CHAPTER

01
Essential
Mathematical Tools
Learning Part
Session 1
● Basic Definitions
Session 2
● Intervals
● Modulus or Absolute Value Function
Session 3
● Number Line Rule
● Wavy Curve Method
Session 4
● Quadratic Expression
● Non-negative Functions

Practice Part
● Chapter Exercises

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Session 1
Basic Definitions
(i) Natural Numbers The set of numbers {1, 2, 3, 4, ....... } is (vi) Prime Numbers A counting number is called a
called natural numbers and it is denoted by N . prime number when it has exactly two factors,
i.e. N = {1, 2, 3, 4, ....... } 1 and itself.
(ii) Whole Numbers The set of numbers {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ......} is e.g. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17,K etc
called whole numbers and it is denoted by W. Remarks
i.e.W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ....... } (a) 2 is the only even number which is prime.
(iii) Integers The set of numbers (b) A prime is always greater than 1.
{......, – 3, – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...... } is called integers and it is How to test a number is prime or not
denoted by I or Z , Let given number be p, then
i.e. I (or Z ) = {....., – 4, – 3, – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...... } Find whole number x such that x > p .
Take all prime numbers less than or equal to x.
where we represent; If none of these divides with p exactly, then p
(a) Positive integers by I + = {1, 2, 3, 4, ..... } = natural is a prime otherwise p is non-prime.
numbers. e.g. Let p = 193; clearly, 14 > 193
Prime numbers upto 14 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13.
(b) Negative integers by I – = {.......,– 4,– 3,– 2,– 1} No one of these divides 193 exactly.
(c) Non-negative integers {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ..... } = whole Hence, 193 is a prime number.
numbers (vii) Co-prime Numbers Two natural numbers are
(d) Non-positive integers {.......,– 3, – 2, – 1, 0 } said to be co-primes, if their HCF is 1.
a e.g. (7, 9), (15, 16) are called co-prime numbers.
(iv) Rational Numbers All the numbers of the form ,
b Remark
where a and b are integers and b ¹ 0 are called rational Co-prime numbers may or may not be prime.
numbers and their set is denoted by Q.
(viii) Twin Prime A prime number that is either 2 less
ìa ü or 2 more than another prime number, i.e. a twin
i.e. Q = í : a, b Î I and b ¹ 0 and HCF of a,b is 1ý .
î b þ prime is a prime that has a prime gap of two.
e.g. (3, 5), (5, 7), (11,13), (17, 19), (29, 31),K are
Remarks called twin prime pairs.
(a) Every integer is a rational number as it can be written as
a (ix) Composite Numbers Composite numbers are
(where b = 1)
b non-prime natural numbers. They must have atleast
(b) All recurring decimals are rational numbers. one factor apart from 1 and itself.
1 e.g. 4, 6, 8, 9,K are called composite numbers.
For example, = 0 . 3333 .....
3
(v) Irrational Numbers Those values which neither Remarks
terminate nor could be expressed as recurring decimals are (a) Composite numbers can be both even or odd.
a (b) 1 is neither prime nor composite number.
called irrational numbers, i.e. they can’t be expressed as
b (x) Real Numbers The set which contains both
form and are denoted by Q C (i.e. complement of Q). rational and irrational numbers is called the real
1 –3 2 1 numbers and is denoted by R.
e.g. 2 , 1 + 2 , , , , 3, 1 + 3, ± , p , K etc.
2 2 2 3 i.e. R = Q È QC

Remark R = { x : x Î Q or x Î Q C }
The set of rational and irrational numbers cannot be expressed in
roster form.
 Chap 01 Essential Mathematical Tools 3

_ _
ì 5 3 7 1 1 1 ü –π –√2 √2 π
ï....., – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ....., , , , , , , ï
\ R =í 6 4 9 3 7 5 ý –∞ –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 ∞
ïî .... ., 2 , 3 , p, ......ïþ Figure 1.1
(ii) The sum, difference, product and quotient of two rational
Remarks numbers is a rational number.
(i) As from above definitions; (iii) The sum, difference, product and quotient of two irrational
N Ì W Ì I Ì Q Ì R, numbers need not be irrational.
It could be shown that real numbers can be expressed on (iv) The sum, difference, product and quotient of a non-zero
number line with respect to origin as rational and an irrational number is always irrational.

Exercise for Session 1

n Directions (Q. Nos. 1 to 6) State whether following statements are True/False.

1. All the rational numbers are irrational also.

2. All the integers are irrational also.

3. Irrational numbers are real numbers also.

4. Zero is a natural number.

5. Sum of two natural numbers is a rational number.

6. A positive integer is a natural number also.

n
Directions (Q. Nos. 7 to 10) These questions have only one option correct.

7. Sum of two rational numbers is

(a) rational (b) irrational
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these

8. Sum of two irrational numbers is

(a) rational (b) irrational
(c) real (d) None of these

9. Product of two rational numbers is

(a) always rational (b) rational or irrational
(c) always irrational (d) None of these

10. If a is an irrational number which is divisible by b, then the number b

(a) must be rational (b) must be irrational
(c) may be rational or irrational (d) None of these
Session 2
Intervals, Modulus or Absolute
Value Function
Intervals i.e. If a £ x £ b Þ x Î[ a, b ]

The set of numbers between any two real numbers is

a b
called intervals. The types of interval discussed below.
Figure 1.5
(i) Open-Open Interval If a and b are real numbers
and a < b, then the set of all real numbers x such that y Example 1 Solve 2x + 1 > 3.
a < x < b is called open-open interval. It is denoted by
Sol. Here, 2x + 1 > 3 or 2x > 2 or x > 1, i.e. x Î (1, ¥ )
(a, b ) or ]a, b [.
i.e. If a < x < b Þ x Î ] a, b [ or x Î( a, b ) This solution can be graphed on a real line as;

–∞ 1 +∞
a b
Figure 1.2
y Example 2 Solve –2 < 2x – 1 < 2 .
e.g. 1< x<2 Sol. Here, – 2 < 2x – 1 < 2
Þ x Î(1, 2 ) or x Î ]1, 2 [ (using above definition)
or –1 < 2x < 3
Note At ± ¥ brackets are always open.
1 3 æ 1 3ö
or – <x< , i.e. x Î ç– , ÷
(ii) Open-Closed Interval If a and b are real numbers 2 2 è 2 2ø
and a < b, then the set of all real numbers x such that
This solution can be graphed on a real line as;
a < x £ b is called open-closed interval. Here, a is
excluded and b is included.
i.e. If a < x £ b –∞ –1/2 3/2 +∞
– 1< x < 3
Þ x Î ] a, b ] or x Î( a, b ] 2 2

a b y Example 3 Solve the following inequations.

Figure 1.3 3 (x – 2) 5 (2 – x ) 2x – 3 4x
(iii) Closed-Open Interval If a and b are real numbers
(i) ³ (ii) +9³3 +
5 3 4 3
and a < b, then the set of all real ‘x’ such that 3 ( x – 2) 5 ( 2 – x )
a £ x < b is called closed-open interval. Sol. (i) We have, ³
5 3
Here, a is included and b is excluded. Þ 3 (3x – 6) ³ 5 (10 – 5x )
i.e. If a £ x <b Þ 9 x – 18 ³ 50 – 25x
Þ x Î[a, b [ Þ 34 x ³ 68 Þ x ³2
or x Î[ a, b ) Hence, the solution set is x Î[2, ¥ ) and graphically it
could be shown as
a b
Figure 1.4 –∞ 2 +∞
2x – 3 4x
(iv) Closed-Closed Interval If a and b are real numbers (ii) We have, +9 ³3+
and a < b, then the set of all real ‘x’ such that 4 3
a £ x £ b is called closed-closed interval. Here, a and b Þ
2x – 3 4 x
– ³ 3 –9
both are included. 4 3
 Chap 01 Essential Mathematical Tools 5

Þ
3 (2x – 3) – 16x
³ –6 Þ
–10 x – 9
³ –6 |– 2 | = 2, |– 1 . 3291 | = 1 . 3291 ..... etc.
12 12 or it is the distance defined with respect to origin, as
Þ –10x – 9 ³ – 72 Þ –10x ³ – 63 | x | =1 means distance covered is one unit on right hand
As we know the inequality sign changes, if multiplied side or left hand side of origin shown as:
by (–ve).
63
\ 10x £ 63 or x £ –1 0 1
10
Figure 1.6
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is
æ 63 ù \ | x | =1 Þ x = ± 1
ç– ¥, ú . Graphically it could be shown as
è 10 û Again, | x | <1 means distance covered is less than one unit
on right hand side or left hand side of origin shown as:
–∞ 63/10 +∞
–1 0 1
y Example 4 Solve for x.
Figure 1.7
4 6
£ 3£ , ( x > 0)
x+1 x+1 Similarly, | x | >1 means distance covered is more than one
Sol. Consider the first inequality unit on right hand side or left hand side of origin shown as:
4
£ 3 Þ 4 £ 3( x + 1)
x +1 –1 0 1
Þ 4 £ 3x + 3 Figure 1.8
Þ 4 - 3 £ 3x Þ 3x ³ 1
1
Þ x³ ...(i) Graphical Representation
3
Again, 3£
6
Þ 3( x + 1) £ 6 of Modulus
x +1
As we define,
Þ 3x + 3 £ 6 Þ 3x £ 6 - 3
ì x, x³0
Þ 3x £ 3 y = | x | =í
î– x, x <0
Þ x £1 ...(ii)
Combining the results (i) and (ii), we have This behaviour is due to two straight lines represented by
1 é1 ù modulus.
£ x £ 1, i.e. x Î ê , 1ú
3 ë3 û For plotting the graph of the modulus function, we put
é1 ù x 0 1 2 –1 –2
Hence, the solution set of the given in equations is ê , 1ú.
ë3 û y 0 1 2 1 2
Graphically, it could be shown as
y = –x Y
y=x

–∞ 0 1/3 1 ∞
(–2, 2) 2
(2, 2)
1
Modulus or Absolute (–1, 1) (1, 1)
X
Value Function –2 –1 0 1 2

