. It is also known as the ideals acquired. from parents and society. The super
"Pre-Socratic" or "non-theological" or "first ego works to suppress the urges of the id and tries to
philosophy." make the ego behave morally, rather than realistically.
EGO - mediates the demand of id the super ego and
The Intellectual revolution pertains to the perlod of reality The ego operates based on the reality
paradigm shifts or changes in the scientific beliefs that principle, which works the ida desire in a manner that
have been widely embraced and accepted by the is realistic and socially appropriate
people
Information Revolution
Three characteristic features of this form of Information revolution accompanied the history of
philosophy mankind and began as early as 3000BC with
Sumerian pictographs.
●​ the world is a natural whole (Le. supernatural
forces do not make things "happen") ●​ Sumerian Pictograph - Sumerian
●​ there is a natural order (Le. there are laws of ●​ The printing press - Gutenberg
nature) ●​ Analytic Engine - Agusta and Babbage
●​ humans can discover those laws ●​ Invention of the first telephone - Alexander
bell
COPERNICAN
Between 1508 and 1514. Alan Turing
Copernicus adopted the heliocentric model where he ●​ Develop the first modern computers,
proved the idea that the sun is the center of the solar decoding the encryption of German Enigma
system machines during the second world war
●​ Detailing a procedure known as the Turing
●​ The sun-centered concept considered a Test. forming the basis for artificial
radical idea during that time and most of the intelligence
contemporary astronomers adopted the ●​ English mathematician, computer scientist,
Greek Earth-centered model logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher and
theoretical biologist
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473-1543)
PTOLEMY (100AD) Mesoamerican Civilizations
Darwinian
Darwin's Theory of Evolution is the widely held notion ●​ "Mesos": Middle (Middle America).
that all living organisms are related and have ●​ Flourish before the Spanish colonization in
descended from a common ancestor. the 15th and 16th centuries
SIGMUND FREUD ●​ First great American Civilization
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the ●​ The historic region of Mesoamerica
founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for comprises the modern day countries of
treating psychopathology through dialogue between a northern Costa Rica, Nicaragua. Honduras.
patient and a psychoanalyst. He's also known for his El Salvador, Guatemala, Belize, and central
theories on the unconscious mind, dreams, and the to southern Mexico.
structure of personality.
Freud's Structural Theory of Personality
●​ ID
●​ EGO
●​ SUPER EGO
CALENDARS as Confucianism which is based on the
An Aztec calendar that consisted of a 365-day HAAB teachings of Confucius.
(agricultural) calendar and 260-day TZOLKIN (sacred) ●​ People also build the Great Wall of China to
calendar. protect themselves from the Invasion of
Barbarians" from other parts of Asia.
AGRICULTURE
The cultivation of cacao, corn, beans, tomato, squash, African Civilization
and chill as well as the domestication of turkey and Contributionst
dog made a transition from Paleo-Indian hunter- ●​ Farming and Slaves
gatherer tribal grouping to the organization of ●​ First method of counting.
sedentary agricultural villages. ●​ African Stonehenge
●​ Hand-axe and manipulating fire, fishing
CHINAMPAS hooks, bows and arrows, and boats.
Mesoamerican farmers utilized various techniques to ●​ Discoveries of Saturn's ring. Jupiter's moon,
cultivate mountain valleys, including building stone Spiral structure of Milky Way, orbit of the
walls and terraces, cutting down trees to create Sirius Star
mounds of soil and using chinampas -plots of mud
and soil on layers of water vegetation. They were Many advances in metallurgy and tool making were
pioneers in irrigation methods as well. made across the entirety of ancient Africa including
steam engines. metal chisels and saws, copper and
MESOAMERICAN BALLGAME iron tools and weapons, nails, glue, carbon steel and
It is for religious purposes, including as a part of bronze weapons, and art.
ceremonies and offerings to the gods.
The Great Pyramid of Giza
COLOSSAL HEADS It is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the
The Olmec colossal heads are stone representations Giza Necropolis (481 feet tall).
of human heads sculpted from large basalt boulders. Plants are used for medicine.
Medical procedures performed in ancient Africa
ASIAN CIVILIZATION before they were performed in Europe. Includes
vaccination, autopsy, bullet removal. brain surgery,
●​ Asia bore two of the world's great early anesthesia, and many more.
civilizations one from India and other from
China. About 4000 years ago. civilization
arose in the Indus river valley. People used
weapons and utensils made of a bronze and
copper.
●​ The region served as birthplace of two
worlds known religions, namely Hinduism
and Buddhism.

Hinduism
Handusam was based on the four sacred books
nailed Vedas which hold the records of leuthan histo
ustory and beliefs and were written by the Aryan
people who invaded the region from the north around
1500 BCE

Buddhism
Buddhism embraces followers embraces followers
who praise Buddha human greed and worthiness lead
to human pain

●​ Different dynasties ruled the region one after

the other. It also had its own religion known