MODULE-1 LSM BASICS
Working Stress Method Ultimate Load Method Limit State Method:
➢ This method is based upon (Load Factor Method) (based on Probabilistic Approach)
linear elastic theory. This method considers the
➢ The basic assumption of • This method is based on uncertainties in the load and
linear elastic behavior is the ultimate strength of material properties and makes a
considered justifiable since reinforced concrete at probabilistic estimation of partial
the specified permissible ultimate load, obtained by safety factors. Limit state is the
stresses (in concrete and enhancing the service load state at which structure becomes
steel ) are kept well below by some factor called load unfit for use."
the ultimate strength of the factor for giving a desired Limit states are the acceptable
material.
margin of safety. limits for the safety and
➢ This method ensured
• In the ULM, the stress serviceability requirements of the
adequate safety by suitably
condition at the state of structure before failure occurs.
restricting the stress in the
impending collapse of the
materials induced by the
structure is analyzed, • Limit states are two types:
expected working loads on
using the non-linear o Limit state of
the structures.
➢ The ratio of the yield stress stress-strain curves of collapse
concrete and steel. o Limit state of
of the steel reinforcement
• The safety measure in the serviceability
or the concrete cube
design is obtained by the Kani’s Method:
strength to corresponding
use of the proper load • It is a method of structural
permissible or working
factor analysis and is classified as a
stress value is usually
displacement method.
called a factor of safety.
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Remember:
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Limit State of Serviceability: Deflection, Cracking, Vibration
Remember:
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Types of limit state As Per IS 800:2007:
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Examples: 1- Loss of Equilibrium means Equilibrium Condition ( ) not
satisfied Ex. Shade removal from Structure.
2- Loss of stability (Due to sway or overturing etc.) Ex. Collapse of Retaining wall /Boundary wall.
3-Failure by Excessive deformation (means yielding) rupture od structure (means broken)
4-Fatigue failure means reversal of stress like during earthquake
5-Brittle failure means without warning failure (Ex. When steel is exposed to low temperatures, its
toughness decreases, making it more susceptible to brittle fracture rather than exhibiting ductile
behaviour)
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KEEP STUDYING…………KEEP SHINING
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We check Safety at Ultimate Load and Serviceability at Working Load in LSM
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In question if Design Moment is for limit collapse of Serviceability is asked then above solution is wrong.
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