ì x, x ³ 0
The function defined by f ( x ) = x = í is called Figure 1.9
î- x , x < 0
Now, we consider the following cases
modulus function. This always gives a positive result.
Case I When x ³0
As we know modulus means numerical value,
Equation of the straight line, passing through (0, 0)
i.e. | 3 | = |– 3 | = 3, and (1, 1) is
6 Textbook of Differential Calculus

y – y1 y2 – y1 y – 0 1– 0 (ii) If | x | = – 5
= , i.e. =
x – x1 x2 – x1 x – 0 1– 0 Þ x has no solution.
Þ y = x, when x ³0 As | x | is always positive or zero, it can never be
negative.
Case II When x £ 0
\ RHS < LHS
Equation of the straight line passing through (–1, 1) and or given relation has no solution.
(–2, 2)
Aliter
y – y1 y2 – y1
= Same as in (i), plotting the graph of y = | x | and
x – x1 x2 – x1 y = - 5.
y–1 2–1 The two graphs do not intersect.
i.e. = Þ –y + 1 = x + 1 or y = – x
x + 1 –2 + 1 \ No solution.
Y
when x £ 0.
Thus for every modulus function it exhibits two values,
which could be shown graphically. X
O
ì ( x – 1), x ³ 1
Similarly, y = | x – 1| = í
î–( x – 1), x £ 1
y = –5

(iii) | x | < 5
Remarks
(a) Every modulus function exhibits two values which are It means that x is the number, which is at distance less
represented by +ve and –ve, signs but it only gives the than 5 from 0.
positive outcomes. So, students shouldn’t get confused by Hence, –5 < x < 5
+ ve or –ve, signs as these signs are in different intervals, but
the outcomes are positive. Aliter | x | < 5. Plotting the graph of we have y = | x |
(b) Modulus function is never negative, thus|x| ³ 0 for any and y = 5.
real x and|x| </ 0. Y
y = |x|

y Example 5 Explain the following : y=5

(i) | x | =5 (ii) | x | = – 5
(iii) | x | <5 (iv) | x | < – 5
X
(v) | x | > – 5 (vi) | x | >5 –5 0 5

Sol. (i) If | x | = 5
We see that, | x | < 5, when -5 < x < 5
Þ x = ± 5, which means, x is at a distance of 5 units
(iv) | x | < – 5
from 0, which is certainly 5 and – 5.
which shows no solution.
Aliter
As LHS is non-negative and RHS is negative or | x | < – 5
| x | = 5.
does not possess any solution.
Here, students are advised to consider two different
Aliter | x | < - 5.
functions, as
Plotting the graph of y = | x | and y = - 5.
y = | x | and y = 5.
We see that, | x | < - 5 is not possible as | x | > - 5, for
Now, we plot graph of these two equations.
all x Î R.
which intersect at two points, i.e. x = 5 and x = - 5. Y y = |x|
Y
y = |x|
y=5
X
0

X
–5 0 5 y = –5

\ | x | = 5 possess two solutions x = 5 and x = - 5. \ | x | < - 5 Þ No solution.

 Chap 01 Essential Mathematical Tools 7

(v) | x | > – 5 We know, here LHS ³0 and RHS <0 (iv) If a < 0, then
So, LHS > RHS | x | £ a Þ No solution.
i.e. above statement is true for all real x. | x | ³ a Þ All real numbers solutions.
(as we know that non-negative number is always
(v) | x + y | = | x | + | y | Û (x ³ 0 and y ³ 0) or (x £ 0 and
greater than negative).
y £ 0) Û xy ³ 0.
Aliter
(vi) | x - y | = | x | - | y | Û ( x ³ 0, y ³ 0 and | x | ³ | y | )
Here, | x | > - 5
Plotting the graph of y = | x | and y = - 5. or ( x £ 0, y £ 0 and | x | ³ | y | )
We see that, | x | > - 5, for all x Îreal number. (vii) | x ± y | £ | x | + | y | (viii) | x ± y | ³ | x | - | y |

Y y = |x| y Example 6 Solve for x, where

(i) f (x ) = | x | ³ 0 (ii) f (x ) = | x | > 0
Sol. (i) f ( x ) = | x | ³ 0
X
O As we know modulus is non-negative quantity.
(i.e. It is always greater than equal to zero)
y = –5 \ x Î R is the required solution.
Aliter f ( x ) = | x | ³ 0.
(vi) | x | > 5
Plotting two graphs y = | x | and y = 0.
It means that x is the number which is at distance
greater than 5 from 0. Hence, x <–5 or x > 5 From graph | x | ³ 0, for all x Î R.
Y
Aliter y = |x|
|x | > 5
Plotting the graph of y = | x | and y = 5. We have
Y
y = |x| X
O y=0
y=5
(ii) f ( x ) = | x | > 0
Here equal sign is absent, so we have to exclude those
X value of x for which | x | = 0.
–5 0 5
\ x Î R except x = 0 or x Î R – { 0 } is the required
solution.
We see that, x < - 5 or x > 5.
Aliter f ( x ) = | x | > 0.
Plotting two graphs y = | x | and y = 0.
Generalized Results Y

(i) For any real number x, we have x = | x | 2 2 y = |x|

(ii) For any real number x, we have x 2 = | x |

(iii) If a < 0, then
X
(a) x 2 £ a 2 Û | x | £ a Û - a £ x £ a O y=0

(b) x 2 < a 2 Û | x | < a Û - a < x < a From graph | x | > 0, for all x Î R except 0.
(c) x 2 ³ a 2 Û | x | ³ a Û x £ - a or x ³ a \ x Î R - {0} .
(d) x 2 > a 2 Û | x | > a Û x < - a or x > a y Example 7 Solve | x – 3 | < 5 .
(e) a £ x £ b Û a £ | x | £ b
2 2 2
Sol. | x – 3 | < 5
Û x Î[ -b, - a ] È [a, b ] Þ –5 < x – 3 < 5
(f) a 2 < x 2 < b 2 Û a < | x | < b Þ –5 + 3 < x < 5 + 3
Û x Î ( -b, - a ) È (a, b ) Þ –2 < x < 8 or x Î ]– 2, 8[ or x Î(–2, 8)
8 Textbook of Differential Calculus

Aliter For | x - 3 | < 5. y Example 10 Solve | x – 1 | £ 5, | x | ³ 2.

Plotting two graphs y = | x - 3 | and y = 5
Sol. Here, | x –1| £ 5 and | x | ³ 2
y = |x – 3|
i.e. (–5 £ x – 1 £ 5)
5
y=5 Þ (– 4 £ x £ 6) …(i)
Similarly, (x £–2 or x ³ 2)
3
Þ (x £ – 2 or x ³ 2) ...(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii) could be graphically shown as
–2 0 3 8

From graph, -2 < x < 8 ; \ x Î ( -2, 8). –4 –2 2 4 6

y Example 8 Solve | x – 1 | £ 2 . 2
–2
Sol. | x – 1 | £ 2
Thus, the shaded portion, i.e. common to both Eqs. (i) and
Þ – 2 £ x – 1 £ 2 Þ –2 + 1 £ x £ 2 + 1 (ii) is the required region x Î [– 4, – 2] È[2, 6].
Þ –1 £ x £ 3 or x Î[–1, 3] Aliter Here, | x - 1 | £ 5 and | x | ³ 2.
Take (y = | x - 1|, y = 5) and (y = | x |, y = 2) on graph and
Aliter For | x - 1 | £ 2. take common.
Plotting two graphs y = | x - 1 | and y = 2 Y
Y y = |x–1| x| –1
|
|
x
y= |
2
y=2
5 y=
4
1 3
2
X 1
–1 0 1 3
X′ X
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 O
1 2 3 4 5 6
From graph, -1 £ x £ 3 –1

\ x Î [ -1, 3] –2
–3
y Example 9 Solve 1 £ | x – 1 | £ 3 . –4
–5
Sol. Here, 1 £ | x–1| £ 3 Y′
Þ – 3 £ ( x – 1) £ – 1 or 1 £ ( x –1) £ 3
From the graph, - 4 £ x £ -2
[Qa £ | x | £ b Þ x Î [ -b,-a ] È [b,a ]]
or 2£ x £6
i.e. the distance covered between 1 unit to 3 units.
\ x Î [ - 4, - 2] È [2, 6]
Þ –2 £ x £ 0 or 2 £ x £ 4
2
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is y Example 11 Solve > 1, x ¹ 4 .
x Î [–2, 0] È [2, 4 ]. x–4
Aliter Here, 1 £ | x - 1 | £ 3 2
Sol. We have, > 1, where x ¹ 4
Plotting three graphs y = 1, y = | x - 1 | and y = 3. x–4
–1
| ...(i)
|x 2 é a |a| ù
y= Þ >1 = and | 2| = 2ú
y=3 êQ
|x – 4| ë b |b | û
Þ 2>|x–4|
y=1
1 Þ | x – 4 | <2
–2 0 1 2 4 Þ –2 < x – 4 < 2
Þ 2< x<6
From graph, -2 £ x £ 0 or 2 £ x £ 4. \ x Î(2, 6) , but x ¹ 4 [from Eq. (i)]
\ x Î [ -2, 0] È [2, 4 ]
 Chap 01 Essential Mathematical Tools 9

Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is Case II When 1 £ x £ 2

x Î (2, 4 ) È ( 4, 6). i.e. | x – 1 | +| x – 2 | ³ 4
½ 2 ½ Þ ( x – 1) – ( x – 2) ³ 4
Aliter ½ ½ > 1, x ¹ 4 Þ | x - 4 | < 2
½ x - 4½ Þ 1 ³ 4, which is meaningless.
Plotting the graph of y = | x - 4 | and y = 2 \ No solution for x Î[1, 2]. ...(ii)
Y
Case III When 2 < x < ¥
4
i.e. | x – 1 | +| x – 2 | ³ 4
y=2 Þ ( x – 1) + ( x – 2) ³ 4
2
Þ 2x – 3 ³ 4
0
X Þ x ³ 7/2
2 4 6
But 2< x < ¥
From graph, 2 < x < 6, x ¹ 4
x Î (2, 6) - { 4 } é7 ö
i.e. \ Solution set is ê , ¥ ÷. ...(iii)
ë2 ø
Note
Students should always remember that they have to compare From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
the solution set with the initial condition. æ 1ù é7 ö
x Î ç– ¥, – ú È ê , ¥ ÷
è 2û ë 2 ø
y Example 12 Solve | x – 1 | + | x – 2 | ³ 4 .
Aliter
Sol. On the LHS of the given inequation, we have two
modulus, so we should define each modulus i.e. by Plotting two graphs y = | x - 1 | + | x - 2 | and y = 4 shown
equating it to zero. below.
ì ( x – 1), x ³ 1 Y
i.e. | x –1 | = í
î–( x –1), x < 1
y = |x – 1| + |x – 2|

ì ( x – 2), x ³ 2 y=4
and | x –2 | = í
î–( x –2), x < 2 y = 3 – 2x
Thus, it gives three cases : y = 2x – 3
1
Case I When – ¥ < x < 1 (1, 1) (2, 1)
i.e. | x – 1 | +| x – 2 | ³ 4
Þ –( x – 1) – ( x – 2) ³ 4 0
X
–1 1 2 7/2
Þ –2x + 3 ³ 4 Þ –2x ³ 1 2
1
Þ x£– ...(i) From graph, x £ -
1
or x ³
7
2 2 2
But –¥ < x<1 æ 1ù é7 ö
æ 1ù \ x Î ç - ¥, - ú È ê , ¥ ÷
\ Solution set is x Î ç–¥, – ú. è 2û ë 2 ø
è 2û

Exercise for Session 2

n
Directions (Q. Nos. 1 to 5) Solve the following inequalities for real values of x.

