Numerical solutions of
Magnetohydrodynamic boundary layer
flow of tangent hyperbolic fluid towards a
stretching sheet
Noreen Sher Akbar, S. Nadeem, R. Ul
Haq & Z. H. Khan
Indian Journal of Physics
ISSN 0973-1458
Volume 87
Number 11
Indian J Phys (2013) 87:1121-1124
DOI 10.1007/s12648-013-0339-8
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Indian J Phys (November 2013) 87(11):1121–1124
DOI 10.1007/s12648-013-0339-8
ORIGINAL PAPER
Numerical solutions of Magnetohydrodynamic boundary layer flow
of tangent hyperbolic fluid towards a stretching sheet
N S Akbar1, S Nadeem2, R U Haq2* and Z H Khan3
1
DBS&H, CEME, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 4000, Pakistan
2
Department of Mathematics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
3
School of Mathematical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
Received: 25 December 2012 / Accepted: 29 May 2013 / Published online: 27 June 2013
Abstract: In the present article, we have studied the two dimensional tangent hyperbolic fluid flow towards a stretching sheet
with a magnetic field. Governing equations for the proposed model are modelled and then simplified using boundary layer
approach and similarity transformations. Simplified governing equations are then solved numerically with the help of fourth
and fifth order Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method. Physical features of the involved parameters are presented and discussed.
Keywords: Stretching sheet; Tangent hyperbolic fluid; MHD; Fourth and fifth order Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method
PACS No.: 47.50.–d
1. Introduction stretching vertical sheet has been discussed [6]. The mixed
convection flow and heat transfer from an exponentially
The flow due to a stretching sheet has been deliberate stretching vertical surface in a quiescent fluid has been
because of its numerous applications in industries such as analyzed [7]. Partha et al. [7] have analyzed the influence of
industrialized of polymer sheet, filaments and wires. During buoyancy along with viscous dissipation on the convective
the mechanized process, stirring sheet is assumed to extend transport in boundary layer region in both aiding and
on its own plane and prolonged surface interacts with opposing flow situations. Ishak et al. [8] have also presented
ambient fluid both instinctively and thermally. Sakiadis [1] heat transfer over a stretching surface with uniform or vari-
has discussed laminar boundary-layer behavior on a moving able heat flux in micropolar fluid. HAM solutions for
continuous flat surface and has obtained numerical solutions boundary layer flow in the region of the stagnation point
for the boundary-layer equations. The turbulent boundary- towards a stretching sheet is discussed by Nadeem and
layer behavior on a moving continuous flat surface has been Hussain [9]. In the recent years, flow over a stretching sur-
also investigated using the integral method [1]. Crane [2] has face has attained lot of importance due to its wide range of
extended the work for both linear and exponentially applications. Few recent studies are cited in [10–19].
stretching sheet. Free convection on a vertical stretching In the present article, we have discussed tangent
surface has been studied by Wang [3]. Similarity solutions of hyperbolic fluid flow towards a stretching sheet with
the laminar boundary layer equations describing heat and magnetic field. The main objective of the article is to dis-
flow in a quiescent fluid driven by an exponentially cuss MHD flow of tangent hyperbolic fluid analysis for
stretching surface subject to suction have been examined stretching sheet.
numerically by Elbashbeshy [4]. Nazar et al. [5] have stud-
ied the unsteady two-dimensional stagnation point flow of an
2. Mathematical formulation
incompressible viscous fluid over a flat deformable sheet.
Magnetohydrodynamic stagnation point flow towards a
We discuss a steady, two dimensional flow of an incom-
pressible tangent hyperbolic fluid over a wall coinciding
with plane y = 0, the flow is being confined to y [ 0. The
*Corresponding author, E-mail: ideal_riz@[Link] flow is generated due to the linear stretching.
Ó 2013 IACS
Author's personal copy
1122 N S Akbar et al.
The constitutive equation of tangent hyperbolic fluid is
ou nC ou 2
[15]: sw ¼ ð1 nÞ þ pffiffiffi ð11Þ
oy 2 oy
n
s ¼ l1 þ ðl0 þ l1 Þ tanh Cc_ c; _ ð1Þ
The coefficient of skin friction cf is defined as
in which, s is the extra stress tensor, l1 the infinite shear sw
cf ¼ 2 ð12Þ
rate viscosity, l0 the zero shear rate viscosity, C is the time quw
dependent material constant, n the power law index i.e flow
behaviour index and c_ is defined as In dimensionless form skin friction is defined as
pffiffiffiffiffiffi h n i
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Recf ¼ ð1 nÞf 00 ðgÞ þ We ðf 00 ðgÞÞ
2
: ð13Þ
1XX 1 2 g¼0
c_ ¼ c_ c_ ¼ P; ð2Þ
2 i j ij ji 2
2 3. Results and discussion
where P ¼ 12 tr gradV þ ðgradV ÞT . We consider
Eq. (1), for the case when l1 ¼ 0 because it is not
possible to discuss the problem for the infinite shear rate Numerical solutions of Eqs. (8) and (9) have been calcu-
viscosity and since we are considering tangent hyperbolic lated using fourth and fifth order Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg
_
fluid that describing shear thinning effects so Cc\1: Then method. Here the numerical solutions of tangent hyperbolic
Eq. (1) takes the form fluid for stretching sheet are presented. The tangent
hyperbolic fluid is a four constant fluid model capable of
_ n c_ ¼ l0 ð1 þ Cc_ 1Þn c_
s ¼ l0 ðCcÞ describing shear thinning effects. The apparent viscosity
ð3Þ for the proposed varies gradually between zero shear rate
¼ l 1 þ nðCc_ 1Þ c:
0
_
and shear rate tends to infinity. Figure 1(a)–1(c) shows the
Governing equations for tangent hyperbolic fluid model influence of various fluid parameter on velocity profile.
