IMPORTANT MODULE 4 NOTES
• Zener diode :-
1. Operate in reverse breakdown voltage.
2. Used as voltage regulator.
• LED :-
1. Operate in Forward bias.
2. Gallium arsenide produces Red light.
3. Gallium phosphide produces green light.
4. Forward voltage rating of most LED is 1v to 3v .
5. Forward current rating range from 20 MA to 100 MA
6. LED connect to rectifier diode in parallel to protect from destroyed.
• Multi colored LED :-
1. Two P-N junction that are connected in reverse parallel.
2. LED mostly used in Power indicator, seven segment display.
• Photodiode:-
1. Directly proportional to reverse voltage.
2. Reverse bias silicon and germanium.
3. Reverse current in photodiode is directly proportional to the intensity of light falling on
junction.
4. Greater the intensity of light falling on junction of photodiode, the greater will be reverse
current.
5. When photodiode junction is exposed to light the reverse current INCREASE with
INCREASE in light intensity.
6. Used in counter circuit or alarm circuit.*
• Tunnel Diode:-
1. Negative resistance range.
2. Work in forward bias.
3. Heavily doped 1000 times than Zener diode.
4. Depletion layer is very narrow.
5. Operation depend upon tunneling effect.
6. Used as oscillator or switch.
• Varactor Diode:-
1. Depletion zone acts as insulator.
2. Always in reverse bias.
3. Increase in reverse voltage , Increase in width of depletion layer.
4. The capacitance of varactor is in parallel with the inductor.
5. If the amount of varactor reverse bias is decreasing, the value of Capacitance of Varactor
is Increased.
6. Inversely proportional to reverse bias.
• Shockely Diode:-
1. Having two P-N junction.
2. Acts as switch.
3. Present very high resistance.
4. Shockley Diode never be operated with a reverse voltage .
• Transistor:-
• The ratio of change in collector to change in emitter current at constant collector, base
voltage known as current amplification factor.
• TRIAC :-
1. TRIAC conduct current in both direction.
2. It is three terminal device.
3. 5 layer semiconductor device.
4. Used in High power Lamp switch.
5. Electronic change over of transformer taps.
• DIAC :-
1. Two terminal , 3 layer bidirectional device.
2. Used on Lamp dinner.
• UJT :-
1. 3 terminal semi-conductor device.
2. UJT are used in oscillator, and voltage sensing circuit.
• IC (Integrated Circuit) :-
1. Inductor and Transformer not fabricated on IC.
2. Monolithic IC is one in which all circuit components and their inter- connection are
formed on a single thin wafer called the ‘substrate’.
3. One or more diode are formed by diffusing One or More.
• Operational Amplifier:- (OP amp)
1. Input stage of operational amplifier is a differential amplifier.
2. OP- amp has very high input impedance. Very Low Output impedance.
3. Op-amp has very high Open loop voltage gain.
4. Always operated with negative feedback.
• PCB (Printed Circuit Board) :-
1. The base material is normally stored at Low temperature at ‘B stage’.
2. Single layer:- Contain all printed Conducting Path on one side with the components
mounted on the opposite side.
3. Multilayer :- Conducting path printed both side and Components may also be mounted
on both sides.
4. Multilayer Sandwich:- These boards are many thin boards laminated with the
components mounted on both external side.
5. Mass soldering :- All joints are soldered simultaneously.
6. The solder specification for mass soldering is 60/40 Tin/Lead.
7. The most commonly used conductive material is copper foil the minimum purity value is
99.5%.
8. Electrical test on each batch of board is performed.
9. Typically thickness of a board range is from:- 0.031 to 0.125 inches.
10. Silver is used for power switching.
11. Gold gives a durable, corrosion resistance, low resistance finishing with long life.
12. Fo durability :- Nickel & Gold are used.
13. Rhodium is hardest material is used for coating in PCB.
14. Cheapest material is used for plating is Palladium.
15. Gold are commonly used for edge connector, finger contact.
• Servomechanism:-
1. When we put the diode pointer at each end of shaft the dial reading will be the same at:-
Change of direction & speed.
2. Flexible shaft can accurately transmit the tiny rotational forces.
3. Synchro same like electric motor excepts it has 5 wires.
4. Synchro system :- two synchro connected together source of AC voltage.
5. Synchro system used for turn light and heavy load.
• The synchro Differential:-
1. TDX- 2 Input signal i)Mechanical ii)Electrical
2. TDR- Input 2 electrical signal Output mechanical by shaft.
3. Synchro control transformer:- Similar to synchro indicator.
4. In synchro indicator signal cause rotor turn in one way or the another way.
5. Signal produce voltage output (error signal) → Power amplifier → Motor.
6. TX -→ Signal→Control Transformer→ Power amp
Motor→turns →Transducers (Control Transformer and transducer are mechanically
connected)
7. Transducer is 30o Clockwise from original position.
8. Synchro torque transmitter and indicator → Are used to transmit information from one
point to another → Electrically.
9. Look like ordinary motor or generator.
• TX construction :-
1. Stator :- Star winding 3 operated winding 120o apart.
2. Rotor :- Two coils connected in series from one continuous winding.
3. Synchro transmitter and receiver (indicator) are same in construction and electrical
operation.
4. Rotor of indicator has heavy metal fly wheel called ‘Damper’.
5. AC voltage is applied to rotor of synchro transmitter.
6. Rotor of indicator will always turn with the rotor of transmitter.
• Synchro differential :-
1. Stator :- 3 Separate coils (120oapart) star connected.
2. Rotor :- 3 Winding (120oapart) star connected.
3. Stator is primary and rotor is secondary.
• Control Transformers:-
1. Voltage can be used in the control synchro to position heavy load.
2. Rotor of control transformer → Transmitter in series.
• Synchro Capacitor :-
1. Capacitor are connected into synchro to Decrease stator current to improve accuracy.
2. Synchro system cannot supply the torque required the position Heavy Load.