1. | x - 1| < 2 2. | x -3| > 5

3. 0 < | x - 1| < 3 4. | x - 1| + | 2x - 3| = | 3x - 4 |
x -3
5. £1
x 2 -4
Session 3
Number Line Rule, Wavy Curve Method
Number Line Rule y Example 15 Find the values of x for which
It is used to solve algebraic inequalities using following steps: (2x – 1)( x – 1) 2 ( x – 2) 3
f (x ) = > 0.
(i) Factorize numerator as well as denominator. ( x – 4 )4
(ii) Now, check the coefficients of x and make them (2x – 1)( x – 1)2 ( x – 2)3
positive. Sol. f ( x ) = , which gives x ¹ 4 ...(i)
( x – 4 )4
(iii) Put only odd power factors in numerator and As denominator ¹ 0 and x ¹ 1, as at x = 1, f ( x ) has even
denominator and put them equal to zero separately powers.
and find the value of x. Putting zero to (2x – 1) and ( x – 2)3 as they have odd powers
(As for polynomial function only numerator = 0, and neglecting ( x – 1)2 and ( x – 4 )4 on number line as
denominator ¹0). shown in figure.
(iv) Plot these points on number line in increasing order. + +
1/2 – 2
(v) Start number line from right to left taking sign of f ( x ).
(vi) Check your answer so that it should not contain a which shows f ( x ) > 0 when x < 1/ 2 or x > 2 but except for 4
and 1.
point for which f ( x ) doesn’t exist.
\ x Î (–¥, 1/ 2) È (2, ¥ ) –{ 4 }
y Example 13 Find the interval in which f ( x ) is positive
y Example 16 Find the value of x for which
or negative: f ( x ) = ( x – 1)( x – 2)( x – 3).
Sol. Here, f ( x ) = ( x – 1)( x – 2)( x – 3) has all factors with odd ( x – 2) 2 (1 – x )( x – 3) 3 ( x – 4 ) 2
f (x ) = £ 0.
powers, so put them as zero. ( x + 1)
i.e. x – 1 = 0, x – 2 = 0, x – 3 = 0, we get x = 1, 2, 3 ( x – 2)2 (1 – x )( x – 3)3 ( x – 4 )2
Sol. Here, f ( x ) =
[using step (iii)] ( x + 1)
Using steps (iv) and (v), plotting on number line, we get ( x – 2)2 ( x – 1)( x – 3)3 ( x – 4 )2
or f ( x) = – , ( x ¹ – 1) ...(i)
( x + 1)
1 2 3 Putting zero to ( x – 1), ( x – 3)3 , ( x + 1) as having odd
f ( x ) > 0 when 1 < x < 2 and x > 3 powers and neglecting ( x – 2)2 , ( x – 4 )2 , we get
f ( x ) < 0 when x < 1 and 2 < x < 3
+ +
( x – 1)(2 – x ) –1 – 1 3 –
y Example 14 Solve f ( x ) = ³ 0.
( x – 3) f ( x ) £ 0 when –1 < x £ 1 or 3 £ x < ¥ or f ( x ) = 0 at x = 2
( x – 1)(2 – x ) or x Î (–1, 1] È [3, ¥ ) È {2} [using Eq. (i) as x ¹–1]
Sol. Here, f ( x) = ³0
( x – 3) | x |– 1
( x – 1)( x – 2) y Example 17 Solve ³ 0; x ÎR, x ¹ ± 2
or f ( x) = – , which gives | x |– 2
( x – 3)
| x|–1 y–1
x – 3 ¹ 0 or x ¹3 ...(i) Sol. We have, ³0 Þ ³ 0 ; where y = | x |
| x |– 2 y–2
Using number line rule as shown in the figure,
Þ y £ 1 or y > 2 using number line rule
+ – +
1 2 3
1 2
which shows f ( x ) ³ 0 when x £ 1 or 2 £ x < 3 Þ | x| £ 1 or | x| > 2
i.e. x Î (–¥, 1] È [2, 3). (as x ¹ 3) Þ (–1 £ x £ 1) or (x < –2 or x > 2)
 Chap 01 Essential Mathematical Tools 11

Þ x Î [–1, 1] È (–¥, – 2) È(2, ¥ )

Hence, the solution set is
Wavy Curve Method
x Î (–¥, – 2) È [–1, 1] È (2, ¥ ). The method of intervals (or wavy curve) is used for
solving inequalities of the form :
–1
y Example 18 Solve ³ 1, where x ÎR, x ¹ ± 2. ( x - a 1 ) n1 ( x - a 2 ) n2 . . . ( x - a k ) nk
| x |– 2 f (x ) = >0
mp
–1 ( x - b 1 ) m1 ( x - b 2 ) m 2 . . . ( x - b p )
Sol. We have, ³1
| x |–2 ( < 0, £ 0 or ³ 0 )
–1 –1–(| x | – 2) where n1 , n2 , ......, nk and m 1 , m 2 , ......, m p are natural
Þ –1 ³ 0 Þ ³0
| x|–2 | x|–2 numbers.
1–| x | –(| x | – 1) a 1 , a 2 , ......, a k ; b 1 , b 2 , ......, b p are any real numbers such
Þ ³0 Þ ³0
| x|–2 (| x | – 2) that a i ¹ b j , where i = 1, 2, 3, ..., k and j = 1, 2, 3, ..., p
Using number line rule, It consists of the following statements :
– + – 1. All zeros of the function f ( x ) (the values of x
1 2 corresponding to numerator = 0) contained on the left
hand side of the inequality should be marked on the
Þ 1 £ | x | < 2 Þ x Î (–2, – 1] È [1, 2)
number line with inked (black) circles.
{Q a £ | x | < b Û x Î (–b, – a] È [ a, b )}
2. All points of discontinuities of the function f ( x ) (the
Hence, the solution set is (–2, – 1] È [1, 2).
values of x corresponding to denominator = 0)
| x + 3| + x contained on the left hand side of the inequality
y Example 19 Solve > 1. should be marked on the number line with uninked
x+2
(white) circles.
| x + 3| + x | x + 3 | + x – x –2
Sol. Here, –1 > 0 Þ >0 3. Check the value of f ( x ) for any real number greater
x+2 x+2
than the rightmost marked number on the number line.
| x + 3|–2
Þ >0 ...(i) 4. From right to left, beginning above the number line
x+2
(in case of value of f ( x ) is positive in step (iii)
Now, two cases arise : otherwise from below the number line), a wavy curve
Case I When x + 3 ³ 0, i.e. x ³ -3 ...(ii) should be drawn to pass through all the marked
x + 3 –2 x+1 points so that when it passes through a simple point,
Þ >0 Þ >0
x+2 x+2 the curve intersects the number line and when
passing through a double point, the curve remains
Þ x Î (– ¥, – 2) È (–1, ¥ ) using number line rule as shown
in the figure.
located on one side of the number line.
+ – + 5. The appropriate intervals are chosen in accordance
–2 –1 with the sign of inequality (the function f ( x ) is
But x ³ –3 [from Eq. (ii)] positive whenever the curve is situated above the
number line, it is negative if the curve is found below
Þ x Î [–3, – 2) È (–1, ¥ ) ...(a)
the number line). Their union just represents the
Case II When x + 3 < 0, i.e. x < -3 ...(iii) solution of the inequality.
–( x + 3)–2 –( x + 5)
Þ >0 Þ >0 Remarks
x+2 ( x + 2) (a) Points of discontinuity will never be include in the answers.
Þ x Î(–5, – 2) using number line rule as shown in the figure. (b) If asked to find the intervals where f ( x ) is non-negative or
– + – non-positive, then make the intervals closed, corresponding
to the roots of the numerator and let it remain open
–5 –2
corresponding to the roots of denominator.
But x < –3 [from Eq. (iii)]
( x - 1) 3 ( x + 2) 4 ( x - 3) 5 ( x + 6 )
\ x Î(–5, – 3) ...(b) y Example 20 Let f ( x ) = .
x 2 ( x - 7 )3
Thus, from Eqs. (a) and (b), we have
Solve the following inequalities :
x Î [–3, – 2) È (–1, ¥ ) È (–5, – 3)
(i) f (x ) > 0 (ii) f (x ) ³ 0
Þ x Î (–5, – 2) È (–1, ¥ )
(iii) f (x ) < 0 (iv) f (x ) £ 0
12 Textbook of Differential Calculus