after applying the boundary layer approximations can be Figure 1(a) shows the effects of Hartmann number M on
defined as follows velocity profile. Hartmann number is the ratio of electro-
magnetic force to the viscous force. Consequently, Hart-
ou ov mann number resist the fluid flow. It is seen from figures
þ ¼ 0; ð4Þ
ox oy that velocity profile decreases with the increasing values of
2 M and the boundary layer thickness increases. It is also
ou ou o2 u pffiffiffi ou o u rB2
u þ v ¼ mð1 nÞ 2 þ 2mnC u; analyzed that M is perpendicular to the stretching sheet so
ox oy oy oy oy2 q
for higher values of M it deaccelerate the velocity and rises
ð5Þ the boundary layer thickness. Figure 1(b) depicts that the
The corresponding boundary conditions are behavior of power law index n on velocity profile is
qualitatively same as in Fig. 1(a). Velocity profile decrea-
u ¼ uw ðxÞ ¼ ax; v ¼ 0; at y ¼ 0; ses with an increase in n and boundary layer thickness also
u ! 1; as y ! 1: ð6Þ decreases. Influence of Weissenberg number We on
velocity profile is shown in Fig. 1(c). Weissenberg is the
where u and v are velocity components, m is the kinematic
ratio of the relaxation time of the fluid and a specific
viscosity that is the ratio of viscosity to density of the fluid,
process time. In simple steady shear, the Weissenberg
uw is velocity at wall, b [ 0 is the stretching parameter.
number is defined as the shear rate times the relaxation
Introducing the following similarity transformations
time. It increases the thickness the fluid, so velocity profile
rffiffiffi decreases with an increase in We. But boundary layer
a pffiffiffiffiffi
g¼ y; u ¼ axf 0 ðgÞ; v ¼ amf ðgÞ: ð7Þ thickness decreases for increasing value of We. Fig-
m
ure 2(a) and 2(b) give the behavior of skin friction for
Equations (4)–(6) take the form by using Eq. (7) various fluid parameters. It is seen in these figures that for
increasing values of power law index n skin friction
ð1 nÞf 000 ðf 0 Þ2 þ ff 00 þ nWe f 000 ðf 00 Þ M 2 f 0 ¼ 0; ð8Þ coefficient also increases. Moreover, skin friction coeffi-
0 cient in Fig. 2(b) depicts the same increasing behavior as
f ¼ 0; f ¼ 1; at g ¼ 0; ð9Þ
compared with Fig. 2(a) for increase value of Weissenberg
f 0 ! 0 at g ! 1; ð10Þ
pffiffi 3 number We. Excellent agreement is presented for skin
2pa2ffiffixC rB20
In these expressions We ¼ and M 2 ¼ m qa .
friction coefficient shows in Table 1 in the absence of both
After using boundary layer approximations wall shear power law index n and Weissenberg number We [20, 21].
stress sw is given by Table 2 presents values of skin friction coefficient for
Author's personal copy
Numerical solutions of Magnetohydrodynamic boundary layer flow 1123
(a) 1 (b) 1
M=0.0 n=0.0
M=0.5 n=0.1
0.8 M=1.0 0.8 n=0.2
M=1.5 n=0.3
M=2.0 n=0.4
n = 0.3, We=0.3 M = 0.5, We=0.5
0.6 0.6
f ’(η)
f ’(η)
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5
η η
(c) 1
We=0.0
We=0.2
0.8
0.455
We=0.4
0.45 We=0.6
0.445
We=0.8
n = 0.3, M=0.5
0.6 0.44
0.55 0.6
f ’(η)
0.4
0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
η
Fig. 1 Variation of velocity profile for different values of (a) Hartmann number (M); (b) power law index (n) and (c) Weissenberg number (We)
(a) 1.15 n = 0.3 (b) We = 0.3
1.1 1.2
We = 0.1 n = 0.1
Skin friction=(Re)1/2Cf
Skin friction=(Re) Cf
1.05 We = 0.2
1/2
We = 0.3 1.05
1 n = 0.2
We = 0.4
0.95
0.9
n = 0.3
0.9
0.85 0.75
n = 0.4
0.8
0.6
0.75
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
M M
Fig. 2 Variation of skin friction coefficient for different values of (a) Weissenberg number (We) and (b) power law index (n)
Author's personal copy
1124 N S Akbar et al.
Table 1 Comparison of skin friction coefficient with various methods
Present results when We = n = 0 [20] [21]
M Numerically HPM MHPM Exact solution Exact solution
0 1 1 1 1
0.5 -1.11803 -1.1180
1 -1.41421 -1.41421 -1.41421 -1.41421
5 -2.44948 -2.44948 -2.44948 -2.44948
10 -3.31662 -3.31662 -3.31662 -3.31662
50 -7.14142 -7.14142 -7.14142 -7.14142
100 10.0499 10.0499 10.0499 10.0499
500 -22.3830 -22.3830 -22.3830 -22.3830
10,000 31.6386 31.6386 31.6386 31.6386
Table 2 Numerical values of skin friction coefficient for different References
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