( x - 1) 3 ( x + 2) 4 ( x - 3) 5 ( x + 6) Hence, solution of
Sol. Given, f ( x ) =
x 2 ( x - 7 )3 æ p ö æ p p ö æ 5p 4 p ö
(i) f ( x ) > 0 is x Î ç0, ÷ È ç , ÷ È ç , ÷
Put numerator = 0 è 6ø è3 2ø è 6 3 ø
Þ ( x - 1) 3 ( x + 2) 4 ( x - 3) 5 ( x + 6) = 0 æ 3p ö
È ç , 2p ÷ - {e , 3}
Þ x = 1, - 2, 3, - 6 è 2 ø
Again, put denominator = 0 æ p ù é p p ö é 5p 4 p ù
(ii) f ( x ) ³ 0 is x Î ç0, ú È ê , ÷ È ê ,
Þ x 2 ( x - 7 )3 = 0 è 6 û ë 3 2 ø ë 6 3 úû
Þ x = 0, 7 æ 3p ö
È ç , 2p ÷ - {3}
We mark on the number line zeros of the function: è 2 ø
1, - 2, 3 and - 6 (with black circles) and the points of
æ p p ö æ p 5p ö æ 4 p 3p ö
discontinuities 0 and 7 (with white circles). Isolate the (iii) f ( x ) < 0 is x Î ç , ÷ È ç , ÷ È ç , ÷ - {2}
double points: –2 and 0 and draw the curve of signs. è6 3ø è2 6 ø è 3 2 ø
é p p ù æ p 5p ù é 4 p 3p ö
(iv) f ( x ) £ 0 is x Î ê , ú È ç , ú È ê , ÷ È {e } - {2}
+ 0 + – + ë6 3û è2 6 û ë 3 2 ø
–6 – – – 1 3 7
–2 y Example 22 Let
3
æ 3ö
(cos x + |cos x | ) ç sin x - ÷ (tan x - 1) 5
From the graph, we get è 2ø
f (x ) =
(i) if f ( x ) > 0, then x Î ( -¥, - 6) È (1, 3) È (7, ¥ ) (cos x - 2) 2 (tan x - 3 ) 3
(ii) if f ( x ) ³ 0, then x Î ( -¥, - 6] È { -2} È [1, 3] È (7, ¥ ) æ -p p ö
Find the interval of x Î ç , ÷ for which
(iii) if f ( x ) < 0, then x Î ( -6, - 2) È ( -2, 0) È (0, 1) È (3, 7 ) è 2 2ø
(iv) if f ( x ) £ 0, then x Î [ - 6, 0) È (0, 1] È [3, 7 )
(i) f (x ) > 0 (ii) f (x ) < 0
y Example 21 Let æ -p p ö
Sol. For x Î ç , ÷
è 2 2ø
æ 1ö
ç sin x - ÷ (ln x - 1) ( x - 2)(tan x - 3 )
2
è 2ø cos x > 0 for all x Þ | cos x | = cos x
f (x ) = Þ cos x + | cos x | = 2 cos x
(e x - e 2 )( x - 3) 2 × cos x 3
æ 3ö
2 cos x çsin x - ÷ (tan x - 1)5
Solve the following inequalities for x Î[0, 2p ] : è 2ø
\ f (x ) =
(i) f (x ) > 0 (ii) f (x ) ³ 0 (cos x - 2)2 (tan x - 3 )3
(iii) f (x ) < 0 (iv) f (x ) £ 0 p
Critical points cos x = 0 Þ x = (not in domain)
p 3p 2
Sol. Clearly, x ¹ 2, 3,
, and f ( x ) = 0
2 2 +
p p 5p 4p
for x = , , , e, –π/2 π/4 π/3 π/2
6 3 6 3 –
–
π/3 5π/6 4π/3 2π 3
0 π/6 sin x = (not possible)
π/2 2 e 3 3π/2 2
p
Now, sign of f ( x ) will not change around x = 2, e , 3. tan x = 1 Þ x = Þ cos x = 2 (not possible)
4
Then, for f ( x ) > 0 p
tan x = 3 Þ x = ×
æ 1ö 3
çsin x - ÷ (tan x - 3 ) > 0
è 2ø æp pö
Then, f ( x ) > 0 Þ x Î ç , ÷
è4 3ø
æ p ö æ p p ö æ 5p 4 p ö
Þ x Î ç0, ÷ È ç , ÷ È ç , ÷
è 6ø è3 2ø è 6 3 ø æ -p p ö æ p p ö
and f (x ) < 0 Þ x Î ç , ÷ È ç , ÷
æ 3p ö è 2 4ø è3 2ø
È ç , 2p ÷ - {e , 3}
è 2 ø
 Chap 01 Essential Mathematical Tools 13

Exercise for Session 3

n Directions (Q. Nos. 1 to 5) Solve the following inequalities.
x - 2 2x - 3 2x - 1
1. > 2. >0
x + 2 4x - 1 2x + 3x 2 + x
3

4x ( x - 1)( x + 1)( x + 4)( x + 6)

3. ³1 4. >0
x2 +3 7x 2 + 8x + 4
x
5. £1
x - 5x + 9
2

6. Solution of inequality | x - 1| < 0 is

(a) x = 0 (b) x = 1
(c) x ¹ 1 (d) No solution
7. Solution of inequality x 2 + x + | x | + 1 £ 0 is
(a) (1, 2) (b) (0, 1)
(c) No solution (d) None of these
8. Solution of inequality | x + 3 | > | 2x - 1| is

(a) æç - , 4ö÷
2
(b) (4, ¥)
è 3 ø

(c) æç - , 1ö÷
2
(d) None of these
è 3 ø
1
9. Solution of inequality x + < 4 is
x
(a) (2 - 3, 2 + 3 ) È (-2 - 3, - 2 + 3) (b) R - (2 - 3, 2 + 3)
(c) R - (-2 - 3, 2 + 3 ) (d) None of these
10. The solution of | x 2 + 3x | + x 2 - 2 ³ 0 is
(a) (- ¥, 1) (b) (0, 1)
(c) æç -¥, - ù È é , ¥ö÷
2 1
(d) None of these
è 3 ûú êë 2 ø

11. The solution of | x | - 1 < | 1 - x | , x Î R is

(a) (-1, 1) (b) (0, ¥)
(c) (-1, ¥) (d) None of these
12. The solution of 2x + 2 | x | ³ 2 2 is
(a) (-¥, log2 ( 2 + 1)) (b) (0, ¥)
(c) æç , log2 ( 2 - 1)ö÷ (d) (-¥, log2 ( 2 - 1)] È é , ¥ö÷
1 1
è2 ø êë 2 ø
Session 4
Quadratic Expression, Non-negative Functions
Quadratic Expression Û f ( x ) ³ 0, " x Î R
The expression ax 2 + bx + c is said to be a real quadratic In this case the parabola touches the X-axis and
expression in x, where a, b, c are real and a ¹ 0. Let remains concave upwards.
f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c , where a, b, c Î R (a ¹ 0 ). f ( x ) can be (iii) If a > 0 and b 2 - 4ac > 0.
rewritten as Let f ( x ) = 0 has two real roots a and b (a < b).
ìïæ Then, f ( x ) > 0, " x Î ( - ¥, a ) È (b, ¥),
4ac - b 2 üï éæ D ù
2 2
bö bö
f ( x ) = a íç x + ÷ + ý = a êç x + ÷ - ú f ( x ) < 0, " x Î (a, b) and f ( x ) = 0 for x Î {a, b}.
ïîè 2a ø 4a 2 ïþ êë è 2a ø 4a 2 úû
y=f(x)
where D = b 2 - 4ac is the discriminant of the quadratic –b/2a
X′ α X
expression. β
Therefore, y = f ( x ) represents a parabola whose axis is
æ b -D ö In this case the parabola cuts the X-axis at two points
parallel to the Y-axis, with vertex at A ç - , ÷. a and b and remains concave upwards.
è 2a 4a ø
(iv) If a < 0 and b 2 - 4ac < 0 Û f ( x ) < 0, " x Î R

Graph for Quadratic Expressions X′

–b/2a
X

That if a > 0, the parabola will be concave upwards and if

y=f(x)
a < 0, the parabola will be concave downwards and it
depends on the sign of b 2 - 4ac that the parabola cuts the
X-axis at two points (b 2 - 4ac > 0 ), touches the X-axis In this case the parabola remains concave downwards
and always below the X-axis.
(b 2 - 4ac = 0 ) or never intersects with the X-axis
(b 2 - 4ac < 0 ). (v) If a < 0 and b 2 - 4ac = 0.
This gives rise to the following cases: –b/2a
X′ X
(i) If a > 0 and b 2 - 4ac < 0.
y=f(x) = ax2+bx+c y=f(x)

Û f ( x ) £ 0, " x Î R
In this case the parabola touches the X-axis and
X′ X remains concave downwards.
–b/2a
(vi) If a < 0 and b 2 - 4ac > 0.
Û f ( x ) > 0, " x Î R
In this case the parabola always remains concave X′ X
α β
upwards and above the X-axis. –b/2a
y=f(x)
(ii) If a > 0 and b 2 - 4ac = 0.
Let f ( x ) = 0 have two real roots a and b (a < b).
y=f(x) = ax2+bx+c
Then, f ( x ) < 0, " x Î ( - ¥, a ) È (b, ¥),
f ( x ) > 0, " x Î (a, b) and f ( x ) = 0 for x Î {a, b}.
X′ X In this case the parabola cuts the X-axis at two points
–b/2a
a and b and remains concave downwards.
 Chap 01 Essential Mathematical Tools 15

Quick and Important Results for y Example 25 Solve ( x + 1) 2 + ( x 2 + 3x + 2) 2 = 0.

Characteristic Expression
1. The expression ax 2 + bx + c will be at same sign for all real Sol. Here, ( x + 1)2 + ( x 2 + 3x + 2)2 = 0 if and only if each term
values of x, iff D < 0. is zero simultaneously,
2. ax 2 + bx + c will always be positive iff D < 0 and a > 0. ( x + 1) = 0 and ( x 2 + 3x + 2) = 0 Þ ( x + 1)( x + 2) = 0
3. ax 2 + bx + c will always be negative iff D < 0 and a < 0.
i.e. x = –1 and x = – 1, – 2
4. If D > 0, then sign of the expression between the roots will be
opposite to that of a. \ The common solution is x = –1.
-b Hence, solution of the above equation is x = –1.
5. If a > 0, then minima of f ( x ) occurs at x = and if a < 0,
2a
-b
then maxima of f ( x ) occurs at x = and maximum or y Example 26 Solve | x + 1 | + x – 1 = 0.
2a
-Dö
minimum value of f ( x ) will be given by æç ÷. Sol. Here, | x + 1 | + x – 1 = 0, where each term is
è 4a ø
non-negative.
6. If f ( x ) = 0 has two distinct real roots, then a × f ( d ) < 0 if and
only if d lies between the roots and a × f ( d ) > 0 if and only if d \ | x + 1 | = 0 and x–1 = 0
lies outside the roots. should be zero simultaneously.
y Example 23 Find a for which 3x + ax + 3 > 0 , " x ÎR.
2 i.e. x = –1 and x = 1, which is not possible.
\ There is no x for which each term is zero simultaneously.
Sol. Here, 3x 2 + ax + 3 > 0, " x Î R Hence, there is no solution.
Þ D < 0 [Q if f ( x ) > 0 and a > 0, then D < 0]
y Example 27 Solve
Þ (a ) – 4 (3)(3) < 0
2
Þ a 2 – 36 < 0
Þ(a – 6)(a + 6) < 0, using number line rule as shown in figure, | x 2 – 1 | + ( x – 1) 2 + x 2 – 3x + 2 = 0.
+ + Sol. Here, each of the term is non-negative, thus each term
–6 6 must be zero simultaneously.
which shows –6 < a < 6 or a Î(–6, 6) i.e. ( x 2 – 1) = 0, ( x – 1)2 = 0 and x 2 – 3x + 2 = 0

y Example 24 Find a for which ax 2 + x – 1 < 0, " x ÎR Þ x = ± 1 , x = 1 and x = 1, 2

? The common solution is x = 1.
Therefore, x = 1 is the solution of above equation.
Sol. Here, ax 2 + x – 1 < 0, " x Î R
Þ a <0 and D < 0 [Qa < 0, D < 0, so f ( x ) < 0] y Example 28 Let f ( x ) = x and g ( x ) = | x | be two
Þ a <0 and 1 + 4a < 0 real-valued functions, f ( x ) be a function satisfying the
Þ a <0 and a < –1/ 4 condition;
\ a Î (– ¥, – 1 / 4 )
[ f ( x ) – f ( x )] 2 + [ f ( x ) – g ( x )] 2 = 0. Then, find f ( x ).
Sol. Here, [ f ( x ) – f ( x )]2 + [ f ( x ) – g ( x )]2 = 0 is only possible,
Non-negative Functions if f ( x ) – f ( x ) = 0 and f ( x ) – g ( x ) = 0
The sum of several non-negative terms is zero if and only Þ f ( x ) = f ( x ) = g ( x ) or f ( x ) = x = | x |,
if each term is zero. which is only possible, if x is non-negative.
i.e. a2 + b2 + c2 = 0 Therefore, f ( x ) = x , " x Î [0, ¥ )
if a =b =c

Exercise for Session 4

1. Find all values of ‘m’ for which (2m - 3)x 2 + 2mx + 4 < 0 for all real x.

2. If ax 2 - bx + 5 = 0 does not have two distinct real roots, then find the minimum value of 5a + b .

3. If a, b, c ÎR, a ¹ 0 and the quadratic equation, ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has no real root, then show that a (a + b + c ) > 0.
2
x -1
4. If x, y Î[0, 10], then find the number of solutions ( x , y ) of the inequation 3sec × 9y 2 - 6y + 2 £ 1.
16 Textbook of Differential Calculus

#L Essential Mathematical Tools Exercise 1 :

Subjective Questions
n Directions (Q. Nos. 1 to 11) Solve each of the following 13. Solve the equation
system of equations :
2x – 1 + 3x – 2 = 4 x – 3 + 5x – 4 .
1. For a < 0 , determine all solutions of the equation
x 2 – 2a | x – a | – 3a 2 = 0. 14. If x , y and z are three real numbers such that
2. Solve | x + 4 x + 3 | + 2x + 5 = 0.
2 x + y + z = 4 and x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 6, then show that each
3. Solve | x 2 – 3x – 4 | = 9 –| x 2 – 1 |. é2 ù
of x , y and z lies in the closed interval ê , 2ú .
ë3 û
4. Solve 2| x + 1| – 2 x = | 2 x – 1 | + 1.
15. If {(a + 1) (b – 1) + (b + 1) (a – 1)} a + (a – 1) (b – 1) = 0
5. Find the set of all real ‘ a’ such that 5a 2 – 3a – 2, a 2 + a – 2
and a (a + 1) (b + 1) – (a – 1) (b – 1) = 0
and 2a 2 + a – 1 are the lengths of the sides of a triangle?
ì a + 1 b + 1ü
6. Solve ( x + 3) 5 – ( x – 1) 5 ³ 244. Also, let A = í , ý
î a – 1 b – 1þ
7. Solve || x – 2 |– 1 | ³ 3.
ì 2a 2b ü
3x 2 – 7 x + 8 and B = í , ý. If A Ç B ¹ f , then find all the
8. Solve 1 £ £ 2. î a + 1 b + 1þ
x2 +1
permissible values of the parameter ‘a’.
2x 1
9. Let f ( x ) = and g ( x ) =
×
x –1 ( x – 1) 2
2x + 5x + 2
2 x +1 16. Solve + | 1– x | = +1
Find the set of real values of x for which f ( x ) > g ( x ). 3 + 2x – 8x 2 | 3 + 2x – 8x 2 |
10. For x Î R, || x || is defined as follows; (2 | x | - 2)
17. Let f ( x ) = ( x 2 - 2 | x | ) (2 | x | - 2) - 9 ×
ì x + 1, 0 £ x < 2 x 2 - 2|x |
|| x || = í
î| x – 4 |, 2 £ x Solve the following inequalities
Then, solve the equation, || x || + x = || x || + x .
2 2
(i) f ( x ) > 0 (ii) f ( x ) ³ 0
11. Solve the inequality | x - 1 | + | 2 - x | > 3 + x . (iii) f ( x ) < 0 (iv) f ( x ) £ 0
½ |x | ½ ½³ 1 .
12. Solve the equation 18. Solve the inequality½1 -
x + 12y + y + 12x = 33, x + y = 23.
2 2 ½ 1 + | x |½ 2

Essential Mathematical Tools Exercise 2 :

More Than One Correct Option Type Questions

19. If cos x - y 2 - y - x 2 - 1 ³ 0, then 21. If | ax 2 + bx + c | £ 1 for all x is [0, 1],

(a) y ³ 1 (b) x Î R (c) y = 1 (d) x = 0 then
(a) |a | £ 8
20. If (sin a )x 2 - 2x + b ³ 2 for all real values of x £ 1 and
(b) |b | £ 8
æ pö æp ö
a Î ç0, ÷ È ç , p ÷, then the possible real values of b is/are (c) |c | £ 1
è 2ø è2 ø
(d) | a | + | b | + | c | £ 17
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
 Chap 01 Essential Mathematical Tools 17

Essential Mathematical Tools Exercise 3 :

Passage Based Questions
Passage I 30. The number of ordered pairs ( P, Q ) so that the number
(Q. Nos. 22 to 24) ‘N’ is divisible by 44, is
Let f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c ; a, b, c Î R (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5

It is given | f ( x ) | £ 1, " | x | £ 1 . Passage IV

Now, answer the following questions. (Q. Nos. 31 to 35)
8
22. The possible value of | a + c | , if a 2 + 2b 2 is maximum, is Consider the nine digit number n = 7 3 a 4 9 6 1 b 0.
3
given by 31. If p is the number of all possible distinct values of
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 3 (a - b ), then p is equal to
8
23. The possible value of | a + b | , if a 2 + 2b 2 is maximum, is (a) 17 (b) 18 (c) 19 (d) 20
3
given by 32. If q is the number of all possible values of b for which
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 3 the given number is divisible by 8, then q is equal to
8 (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
24. The possible maximum value of a 2 + 2b 2 is given by
3 33. The number of ordered pairs (a , b ) for which the given
32 2 16
(a) 32 (b) (c) (d) number is divisible by 88, is
3 3 3
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
Passage II 34. The number of possible values of (a + b ) for which the
(Q. Nos. 25 to 27) given number is divisible by 6, is
Consider the equation | 2x | - | x - 4 | = x + 4. (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 7

25. The least integer satisfying the equation, is 35. The number of possible values of b for which i N = 1
(a) – 4 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) – 5 (where i = -1), is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
26. Total number of prime numbers less than 20 satisfying
the equation, is
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
Passage V
(Q. Nos. 36 to 38)
27. If P = greatest composite number less than 34 satisfying The set of integers can be classified into k classes, according to the
the given equation, then P 2007 has the digit on its units remainder obtained when they are divided by k (where k is a fixed
place as natural number). The classification enables is solving even some
(a) 8 (b) 1 more difficult problems of number theory e.g.
(c) 7 (d) 0 (i) even, odd classification is based on whether remainder is
0 or 1 when divided by 2.
Passage III (ii) when divided by 3, the remainder may be 0, 1, 2. Thus,
(Q. Nos. 28 to 30) there are three classes.
Consider a number N = 2 1 P 5 3 Q 4.
36. The remainder obtained, when the square of an integer
28. The number of ordered pairs ( P, Q ) so that the number is divided by 3, is
‘N’ is divisible by 9, is (a) 0, 1 (b) 1, 2 (c) 0, 2 (d) 0, 1, 2
(a) 11 (b) 12
(c) 10 (d) 8
37. n + n + 1 is never divisible by
2

(a) 2 (b) 3
29. The number of values of Q so that the number ‘N’ is (c) 111 (d) None of these
divisible by 8, is
(a) 4 (b) 3
38. If n is odd, n 5 - n is not divisible by
(c) 2 (d) 6 (a) 16 (b) 15 (c) 240 (d) 720
18 Textbook of Differential Calculus

Essential Mathematical Tools Exercise 4 :

Single Integer Answer Type Questions
39. The number of solutions of the equation | x - 1 |- | 2x - 5 | ³ 4 41. The number of solutions of the system of equation
x + 2y = 6 and | x - 3 | = y is/are
40. The number of integral solution of the equation | x 2 - 7 | £ 9
are

Answers
Exercise for Session 1 Chapter Exercises
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True 1. {(1 – 2)a, (–1 + 6 )a} 2. {–4 , – 1 – 3}
6. True 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (b) 3. {–2, 2} 4. {–2} È [ 0, ¥ )
æ 3 + 57 5 + 17 ö
Exercise for Session 2 5. ç <a< ÷ 6. (– ¥ , – 2 ] È [ 0, ¥ )
è 8 4 ø
1. x Î ( - 1, 3)
æ 2 1ö
2. x Î ( - ¥, - 2) È (8, ¥) 7. (– ¥ , – 2 ] È [ 6, ¥ ) 8. [1, 6 ] 9. x Î (–2, – 1) È ç – ,– ÷
è 3 2ø
3. x Î (-2, 1) È (1, 4)
10. x ={0, 2} 11. (- ¥, 0) È (6, ¥)
4. x Î ( - ¥, 1] È é , ¥ö÷
3
êë 2 ø 12. (13, 10) and (10, 13) 13. x = 1
æ -1 - 29 ù é 1 - 5 1 + 5 ù é -1 + 29 ö 14. x, y, z Î é , 2ù
2
5. x Îç - ¥, úÈê 2 , 2 úÈê , ¥÷ êë 3 úû
è 2 û ë û ë 2 ø
15. a Î {-1, 1 + i , 1 - i}
Exercise for Session 3 ì 1 ± 129 3 ± 73 ü
16. x Î í0, 2, , ý
î 16 16 þ
1. x Î ( - ¥, - 2) È æç , 1ö÷ È (4, ¥)
1
è4 ø 17. (i) x Î (-¥, - 3) È (-2, - 1) È (1, 2) È (3, ¥)
-1 (ii) x Î (-¥, - 3] È (-2, - 1] È [1, 2) È [ 3, ¥)
2. x Î ( - ¥, - 1) È æç , 0ö÷ È æç , ¥ö÷
1
è 2 ø è2 ø (iii) x Î ( - 3, - 2) È (-1, 0) È (0,1) È (2, 3)
(iv) x Î[ - 3, - 2) È [ -1, 0) È (0,1] È (2, 3]
3. x Î[1, 3]
18. [ -1, 1]
4. x Î[ - ¥, - 6) È ( - 4, - 1) È (1, 0) 5. x Î R
19. (c,d)
6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (d) 20. (b,c,d)
12. (d) 21. (a,b,c,d) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (b)
25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (c)
Exercise for Session 4 31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (d) 35. (d) 36. (a)
1. m Îf 2. (-1) 4. (4) 37. (c) 38. (d) 39. (0) 40. (9) 41. (2)
 Þ x = - 1 ± 3, as x Î [ -3, - 1 ]

Solutions \ Neglecting x = - 1 + 3
\ x Î { - 4, - 1 - 3 }.
3. | x - 3x - 4 | + | x 2 - 1 | = 9
2

Þ | x + 1 | {| x - 4 | + | x - 1 | } = 9
Þ x = -1 - 3 …(ii)

ì( x - a ), x ³ a x+1
1. For a < 0, | x - a | = í .
î(a - x ), x £ a
+ x–1
+ + x–4
Case I x ³ a +
+ +
x 2 - 2a( x - a ) - 3a 2 = 0 –1 1 4

Þ x 2 - 2ax - a 2 = 0
Þ x 2 - 2ax + a 2 = 2a 2
Case I x ³ 4
Þ ( x - a ) 2 = 2a 2 Þ x = ± 2a + a
(x + 1) { x - 4 + x - 1} = 9
Þ x = a(1 + 2 ), a(1 - 2 )
Þ ( x + 1 )(2 x - 5 ) = 9
Since, x ³ a and a < 0 Þ 2 x 2 - 3 x - 14 = 0
\ Neglecting {a(1 + 2 )} Þ x = a(1 - 2 )
7
Case II x £ a Þ x = , -2
2
Þ x 2 + 2a( x - a ) - 3a 2 = 0 Þ x 2 + 2ax = 5a 2 [neglecting both as x ³ 4]
Þ ( x + a ) 2 = 6a 2 Þ x = - a ± 6a Case II 1 < x < 4
Þ ( x + 1 ){ 4 - x + x - 1 } = 9
\ x = a( 6 - 1 ), - a( 6 + 1 )
Þ (x + 1) × 3 = 9
Since, x £ a and a < 0
Þ x = 2 Î (1, 4 ) …(i)
\ Neglecting { - a( 6 + 1 )} Þ x = a( 6 - 1 )
Case III - 1 < x < 1
Hence, x Î {a(1 - 2 ), a( 6 - 1 )}. ( x + 1 ){ 4 - x + 1 - x } = 9
2. | x + 4x + 3 | + 2x + 5 = 0
2 Þ ( x + 1 ) (5 - 2 x ) = 9
Take two cases, i.e.| x 2 + 4 x + 3 | = ± ( x 2 + 4 x + 3 ) Þ 2 x 2 - 3 x + 4 = 0, having imaginary roots.

Case I x 2 + 4x + 3 ³ 0 \ No solution.
Case IV x £ - 1
( x + 3 )( x + 1 ) ³ 0
- ( x + 1 ){ 4 - x + 1 - x } = 9
7
( x + 1 )(2 x - 5 ) = 9 Þ x = - 2, ×
– – + 2
–3 –1 As x £ - 1,
Þ x Ï ( -3, - 1 ) 7
\ x = - 2 , neglecting x = . …(ii)
or x Î ( - ¥, - 3 ] È [ -1, ¥ ) 2
Þ x 2 + 4x + 3 + 2x + 5 = 0 Thus, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get x Î { -2, 2}.
Þ x 2 + 6x + 8 = 0 4. 2 | x + 1 | - 2 x = | 2 x - 1 | + 1
Þ ( x + 4 )( x + 2 ) = 0 Case I x³0
Þ x = - 2, - 4. 2x + 1 - 2x = 2x - 1 + 1 Þ 2x × 2 = 2 × 2x
But x Ï ( -3, - 1 ) i.e. true for all x ³ 0 …(i)
\ Neglecting x = -2 Case II -1 £ x £ 0
Þ x = -4 …(i) 2+ x + 1 - 2x = 1 - 2x + 1
Case II x + 4 x + 3 £ 0
2
Þ 2x + 1 = 2
Þ x=0 …(ii)
– Case III x £ - 1
–3 –1 Þ 2-x - 1 - 2x = 1 - 2x + 1
( x + 3 )( x + 1 ) £ 0 Þ 2-x - 1 = 2
Þ x Î [ -3, - 1 ] Þ x = -2 …(iii)
Þ x 2 + 4x + 3 - 2x - 5 = 0 Thus, from Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get x Î { -2 } È [ 0, ¥ ).
Þ x 2 + 2x - 2 = 0
20 Textbook of Differential Calculus

5. If 5a 2 - 3a - 2, a 2 + a - 2, 2 a 2 + a - 1 are lengths of sides of Þ y 4 + 8y 2 - 9 ³ 0

triangle, then sum of any two sides must be greater than third Þ (y 2 + 9 )(y 2 - 1 ) ³ 0
side.
Case I (5a 2 - 3a - 2 ) + (a 2 + a - 2 ) > 2a 2 + a - 1 Þ y2 ³1

Þ 6a 2 - 2a - 4 > 2a 2 + a - 1 i.e. y £ - 1 or y ³ 1
Þ x + 1 £ - 1 or x + 1 ³ 1
Þ 4a 2 - 3a - 3 > 0 Þ x Î ( - ¥, - 2 ] È [ 0, ¥ )
ì æ 3 + 57 öü ì æ 3 - 57 öü 7. || x - 2 | - 1 | ³ 3
Þ ía - ç ÷ ý ía - ç ÷ý > 0
î è 8 ø þî è 8 øþ Þ | x - 2 | - 1 £ -3 or | x - 2 | - 1 ³ 3
+ – + Þ | x -2| £ -2 or | x - 2 | ³ 4
Þ No solution or x - 2 £ - 4 or x - 2 ³ 4
3 – 57 3 + 57
8 8
Þ x £ -2 or x ³ 6
Þ x Î ( - ¥, - 2 ] È [6, ¥ )
æ 3 - 57 ö æ 3 + 57 ö
Þ a Î ç - ¥, ÷ Èç , ¥÷ …(i) 3x 2 - 7x + 8
è 8 ø è 8 ø 8. 1 £ £2
x2 + 1
Case II (a 2 + a - 2 ) + (2a 2 + a - 1 ) > 5a 2 - 3a - 2 Þ 2 x 2 - 7 x + 7 ³ 0 and x 2 - 7 x + 6 £ 0
Þ 3a + 2a - 3 > 5a - 3a - 2
2 2
Þ x Î R and x Î[1, 6 ]
Þ 2a 2 - 5a + 1 < 0 \ x Î[1, 6 ]
2x 1
ì æ 5 + 17 öü ì æ 5 - 17 öü 9. f ( x ) > g( x ) Þ >
Þ ía - ç ÷ ý ía - ç ÷ý < 0 2x 2 + 5x + 2 x + 1
î è 4 øþ î è 4 øþ
2x 1
Þ - >0
+ – + (2 x + 1 )( x + 2 ) ( x + 1 )
5 – 17 5 + 17 2 x 2 + 2 x - (2 x 2 + 5 x + 2 )
4 4 Þ >0
(2 x + 1 )( x + 2 )( x + 1 )
æ 5 - 17 5 + 17 ö - (3 x + 2 )
Þ a Îç , ÷ …(ii) Þ >0
è 4 4 ø (2 x + 1 )( x + 2 )( x + 1 )
Case III (5a 2 - 3a - 2 ) + (2a 2 + a - 1 ) > (a 2 + a - 2 ) – + – + –
–2 –1 – 2/3 – 1/2
Þ 7a 2 - 2a - 3 > a 2 + a - 2
Þ 6a 2 - 3a - 1 > 0 Þ x Î ( -2, - 1 ) È ( -2 / 3, - 1 / 2 )
ì æ 3 + 33 öü ì æ 3 - 33 öü 10. || x | | + x = || x || + x 2 .
2

Þ ía - ç ÷ ý ía - ç ÷ý > 0 Case I When 0 £ x < 2

î è 12 ø þî è 12 øþ
Þ (x + 1)2 + x = (x + 1) + x 2
+ – +
Þ x 2 + 2x + 1 + x = x 2 + x + 1
3 – 33 3 + 33
12
Þ 2x = 0
12
Þ x=0 …(i)
æ 3 - 33 ö æ 3 + 33 ö Case II When x ³ 2
Þ a Î ç -¥, ÷ Èç , ¥÷ …(iii)
è 12 ø è 12 ø Þ (x - 4)2 + x = | x - 4 | + x 2
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get Now, if 2 £ x £ 4
æ 3 + 57 5 + 17 ö
a Îç , ÷ Þ ( x 2 - 8 x + 16 ) + x = 4 - x + x 2
è 8 4 ø
Þ 6 x = 12
6. ( x + 3) 5 - ( x - 1) 5 ³ 244 Þ x =2 …(ii)
(x + 3) + (x - 1) Again, if x³4
Let y = Þ y =x+1
2 Þ (x - 4)2 + x = x - 4 + x 2
\ (y + 2 ) 5 - (y - 2 ) 5 ³ 244 Þ x 2 - 8 x + 16 + x = x 2 + x - 4
Þ 2 { 5C1 × y 4 × 2 + 5C 3 × y 2 × 2 3 + 5C 5 × 2 5 } ³ 244 Þ 8 x = 20
5
Þ 2 {10y 4 + 80y 2 + 32 } ³ 244 Þ x= ,
2
Þ 4 {5y 4 + 40y 2 + 16 } ³ 244 but x ³ 4.
Þ 5y 4 + 40y 2 + 16 ³ 61 \ Only two solutions x = 0 and 2.
 Chap 01 Essential Mathematical Tools 21

11. The points x = 1 and x = 2 divide the number axis into three 14. Here, x 2 + y 2 + ( 4 – x – y ) 2 = 6 (Q z = 4 - x - y )
intervals as follows : x + (y – 4 ) x + (y + 5 – 4y ) = 0
2 2

Since, x is real.
+ve
– ∞ –ve ∞ Þ D³0
1
Þ (y – 4 ) 2 – 4 (y 2 – 4y + 5 ) ³ 0
Þ – 3y 2 + 8y – 4 ³ 0
–∞ ∞
+ve 2 –ve Þ – (3y – 2 ) (y – 2 ) ³ 0
We solve the inequality on each intervals. – + –
If x < 1, then x - 1 < 0 and 2 - x > 0. 2/3 2
\ |x - 1 | + | 2 - x | > 3 - x 2
Þ £y £2
Þ 1 - x + 2 - x >3 + x 3
Þ 3 - 2x > 3 + x é2 ù
Similarly, we can show that x, y and z Î ê , 2 ú .
Þ x<0 …(i) ë3 û
If 1 £ x £ 2, then x - 1 ³ 0 and 2 - x ³ 0, we have a+1 b+1 1 ( a + 1 )(b + 1 ) 1
15. Here, + =– and =
x -1 + 2 - x >3 + x a–1 b–1 a ( a – 1 )(b – 1 ) a
Þ 1 > 3 + x Þ x < -2 æ 1ö 1
Now, the quadratic x 2 – ç– ÷ x + = 0 has roots
The system of inequalities obtained has no solution, for è aø a
1 £ x £ 2. If x > 2, then x - 1 > 0 and 2 - x < 0, we have æa + 1 b + 1ö
ç and ÷
x -1 + x -2 >3 + x è a–1 b–1ø
Þ 2x - 3 > 3 + x Þ x > 6 Þ ax + x + 1 = 0
2
…(i)
Combining the solutions obtained on all parts of the domain of 2a x a+1 1
Let x= Þ a= Þ =
admissible values of the given inequality, we get the solution a+1 2– x a–1 x –1
set ( - ¥, 0 ) Î (6, ¥ ).
1
Now, replacing x by in Eq. (i), we get a quadratic
12. Here, x 2 + 12(23 – x ) + (23 – x ) 2 + 12x = 33 (Q y = 23 - x ) x –1
Þ x 2 – 12 x + 276 + x 2 – 34 x + 529 = 33 2a 2b
whose roots are and .
a+1 b+1
Let a = x 2 – 12 x + 276
a 1
+ +1=0
and b = x 2 – 34 x + 529 …(i) (x – 1)2 (x – 1)
Þ a + b = 33 and a – b = 11(2 x – 23 )
2 2
Þ x2 – x + a = 0 ...(ii)
2 x – 23
a –b = Hence, Eqs. (i) and (ii) are the two quadratics whose roots are
3 elements of set ‘ A’ and set ‘ B’, respectively.
x + 38
\ a= …(ii) \ They must have a root in common as A Ç B ¹ f
3
2 Case I Both roots are common.
æ x + 38 ö
Þ x 2 – 12 x + 276 = ç ÷ [using Eqs. (i) and (ii)] Þ
a
=
1
=
1
è 3 ø
1 –1 a
Þ 8 x 2 – 184 x + 1040 = 0 Þ x = 13, 10 Þ a = – 1 and a 2 = 1 Þ a = – 1
Þ y = 10, 13 Case II For a common root,
\ (13, 10) and (10, 13) are the required solutions. x2 x 1
= =
13. Here, u + v = p + q ...(i) a + 1 1 – a 2 –(a + 1 )
Where u = 2 x – 1 , v = 3 x – 2 , p = 4 x – 3, Þ a =1 ± i
q = 5x – 4 \ a Î {– 1, 1 + i , 1 – i }
\ u2 – v 2 = 1 – x x –1 (x – 1)2
16. Here, + | 1 – x | = +1
p 2 – q 2 = 1 – x Þ u2 – v 2 = p 2 – q 2 3 + 2x – 8x 2 | 3 + 2x – 8x 2 |
x –1
Þ u – v = p – q …(ii) {using Eq. (i), u + v = p + q } Let a = ; b = ( x – 1 ),
\ From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 3 + 2x – 8x 2
2u = 2 p Þ 2 x – 1 = 4 x – 3 then | a | + | b | = | ab | + 1
or x = 1, which clearly satisfies Þ | ab | – | a | – | b | + 1 = 0
2x – 1 + 3x – 2 = 4x – 3 + 5x – 4 Þ (| a |– 1 ) (| b |– 1 ) = 0
\ | a | =1 or | b | = 1
\ x = 1 is the required solution.
22 Textbook of Differential Calculus

When | a | =1 We solve the first system :

x –1 ì½ x ½ 1 ì 1 1
Þ =1 ï½1 - ½ ³ ï ³
3 + 2x – 8x 2 í½ 1 + x½ 2 Û í1 + x 2
ï x ³0 ïî x ³ 0
x –1 x –1 î
= 1 or =–1
3 + 2x – 8x 2
3 + 2x – 8x 2 ì2 - 1 - x ì1-x
ï ³ 0 ï
Û í 1 + x Û í 1+ x Û 0 £ x £1
Þ x – 1 = 3 + 2x – 8x 2
ïî x ³ 0 ïî x ³ 0
or x – 1 = –3 – 2x + 8x 2
Again, we solve the second system. Its first inequality is
Þ 8 x 2 – x – 4 = 0 or 8 x 2 – 3 x – 2 = 0 ½ 1 ½ 1
equivalent to the inequality½ ½³ .
1 ± 1 + 128 3 ± 9 + 64 ½1 - x½ 2
Þ x= or x =
16 16 If x < 0, then 1 - x > 0 and consequently the second system is
1 ± 129 3 ± 73 equivalent to the system
Þ x= or x = ...(i)
16 16 ì 1 1 ì2 - 1 + x
ï ³ ï ³ 0
Again, when | b | = 1, | x – 1 | = 1 í1 - x 2 Û í 1-x
Þ x – 1 = 1 or x – 1 = – 1 ïî x £0 ïî x £ 0
Þ x = 0 or x = 2 …(ii) ì1 + x
ï ³0
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), solution set is Û í1 - x Û -1 £ x < 0
ì 1 ± 129 3 ± 73 ü îï x £0
x Î í 0, 2, , ý
î 16 16 þ Thus, the set of all solutions of the original inequality consists
of the numbers belonging to the interval [ -1, 1 ] .
(2 | x | - 2 )
17. We have, f ( x ) = ( x 2 - 2 | x | )(2 | x | - 2) - 9 ×
x2 - 2 |x | 19. Given, cos x - y 2 - y - x 2 - 1 ³ 0 ...(i)
ì 9 ü Clearly, y - x - 1 is defined when y - x - 1 ³ 0
2 2
= (2 | x | - 2 ) í x 2 - 2 | x | - 2 ý
î x - 2 | x |þ or y ³ x 2 + 1. So, minimum value of y is 1.
ì (x 2 - 2 | x | )2 - 9ü From Eq. (i), we have cos x - y 2 ³ y - x 2 - 1
= (2 | x | - 2 ) í ý
î x - 2 |x | þ
2
where cos x - y 2 £ 0 [as when cos x is maximum ( = 1 ) and y 2
(2 | x | - 2 ) ( x 2 - 2 | x | + 3 )( x 2 - 2 | x | - 3 )
= is minimum ( = 1 ). So, cos x - y 2 is maximum.]
x2 - 2 |x |
(2 | x | - 2 ) {(| x | - 1 ) 2 + 2 } {(| x | + 1 )(| x | - 3 )} Also, y - x2 -1 ³ 0
=
x2 - 2 |x | Hence, cos x - y 2 = y - x 2 - 1 = 0
Taking, N r = 0 Þ | x | = 1, 3 Þ y = 1 and cos x = 1, y = x 2 + 1
Þ x = ± 1, ± 3 and Dr = 0 Þ x = 0, y = 1
Þ | x |(| x | - 2 ) = 0 20. Given, (sin a ) x 2 - 2x + b ³ 2
Þ 0, ± 2 Let f ( x ) = (sin a ) x 2 - 2 x + b - 2
We mark these roots on a number line : 1
Abscissa of the vertex is given by x = >1
sin a
+ + +
–∞ – –2 – – – ∞ The graph of f ( x ) = (sin a ) x 2 - 2 x + b - 2, "x £ 1 is shown in
–3 –1 1 2 3
0
the figure.
Y
From the wavy curve method, we have
(i) f ( x ) > 0 Þ x Î ( - ¥, - 3 ) È ( -2, - 1 ) È (1, 2 ) È (3, ¥ )
(ii) f ( x ) ³ 0 Þ x Î ( - ¥, - 3 ] È ( -2, - 1 ] È [1, 2 ) È [3, ¥ )
(iii) f ( x ) < 0 Þ x Î ( -3, - 2 ) È ( -1, 0 ) È ( 0, 1 ) È (2, 3 )
(iv) f ( x ) £ 0 Þ x Î [ -3, - 2 ) È [ -1, 0 ) È ( 0, 1 ] È (2, 3 ]
18. The domain of admissible values of this inequality consists of X′ X
O 1 1
Y′ x=
all the real numbers. The inequality is equivalent to the sin a
collection of two systems : Therefore, minimum of f ( x ) = (sin a ) x 2 - 2 x + b - 2 must be
ì½ x ½ 1 ì½ -x ½ 1 greater than zero but minimum is at x = 1.
ï½1 - ½ ³ ï½1 - ½ ³
í½ 1 + x½ 2 , í½ 1 - x½ 2 i.e. sin a - 2 + b - 2 ³ 0,
ï x ³0 ï £ ì pü
î î x 0
Þ b ³ 4 - sin a, a Î ( 0, p ) - í ý
î 2þ
 Chap 01 Essential Mathematical Tools 23

21. Given, | ax 2 + bx + c| £ 1, "x Î [ 0,1] ...(i) 26. Prime numbers less than 20 satisfying the equation are 5, 7, 11,
1 13, 17, 19 i.e. 6 prime number.
Putting successively x = 0, 1 and in Eq. (i), we get
2 27. P = 33, P 2007 = (33) 2007 = number has 7 at its units place.
-1 £ c £ 1 ...(ii)
Sol. (Q. Nos. 28-30)
-1 £ a + b + c £ 1 ...(iii)
28. Sum of digits = P + Q + 15
-4 £ a + 2b + 4c £ 4 ...(iv)
From Eqs. (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get N is divisible by 9, if P + Q + 15 = 18, 27
| b | £ 8 and | a | £ 8 Þ P +Q =3 …(i)
Þ | a | + | b | + | c | £ 17 or P +Q = 12 …(ii)
Sol. (Q. Nos. 22-24) P = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
P = 0, Q = 3ü
| f (1 ) - f ( 0 ) | £ 2 (Q if | u | £ 1, | v | £ 1, then | u - v | £ 2 )
Þ | a + b| £ 2 ìQ f (1 ) = a + b + cü P = 1, Q = 2ïï
í ý
From Eq. (i), we get ý Number of ordered pairs is 4.
Þ (a + b ) 2 £ 4 P = 2, Q = 1ï
î and f ( 0 ) = c þ
P = 3, Q = 0þï
Also, | f ( -1 ) - f ( 0 )| £ 2
Þ | a - b| £ 2 [Q f ( -1 ) = a - b + c and f ( 0 ) = c ] From Eq. (ii), we get
Þ (a - b ) 2 £ 4 P = 3, Q = 9ü
P = 4, Q = 8ï
Now, 4a 2 + 3b 2 = 2(a + b ) 2 + 2(a - b ) 2 - b 2 ïï
. . . . . . . . ý Number of ordered pairs is 7.
£ 2 ´ 4 + 2 ´ 4 - b 2 £ 16 - b 2 £ 16
P = 8, Q = 4ï
Þ Maximum value of 4a 2 + 3b 2 = 16, when b = 0 ï
P = 9, Q = 3ïþ
Þ |a + b | + |a - b | = 4 Þ |a | = 2
Total number of ordered pairs is 11.
Also, | f (1 ) - f ( 0 )| = | a + c - c | = | a| = 2
Þ | a + c| = | c| = 1 29. N is divisible by 8, if Q = 0, 4, 8
\ The possible values of (a, b, c ) are (2, 0, - 1 ) or ( -2, 0,1 ) Number of values of Q is 3.
8 2 2 30. SO = P + 9
Also, a 2 + 2b 2 = ( 4a 2 + 3b 2 ) £ (16 )
3 3 3 SE = Q + 6
8a 2 SO - S E = P - Q + 3
22. | a + c| = 1, when + 2b 2 is maximum. N is divisible is 11, if
3
P - Q + 3 = 0, 11
8a 2 P - Q = -3
23. | a + b| = 2, when + 2b 2 is maximum. …(i)
3 or P -Q =8 …(ii)
8a 2 32 N is divisible by 4, if
24. The maximum value of + 2b 2 is .
3 3 Q = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8
Sol. (Q. Nos. 25-27) From Eq. (i), Q = 0, P = - 3 (not possible)
25. Given, | 2x | - | x - 4 | = x + 4 Q = 2, P = - 1 (not possible)
2x Q = 4, P = 1
+ x– 4 Q = 6, P = 1
+ + Q = 8, P = 5
– –
0 4 \ Number of ordered pairs is 3.
– From Eq. (ii), Q = 0 P = 8
Q = 2 P = 10 (not possible)
Case I When, -¥ < x £ 0 Similarly, Q ¹ 4, 6, 8
-2 x - 4 + x = x + 4 \ Number of ordered pairs is 1.
Þ -2 x = 8 Þ x = -4 \ Total number of ordered pairs, so that the number N is
Case II When, 0 < x < 4 divisible by 44 is 4.
2x - (4 - x ) = x + 4 Sol. (Q. Nos. 31-35)
Þ 2x = 8 Þ x=4 31. If a = 0, then the possible values of a - b are
Case III When, 4 £ x < ¥ { 0, - 1, - 2, - 3, . . . , - 9 }
2x - x + 4 = x + 4 If a = 1 , then the possible values of a - b are
Þ x + 4 = x + 4 Þ x ÎR {1, 0, - 1, - 2, - 3, . . . , - 8 }
Solution of the given equation is { - 4 } È [ 4, ¥ ). If a = 2 , then the possible values of a - b are
\ Least integer = - 4. {2, 1, 0, - 1, - 2, - 3, . . . , - 7 } and so on
24 Textbook of Differential Calculus

If a = 9, then the possible values of a - b are 38. n = odd

{9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0 } Let n = 2k + 1
Thus, in all the values of a - b are n 5 - n = n(n 4 - 1 ) = n(n - 1 )(n + 1 )(n 2 + 1 )
{ -9, - 8, - 7, - 6, - 5, - 4, - 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , 9 } = (2k + 1 )(2k )(2k + 2 )( 4k 2 + 4k + 2 )
\Total number of values of a - b is 19.
= 8 (k ) (k + 1 ) (2k + 1 ) (2k 2 + 2k + 1 )
\ p = 19
which is divisible by 15, 16 and 240 but not divisible by 720
32. Number N is divisible by 8, if 100 + 10 b is divisible by 8.
When n = 5 Þn(n 4 - 1 )
\ Possible values of b are 2, 6.
\ q =2 = 5 (5 4 - 1 ) = 5 (625 - 1 ) = 5 ´ 624 = 3120,
33. N = 7 3 a 4 9 6 1 b 0 which is not divisible by 720.
N is divisible by 88, if N is divisible by 8 as well as 11. 39. Given, | x - 1 | - |2x - 5 | ³ 4
N is divisible by 8, then b = 2, 6 x– 1
For divisibility by 11, + 2x – 5
SO = 17 + a , S E = 13 + b +
+
SO - S E = (17 + a ) - (13 + b ) = a - b + 4 –
1
–
5
a - b + 4 be the integer lying between –5 and 13. 2
–
But, a - b + 4 is divisible by 11, so a - b + 4 = 0, 11
Case I a -b + 4 = 0
when b = 2, a = - 2 (rejected) Case I When, x < 1
when b = 6, a = 2 1 - x - (5 - 2 x ) ³ 4 Þ x - 4 ³ 4 Þ x ³ 8
Case II a - b + 4 = 11 when a = 9, b = 2 but x <1
when b = 6, a = 13 (rejected) Þ No solution
\ ( a, b ) = (9, 2) (2, 6) Case II 1 £ x £5/2
\ Number of ordered pairs are 2. x - 1 + 2x - 5 ³ 4
Þ 3 x - 6 ³ 4 Þ 3 x ³ 10
34. N is divisible by 6, if it is divisible is 2 and 3.
10
N = 7 3 a 4 9 6 1 b 0 is divisible by 2 for all values of a and b. Þ x³ but 1 £ x £ 5 / 2
3
30 £ (30 + a + b ) Î I £ 48
Þ No such x exist.
But 30 + a + b is divisible by 3, if
Case III x ³5/2
30 + a + b = 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, 48
Þ x - 1 - (2 x - 5 ) ³ 4 Þ x - 1 - 2 x + 5 ³ 4
a + b = 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18
Þ -x + 4 ³ 4 Þ x£0
Number of possible values of ( a + b ) is equal to 7.
Þ No such x exist.
35. i N = 1 Þ N must be divisible by 4.
\ Number of solution is 0.
Þ b = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8
40. Given, | x 2 - 7| £ 9
Number of possible values of b is 5.
Þ -9 £ x 2 - 7 £ 9 Þ -2 £ x 2 £ 16
Sol. (Q. Nos. 36-38)
Þ 0 £ x 2 £ 16 Þ 0 £ | x| £ 4
36. Let n = 3k + 4, r = 0, 1, 2
n 2 = 9k 2 + 6kr + r 2 = 3m + r 2 Þ x Î [ -4, 4 ]
Hence, number of integral solution 9.
r 2 = 0, 1, 4
41. System of equations are x + 2y = 6 and | x - 3 | = y
\ Remainder = 0 or 1.
37. (a) n 2 + n + 1 is an odd number. Case I When x ³ 3, x + 2y = 6 and x - 3 = y
Solving these equations, we get x = 4,y = 1
(b) when n = 1, n 2 + n + 1 is divisible by 3.
Case II When x < 3, x + 2y = 6 and 3 - x = y
(c) 111 = 10 2 + 10 + 1 \ when n = 10
Solving these equations, we get x = 0,y = 3
n 2 + n + 1 is divisible by 111.
Hence, two solutions are ( 0,3 ) and ( 4, 1 ).